Ibn Zuhr was an influential 12th century physician and surgeon from Spain who made significant contributions to several fields of medicine. He was the first to describe the parasitic cause of scabies and developed a method of direct feeding. Ibn Zuhr is considered the father of experimental surgery, as he performed operations on animals and was the first to conduct human dissections and autopsies. He invented important surgical procedures like tracheotomy and used anesthesia, advancing the fields of surgery and anesthesiology. Through his works emphasizing observation and experimentation, Ibn Zuhr greatly influenced medical science for centuries in both the Eastern and Western worlds.

1. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)
1091-1161 C.E.
Abu Marwan Abdal Malik Ibn Zuhr also known as Avenzoar in the west,
was born in Seville (Spain) in 1091 CE.
He received his education at the University of Cordoba, specializing in
medicine.
Ibn Zuhr was one of the greatest physicians and surgeons of the Muslim
golden era, and is considered the father of Experimental Surgery.
Contrary to the general practice of the Muslim scholars of that time, he
confined his work to medicine and surgery only.

2. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)
1091-1161 C.E.
As a physician, he made several discoveries and breakthroughs.
He was the first physician to describe correctly the cause of scabies, and
explained that the disease is caused by some sort of parasite, thus he may
be regarded as the first parasitologist.
Likewise, he developed a method of direct feeding through the gullet in
cases where normal feeding was not possible.
He also gave clinical descriptions of tumors, intestinal phthisis,
inflammation of the middle ear, etc.

3. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)
1091-1161 C.E.
Ibn Zuhrâ chief contribution can be found in the monumental work
Kitab al-Taisir fi al-Mudawat wa al-Tadbir
(Book of Simplification concerning Therapeutics and Diet).
In it, he described several original contributions he had made.
The book gives in detail pathological conditions, followed by therapy.
Ibn Zuhr gave the idea of performing experimental surgery on animals.
He invented the surgical procedure of tracheotomy, and perfected it by doing
the experiment on goats–thus he brought in the era of experimental surgery.
He was one of the first physicians who tried to establish surgery as an
independent field of medicine and suggested training courses meant
especially for future surgeons.

4. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)
1091-1161 C.E.
Parenteral procedure (delivery of medicine to desired part of body) had
never been tried on a patient before, Ibn Zuhr was first to try it by using a
silver needle, which he invented.
He described in detail about this new method in his book titled Method of
Preparing Medicines and Diet.
Neurological disorders were not very well understood in the Middle Ages.
Ibn Zuhr was the first to give accurate descriptions of the mental disorders
which included thrombophlebitis, meningitis and other related diseases.
He also formulated the medicine for these kinds of diseases, thus he is
credited for the contribution to the modern neuropharmacology.

5. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)
1091-1161 C.E.
He wrote a book on early pharmacopoeia which became the standard book
on this subject for a long time.
Modern anesthesia was developed in Muslim Andalusia, in which Ibn Zuhr
had great contributions along with al-Zahrawi, another Andalusian surgen.
Ibn Zuhr used both oral and inhalant anesthesia and performed many
surgeries with the use of narcotics soaked in sponges placed on the face of
the patient.
He perfected the procedure by adjusting the dose and concentration, and
thus made the original contribution in the field of anesthesiology which
made surgery practical.

6. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)
1091-1161 C.E.
In the Middle Ages, dissection of the human body was considered a taboo,
so physicians never undertook this project.
Ibn Zuhr broke the tradition and conducted dissection and postmortem
autopsy on human bodies and brought the field of medicine to the modern
age.
Dissection of bodies brought some new information to the medical science
which was not available before.
Ibn Zuhr authored many other books related to medicine.

7. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)
1091-1161 C.E.
His book Kitab al-Iqtisad fi Islah al-Anfus wa al-Ajsad
(Book of the Middle Course Concerning the Reformation of Souls and Bodies)
gives a summary of diseases, therapeutics and hygiene, written especially
for the benefit of the layman and physician.
His other book, Kitab al-Aghziya (Book on Foodstuffs) describes
different types of food and drugs and their effects on health and the human
body.
Ibn Zuhr in his works lays stress on observation and experiment, and his
contribution greatly influenced medical science for several centuries–both
in the East and the West.
His books were translated into Latin and Hebrew and remained popular in
Europe as late as the binging of the l8th century.