Al-Zarqali was a leading Muslim mathematician and astronomer who flourished in 11th century Toledo, Spain. He constructed improved instruments like the flat astrolabe and water clock. He also compiled highly accurate astronomical tables called the Toledan Tables, which became very influential and were used for over two centuries. His scientific work helped advance astronomy and was cited by later astronomers like Copernicus. A lunar crater is named after Al-Zarqali in recognition of his contributions.
Golden age of islamic civiliation covering the perirod between the mid-8th century lasting until the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258
Subtopics:
Introduction
Discussion of viewpoints
Catalysts for success
Contributions to mathematics
Contributions to mathematics
Contributions of the golden age to science and medicine
Philosophy and translation
Trade and commerce
The decline of the Islamic civilization
Golden age of islamic civiliation covering the perirod between the mid-8th century lasting until the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258
Subtopics:
Introduction
Discussion of viewpoints
Catalysts for success
Contributions to mathematics
Contributions to mathematics
Contributions of the golden age to science and medicine
Philosophy and translation
Trade and commerce
The decline of the Islamic civilization
Top 100 Arabic Verbs used in Daily
Every language has thousands of words but all languages have a list of words that is used in the daily events you will only need these list to supercharge your language information and here we present the Top 100 Arabic Verbs in Daily use in alphabetic order.
Presentación sobre o Renacemento, movemento artístico e cultural europeo dos ss. XV e XVI, que impuxo un modo de vida e pensamento que fluíu desde Italia cara a todo o continente.
Este conteúdo é item componente do Programa de Gestão do Patrimônio Arqueológico das obras do Projeto Novo Joá, saiba mais pelo Blog do Programa em: http://documentoculturalnovojoa.ning.com/
Top 100 Arabic Verbs used in Daily
Every language has thousands of words but all languages have a list of words that is used in the daily events you will only need these list to supercharge your language information and here we present the Top 100 Arabic Verbs in Daily use in alphabetic order.
Presentación sobre o Renacemento, movemento artístico e cultural europeo dos ss. XV e XVI, que impuxo un modo de vida e pensamento que fluíu desde Italia cara a todo o continente.
Este conteúdo é item componente do Programa de Gestão do Patrimônio Arqueológico das obras do Projeto Novo Joá, saiba mais pelo Blog do Programa em: http://documentoculturalnovojoa.ning.com/
A Few Good MenA handful of brave men armed with the weapons of m.docxransayo
A Few Good Men
A handful of brave men armed with the weapons of mathematics and courage toppled, in a span of a mere one hundred years, the entire geocentric model of the universe. The Polish astronomer Copernicus1 (1473-1543) challenged the geocentric model of Ptolemy (the one with the epicycles) on the grounds that placing the sun at the center of the solar system and assuming that Earth revolves about the sun (and rotates around its axis) reduces the number of equations describing the motion of the planets from about eighty down to thirty.
His book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium appeared in 1543 after his death. The Vatican ignored the book as it only suggested that the mathematical model putting the sun at the center makes more sense. He didn’t assert that this is the way things are.
At the time of publication of this first round in the cosmic battle, the major hero, Galileo, was not yet born. We shall get to him soon.
A Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe2 (1546-1601), patiently collected a mountain of astronomical data over a ten-year period. Upon his death, his assistant Johan Kepler3 (1571-1630), whom he had taught to observe and then hypothesize, interpreted the data and formulated his three laws of planetary motion.
1Nicole Oresme also opposed the theory of a stationary Earth as proposed by Aristotle and advocated the motion of Earth some 200 years before Copernicus. He eventually rejected his own ideas.
2He was appointed Imperial Mathematician to the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II, and Kepler was hired as his assistant to help with the calculations. He also wore a golden nose to replace his own which he lost in a duel.
3Kepler’s mathematical work on the volume of a wine barrel is considered to be at the forefront of integral calculus and the calculation of volumes of solids of revolution.
· 1. The planets revolve about the sun in elliptical orbits, with the sun at one focal point of the ellipse. (An ellipse has two focal points, or foci.)
· 2. An imaginary line from the sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals.
· 3. No matter which planet we study, the ratio of the square of the average distance from the sun to the cube of the length of time of one complete revolution is the same.
Aha! The motion of the planets is entirely predicable using mathematics. Furthermore, the Church and the ancient philosophers were wrong! The orbits are elliptic – not circular – and Earth is just another planet. And the best part is that these laws rest on mathematics and observation – not on authority. Kepler, too, escaped the wrath of the Roman inquisition. He lived outside of Rome’s sphere of influence. Our main hero, as we shall see, was not as lucky.
Galileo4 (1564-1642) was the son of a Florentine merchant. As a boy, he studied music, art, and poetry. He designed mechanical toys. He showed mathematical promise when he was a medical student. He noticed that after the hanging lamps were filled with oil and lit, they swung back.
Carl Sagan (1934-1996, American) could be called the astronomer o.docxannandleola
Carl Sagan (1934-1996, American) could be called 'the astronomer of the people'. He popularized the science of astronomy with the general public, and revolutionized science fiction by believing that we are not alone in the universe. He championed the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, which continues today with a number of missions to Mars to search for signs of life on that planet.
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995, Indian-born American) made important contributions to the theory of stellar evolution. He found that the limit, now called the Chandrasekhar limit, to the stability of white dwarf stars is 1.4 solar masses: any star larger than this cannot be stable as a white dwarf.
Karl Jansky (1905-1950, American) discovered that radio waves are emanating from space, which led to the science of radio astronomy.
