Avenzoar was an Al-Andalus wisemen who lived between 1092 and 1162 (according to some sources). He is known because of his knowledge about medicine. Averroes, another important wiseman, was his disciple.
Avicenna, an Iranian philosopher and physician of the tenth and eleventh centuries (4th and 5th century A.H.) is without doubt one of the eminent scientists and talented scholars of his own age.
His scientific fame and influence was not only spread in Iran and the Islamic world, but also extended to the whole world.
He is still known as a universal scientist in particular in medicine in the views of the researchers and historians of science history.
Avicenna, an Iranian philosopher and physician of the tenth and eleventh centuries (4th and 5th century A.H.) is without doubt one of the eminent scientists and talented scholars of his own age.
His scientific fame and influence was not only spread in Iran and the Islamic world, but also extended to the whole world.
He is still known as a universal scientist in particular in medicine in the views of the researchers and historians of science history.
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17. Prophetic medicines A Series of Presentation to Trainee in Medicinal Pla...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
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History of middle ages alan moelleken lawsuit terms cottage hospital santa ba...Alan Moelleken
These documents are for inquiry into medical terms. They are basic and do not represent the expanding knowledge of medical terms, anti-trust, jury lawsuits, trial cases and legal and medical case law in courts.
Greece the territory of beginning of practice of healingHuzaifa Zahoor
Greek civilization emerged around 700 B.C.E. and continued until around 600 C.E. Greek doctors used rational thinking when dealing with medicine. This approach continues to influence medicine today.
The history & development of traditional chinese medicineHuzaifa Zahoor
Traditional Chinese medicine is system of medicine at least 23 centuries old that aims to prevent or heal disease by maintaining or restoring yinyang balance.
China has one of the world’s oldest medical systems.
Acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies date back at least 2,200 years, although the earliest known written record of Chinese medicine is the Huangdi neijing (The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic) from the 3rd century BCE.
17. Prophetic medicines A Series of Presentation to Trainee in Medicinal Pla...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Presentation to Trainee in Medicinal Plants PFI Peshawar , By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension , Resource Person to Training
History of middle ages alan moelleken lawsuit terms cottage hospital santa ba...Alan Moelleken
These documents are for inquiry into medical terms. They are basic and do not represent the expanding knowledge of medical terms, anti-trust, jury lawsuits, trial cases and legal and medical case law in courts.
History of Pharmacy , Role of Muslim Scientists in Pharmacy . Hydrolysis expl...RabiyaTariq5
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So let's get some knowledge to remember
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. INDEX
1. CONTEXT (slides 3-4)
2. BIOGRAPHY (5-7)
3. MEDICINE (8-9)
4. RELATION WITH AVERROES (10)
5. TAYSIR (11-15)
6. SOURCES (16)
3. CONTEXT
Avenzoar was born when the Almoravids
controlled Al-Andalus. They had crossed
the Gibraltar Strait to help the Taifas
kingdoms and they had defeated the
Castilians. They extended their control over
Al-Andalus until 1145, when protests
against them increased and the
Almohads crossed the Gibraltar
Strait. This coincided with Averroes’
youth.
The Almohads followed a rigid
interpretation of Islam and claimed
against the relaxation of customs under the
Almoravid rule. They moved the capital
city from Córdoba to Seville.
4. CONTEXT
The Almohad Empire was a period of cultural
splendor and economic and scientific
development (Islam didn’t forbid research).
Al-Andalus was a centralized State. The
caliph held political and spiritual power
and he ruled with the help of the hayib (prime
minister), appointed the governors of the
provinces (walis) and the judges of the cities
(qadis). Al-Andalus society was ethnically and
religiously plural. The non-Muslims had to be
respected and paid more taxes, but they
could live in Al-Andalus without much problem,
except in periods of religious intolerance,
like the Almohad Empire. Al-Andalus
finished with the ruralization and proto-feudalization
processes and it recovered the
splendor of the Roman Empire.
5. BIOGRAPHY
Abu Marwan Ibn Zuhr, Andalusian
doctor, philosopher and poet, was born
in 468/1073 AD or in 1092, depending
on the sources, in Peñaflor, near Isbiliya
(Muslim Seville) and he died in
557/1162. He was known in Medieval
Europe with the Latinized name of
Avenzoar or Abumeron.
His ancestors had been dedicated to
the practice and study of medicine in Al-
Andalus for almost a century.
Syrian stamp which
remembers Avenzoar.
