Al-Ma'mun Abbāsid caliph founded the House of Wisdom in Baghdad in 813-833, which became a major center for translating Greek and other ancient texts into Arabic under his patronage. Notable Muslim scientists who made important contributions include Jabir Ibn Hayyan, considered the father of chemistry; Ibn Al Haitham, a mathematician and physicist who made advances in optics; and Ibn Sina, a philosopher and physician whose Canon of Medicine taught for centuries. Other scientists mentioned are Al-Biruni, Ibn Al Naafis, Abbas Ibn Firnas, and Pakistani nuclear scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan.
Muslim scholars calculated the angle of the ecliptic; measured the size of the Earth; calculated the precession of the equinoxes; explained, in the field of optics and physics, such phenomena as refraction of light, gravity, capillary attraction, and twilight; and developed observatories for the empirical study of heavenly bodies.
Known in the West as Alhazen, Ibn al-Haytham was the first person to test hypotheses with verifiable experiments, developing the scientific method more than 200 years before European scholars learned of it—by reading his books.
Ibn al-Haytham proved that light travels in straight lines, gave the first clear description and correct analysis of the camera obscura and pinhole camera and built the world's first camera obscura, developed a highly successful theory which explained the process of vision as rays of light proceeding to the eye from each point on an object, which he proved through the use of experimentation.
He is described as the "world's first true scientist".He is also considered to be the founder of experimental psychology for his approach to visual perception and optical illusions.
The contribution of muslim scholars in natural sciencesAin Atiya Azmi
During the Islamic Golden Age, emerged various Muslim scholars who contributed to science and technology. This slide was presented during UNGS 2090 Islamic Worldview, Knowledge and Civilisation course in IIUM
Contribution of Muslims in medical science - Muslim scientists.pdfMunkashir hossen
Muslims have made significant contributions to the field of medical science throughout history. During the Islamic Golden Age, Muslim scholars and physicians, such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Al-Razi (Rhazes), and Ibn al-Nafis, made groundbreaking advancements in medicine. They translated and preserved ancient Greek and Roman texts, expanding medical knowledge and introducing new treatments and techniques. Muslim physicians pioneered the concept of hospitals, emphasizing the importance of patient care and hygiene. Their contributions in areas such as pharmacology, anatomy, surgery, and public health have had a lasting impact on the development of modern medicine.
Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī was an Arab Muslim philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Islamic peripatetic philosophers, and is hailed as the "father of Arab philosophy".
It is related to the relation between Islam and science.
Similarities between Quran and science and the Contribution of Muslim Scientists in Science And Technology.
in this presentation i presented some common information about muslim scientests and philosophes that lived in medieval age and i collect some information about discoveries that the did and now a days we the technology it is rooted from their discoveries and hard working.
Muslim scholars calculated the angle of the ecliptic; measured the size of the Earth; calculated the precession of the equinoxes; explained, in the field of optics and physics, such phenomena as refraction of light, gravity, capillary attraction, and twilight; and developed observatories for the empirical study of heavenly bodies.
Known in the West as Alhazen, Ibn al-Haytham was the first person to test hypotheses with verifiable experiments, developing the scientific method more than 200 years before European scholars learned of it—by reading his books.
Ibn al-Haytham proved that light travels in straight lines, gave the first clear description and correct analysis of the camera obscura and pinhole camera and built the world's first camera obscura, developed a highly successful theory which explained the process of vision as rays of light proceeding to the eye from each point on an object, which he proved through the use of experimentation.
He is described as the "world's first true scientist".He is also considered to be the founder of experimental psychology for his approach to visual perception and optical illusions.
The contribution of muslim scholars in natural sciencesAin Atiya Azmi
During the Islamic Golden Age, emerged various Muslim scholars who contributed to science and technology. This slide was presented during UNGS 2090 Islamic Worldview, Knowledge and Civilisation course in IIUM
Contribution of Muslims in medical science - Muslim scientists.pdfMunkashir hossen
Muslims have made significant contributions to the field of medical science throughout history. During the Islamic Golden Age, Muslim scholars and physicians, such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Al-Razi (Rhazes), and Ibn al-Nafis, made groundbreaking advancements in medicine. They translated and preserved ancient Greek and Roman texts, expanding medical knowledge and introducing new treatments and techniques. Muslim physicians pioneered the concept of hospitals, emphasizing the importance of patient care and hygiene. Their contributions in areas such as pharmacology, anatomy, surgery, and public health have had a lasting impact on the development of modern medicine.
Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī was an Arab Muslim philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Islamic peripatetic philosophers, and is hailed as the "father of Arab philosophy".
It is related to the relation between Islam and science.
Similarities between Quran and science and the Contribution of Muslim Scientists in Science And Technology.
in this presentation i presented some common information about muslim scientests and philosophes that lived in medieval age and i collect some information about discoveries that the did and now a days we the technology it is rooted from their discoveries and hard working.
The Islamic Golden Age 1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 .docxjmindy
The Islamic Golden Age
1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
2. Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
3. Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
Islamic civilization experienced a golden age under the Abbassid Dynasty, which ruled from the mid 8th century until the mid 13th century.
Under the Abbassids, Islamic culture became a blending of Arab, Persian, Egyptian, and European traditions. The result was an era of stunning intellectual and cultural achievements.
It is said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate with the Mongol invasions and the Sack of Baghdad in 1258. Several contemporary scholars, however, place the end of the Islamic Golden Age to be around the 15th to 16th centuries.
Influences for the Golden Age
Religious: The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge.
Government sponsorship
The Muslim governments heavily patronized scholars. The best scholars and notable translators, such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq, had salaries that are estimated to be the equivalent of professional athletes today.
The House of Wisdom was a library, translation institute, and academy established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq by Caliph Harun al-Rashid and his son al-Ma'mun.