Jan Oort (1900-1992, Dutch) first measured the distance between our solar system and the center of the Milky Way Galaxy and calculated the mass of the Milky Way. An enormous contribution of his was the proposal of a large number of icy comets left over from the formation of the solar system, now known as the Oort Cloud.
Edwin Hubble (1889-1953, American) made an incredible contribution to astronomy and cosmology when he discovered that faraway galaxies are moving away from us. Known as Hubble's Law, the theory states that galaxies recede from each other at a rate proportional to their distance from each other. This concept is a cornerstone of the Big Bang model of the universe.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955, German) was probably the greatest mind of the twentieth century. His Special Theory of Relativity, proposed in 1905, extended Newtonian Mechanics to very large speeds close to the speed of light. It describes the changes in measurements of physical phenomena when viewed by observers who are in motion relative to the phenomena. In 1915, Einstein extended this further in the General Theory of Relativity, which includes the effects of gravitation. According to this theory, mass and energy determine the geometry of spacetime, and curvatures of spacetime manifest themselves in gravitational forces.
Annie Jump Cannon (1863-1941, American) was a member of the famous group of Harvard astronomers called 'Pickering's Women'. The director of the Harvard College Observatory, Edward Pickering, hired a number of women to sort through and organize mounds of data on the stellar classification of stars. The stars were classified by their spectra, and Annie Cannon was the most prolific and careful of the workers. She single-handedly classified 400,000 stars into the scheme we use today (O B A F G K M), and discovered 300 variable stars. She paved the way for women entering the astronomical field.
Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826, German) discovered dark lines in the spectrum coming from the Sun. He carefully measured the positions of over 300 of these lines, creating a wavelength standard that is still in use today.
Isaac Newton (1643-1727,.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Al-Zarqali (Muslim Astronomer of 11th Century)
1. Al-Zarqali (1029–1087)
Al-Zarqali known in the West as Arzachel, was a Spanish Muslim.
He was a leading Muslim mathematician and astronomer of his time.
He flourished in Toledo in Castile, now Spain.
Arzachel crater on the Moon is named after him.
2. Al-Zarqali constructed a flat astrolabe – known as
Safihah - that was 'universal,' for it could be used
at any latitude, its details were published in Latin,
Hebrew and several European languages.
Al-Zarqali constructed the famed water clock
capable of determining the hours of the day and
night and indicating the days of the lunar months.
3. He corrected the geographical data from Ptolemy and Al-Khwarizmi.
Al-Zarqali corrected Ptolemy's estimate of the length of the
Mediterranean Sea from 62 degrees to approximately correct value of 42
degrees.
Al-Zarqâli also wrote a treatise on the movement of the fixed stars, a discussion of
theories regarding the solar year.
His astronomical observations were the best of his age, and enabled him to prove for
the first time the motion of the solar apogee with reference to the stars .
Motion of the solar apogee with reference to the stars which he said amounted to
12.04' a year; and also gave a value of 770 50' for the longitude of the sun's apogee,
and concluded that the inclination of the ecliptic oscillated between 23033' and
23053'.
4. Al-Zarqali, however, is even more famed, and impacted for centuries on
the Christian West with regard to his Toledan Tables .
Al-Zarqali carried out a series of astronomical observations at Toledo (Al Tulaytalah)
and compiled them in what is known as his famous Toledan Tables.
The tables include the determination of the right ascensions, and the equations of the
sun and the moon and of the planets; parallax; eclipses, and the setting of the
planets; theory of trepidation or accession and recession; etc .
His work was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona, and was very popular for
more than two centuries.
All subsequent tables for different locations in Europe were based on al-Zarqali's
measurements. Raymond of Marseilles is one of the first who adapted Al-Zarqali's
table to a European location, Marseilles.The tables of Marseilles (based on Al-
Zarqali's Toledan Tables) were also adapted to the meridians of London, Paris and
Pisa.
5. Al-Zarqali also wrote a treatise on the construction of an instrument
(anequatorium) for computing the position of the planets using diagrams of the
Ptolemaic model. This work was translated into Spanish in the 13th century by
order of King Alfonso X in a section of the Libros del Saber de Astronomia entitled
the "Libros de los laminas de los vii planetas."
Copernicus in his famous book 'De Revolutionibus Orbium Clestium'
expresses his indebtedness to al-Battani (albategnius) and Al-Zarqali
(Arzachel) and quotes their work several times.
Beer and Madler in their famous work Der Mond (1837) mention a surface feature
of the moon after Al-Zarqali (Arzachel). It is a plain in the eighth section more than
sixty miles in diameter and is surrounded by rows of mountains rising like terraces
to heights of 13,000 feet above the interior region.
It also includes several hills and craters and a prominent cleft by the side of the
base of the western mountainous wall.
6. Al-Zarqali also wrote a treatise on the construction of an instrument
(anequatorium) for computing the position of the planets using diagrams of the
Ptolemaic model. This work was translated into Spanish in the 13th century by
order of King Alfonso X in a section of the Libros del Saber de Astronomia entitled
the "Libros de los laminas de los vii planetas."
Copernicus in his famous book 'De Revolutionibus Orbium Clestium'
expresses his indebtedness to al-Battani (albategnius) and Al-Zarqali
(Arzachel) and quotes their work several times.
Beer and Madler in their famous work Der Mond (1837) mention a surface feature
of the moon after Al-Zarqali (Arzachel). It is a plain in the eighth section more than
sixty miles in diameter and is surrounded by rows of mountains rising like terraces
to heights of 13,000 feet above the interior region.
It also includes several hills and craters and a prominent cleft by the side of the
base of the western mountainous wall.