The House of Wisdom is where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic. Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew and Latin.
From the translations, the Arab world became a collection of cultures which put together, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, Greek, and Byzantine civilizations.
New technology
With a new, and easier writing system, and the introduction of paper, information was democratized to the extent that, for probably the first time in history, it became possible to make a living from simply writing and selling books.
Learning from History…
During this period, the Muslims showed a strong interest in assimilating the scientific knowledge of the civilizations that had been conquered. Many classic works of antiquity that might otherwise have been lost were translated from Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations into Arabic and Persian, and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew, and Latin.
Philosophy
Ibn Rushd founder of the Averroism school of philosophy, was influential in the rise of secular thought in Western Europe.
Ibn Rushd and Ibn Sina played a major role in saving the works of Aristotle, whose ideas came to dominate the non-religious thought of the Christian and Muslim worlds. They would also absorb ideas from China, and India, adding to them tremendous knowled.
Islams contribution to world civilizationAshraf Ali
“...because we have tended to see Islam as the enemy of the West, as an alien culture, society, and system of belief, we have tended to ignore or erase its great relevance to our own history.” by Prince Charles
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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2. Al-Ma'mun Abbāsid caliph(813–833)
Al-Mamun is renowned for his patronage of learning, commissioning translations of
classical Greek texts.
He founded the famous 'Bayt al-Hikmah' (House of Wisdom} in Baghdad and
personally presided over discussions on logical,theological,and legal matters.
The Bayt al-Hikma became an important center of translation for Greek and other
ancient texts into Arabic. He employed a large number of translators and patronized
many scholars. It was under his patronage that the works
of Plato, Aristotle,Hippocrates, and others were first translated into Arabic.
Al-Ma'mun was interested in every aspect of science, philosophy and especially
in astronomy. He himself conducted, on the plains of Mesopotamia, two astronomical
operations intended to determine the value of a terrestrial degree.
The first one to attempt to measure the dimensions of the Earth.
3. Jabir Ibn Hayyan (721-815)
• Father of modern chemistry
• Prepared large number of important chemicals like
• NITRIC ACID,
• HYDROCHLORIC ACID,
• SULPHURIC ACID,
• WHITE LEAD
• Introduced new chemical techniques and processes like
• Calcination,
• Reduction,
• Sublimation,
• Distillation,
• Melting,
• Crystallization
4. Ibn Al Haitham
• Born at Basrah in A.D. (975-1039)
• Mathematician, physicst and optician
• Major contributions
• He is more known for his optical works which were translated in Latin
• Explained the refraction of light rays through transparent objects
• Discovered magnifying lenses
• Function of retina as the seat of vision
• First scientist who elaborated two laws of Reflection of light
• Pinhole camera was constructed by him
• He was the first person who declared that Light is a form of energy.
• Identified Gravity as a force
• His fame lies in his book Kitab-al-manazir which is on optics.
5. IBN-E-SINA (980-1037)
• He was born in 980 C.E. at Afshan, near Bukhara. He was the most famous muslim
physician, philosopher, encyclopedia, mathematician and astronomer of his time.
• His major contribution to medical science was his famous book
• Al-Qanoon, known as the “Canon of medicine” in the West. Which taught for
centuries.
• The Qanun fi al-Tibb is an immense encyclopedia of Medicine extending over a
million words. In addition the book described 760 drugs.
• His contribution includes recognition of the contagious nature of phthisis and
• tuberculosis; distribution of diseases by water and soil and interaction between
• psychology and health.
• He made rich contributions to Anatomy, Gynecology and child health.
6. Al BIRUNI (973-1048)
• Major Contributions
• Explained the problems of advanced trigonometry
• Gave theory that light travels faster than sound
• Described and explained fully the concept of longitude and latitude
• He gave idea that earth is not stationary but rotate on its axis
• He learned Sanskarit language in order to investigate Indian knowledge
• He accurately determined the weight of 18 stones in physics
• Books
• Tahqiq Al Hind (about history and social conditions of India in 11th century)
• Kitab Al Jawahar (book of gems and stones of different types)
• Qanun Al Masudi
7. Ibn Al Naafis (12th century CE)
Reputed physician and a renowned expert on shafi'i
school of jurisprudence.
Discover pulmonary blood circulation, which was
rediscovered three centuries later.
First to describe the constitution of lungs, bronchi, and
the coronary arteries
Elaborated the function of the coronary arteries as
feeding the cardiac muscle
8. Abbas Ibn Firnas(810–887 A.D.)
• He was born in Ronda, southern Spain, in 810.
• He was the first man to make a controlled flight In human history.
• In 852 Ibn Firnas demonstrated an early parachute.
• He constructed a pair of wings, made out of feathers in a wooden frame, and attempted to
fly—anticipating Leonardo da Vinci by some 600 years.
• Ibn Firnas invented a water clock called Al-Maqata.
• He created fine lenses to magnify and correct eyesight.
• He was an astronomer who built a Mechanized Planetarium with revolving planets stars,
clouds, thunder and lightning produced by hidden mechanisms in the room..
9. Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan
• Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan is a national hero and father of Pakistan’s nuclear bomb.
• He is a famous Pakistani nuclear scientist and a metallurgical engineer.
• He is the founder of gas-centrifuge enrichment technology for Pakistan’s nuclear deterrent program.
• He re-organized the Pakistani’s national space agency, SUPARCO.
• He has played an important role in Pakistan’s space program, patricularly the Pakistan’s first Polar
Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) project.
• He is the founder of several engineering universities in Pakistan.
• He has published more than 188 scientific research papers in international journals.
• Under his supervision, the process of Uranium enrichment was effectively accomplished and the
successful test firing of Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles, Ghauri 1, in April 1998 and Ghauri II in
April 1999.