6. BIOGRAPHY
He worked for the Almoravids and for the Almohads. At first, he had a
fortunate life near the court, but, for unknown reasons, he fell from
grace and he was jailed in Marrakech, the Almoravid capital city, where
he stayed for more than ten years. However, he could continue
practicing medicine. Those hard conditions allowed him to study illnesses
and epidemics with which he hadn’t been familiarized before. Avenzoar
was finally released free, because of the conquest of Marrakech by the
Almohads in 1147 and he was called to the court again at the service of
the caliph ‘Abd al-Mu’min, enjoying the favor of these monarchs until his
death. He served them as “visir”, who was like a minister or consultant,
and as doctor too.
7. BIOGRAPHY
When Al-Andalus fall under Almohad
control, Avenzoar came back to Seville,
where he dedicated to the exercise of
medicine and to teaching until his death. He
had several disciples, between them,
Averroes (he met him in the court). He is
buried near the Victory Gate in Seville.
Avenzoar’s name have been applied
sometimes to other Hispano-Arabic wise
men like Ibu Zohr, Ebn-Zohor, etc. which
lived between the 10th and the 12th
centuries.
Victory Gate or «Puerta del
Osario».
8. MEDICINE
Avenzoar was an original doctor, who accumulated in his works a huge
amount of personal experiences. He is one of the most studied doctors in
the Medieval Europe and he had a considerable influence in Renaissance
medicine.
Avenzoar didn’t accept totally the
prevailing doctrines over medicine
and he dared to discuss Galenus or
Avicenna. He had very good ideas
about Philosophy, Pathology,
Anatomy, in an era in which magic
and obscurantism reigned.
9. MEDICINE
As doctor, he was the author of many works, but few have arrived up to present:
• The Book of the exact medium about the reparation of the bodies and souls, the Kitab
al-Iqtisad (presented to the governor of Al-Andalus, Ibn Yusuf, in 515/1121), is a treaty
of general medicine which has seven chapters. This work is a treaty of divulgation which
talks about illnesses, therapies, prophylaxis, hygiene measures (particularly sexual
hygiene) and cosmetic. It describes body organs, possible illnesses and their recoveries.
Its last part includes themes such as hygiene, perfumes, contraceptives, etc. It also
treats surgery and esthetic medicine (nasal rectifications, regulation of teeth growth,
perforation of the lobule of the ear to wear ornaments, etc.).
The Book of foods and medicines, the Kitab al-agdiya or Treaty of dietetics has two
parts: a description of the qualities or defects of the foods and a treaty of prophylaxis
that advices about the right care of the body to avoid illnesses. It talks about food
regimes, drinks, condiments, culinary preparations and hygiene rules.
10. RELATION WITH AVERROES
Averroes, who was Avenzoar disciple and
friend, praised his practical character. His
methodological guideline was very
empirical, so it contrasts with the
dogmatism of most of Arabic doctors of that
period. In this sense, Averroes says about
Avenzoar science that it wasn’t a theoretical
science, but a way of cure. Juan Vernet said:
“his fame as a practical person was
extraordinary, and Averroes, at the end of
his book Colliget, followed the Taysir for
everything referred to physical therapy”.
Averroes
Juan Vernet was a famous
Arabist and historian.
11. TAYSIR
His main work was the Taysir (Book of the
simplification of physical therapy and diet), which is
translated into Spanish as Asistencias. The Taysir is a
big treaty of general medicine and dietetics, where
Avenzoar proves his great knowledge in physical
therapy, indicating the value of experience, doing a
description of illnesses and their treatment. Here he
summarizes the knowledge and experiences of his
life. This work was assumed as a teaching manual.
Avenzoar takes an interest in food regime of ill
people, medical tools and food preparation. The
Taysir treats also illnesses of kidneys and bladder
stones.
12. TAYSIR
The book describes the practice of tracheotomy, abscess (accumulation of pus
in organic tissues) and inflammation of the pericardium, artificial feeding
through esophagus or rectus for the first time .
This is his most
original book and the
one which has
allowed him to be
among the biggest
names of the history
of medicine. It was
translated to Latin by
Paravicini (1280).
13. TAYSIR
It seems that Avenzoar tried to make in the
Taysir a work between theoretical and practical
medicine, but an inspector condemned the work
because he considered that it could only be
useful for the people who had medical
knowledge. This is why Avenzoar wrote the al-
Yami later, a book where he exposed everything
that the ill person and the people who surround
him should know. It is, above all, a medicaments’
recipe book. The Medieval European tradition
considered that the al-Yami was like an appendix
of the Taysir and, in fact, the modern critical
edition of the Taysir includes the al-Yami.
14. TAYSIR
Besides, Avenzoar discovered the cause of the mange or scabies, skin illness caused
by a parasitic mite, the itch mite (sarcoptes scabiei) which he discovered.
Skin with mange Itch mite
15. TAYSIR
He developed the practice of tracheotomy and applied methods
of dissection, first in animals and later in humans. He was the
first to establish the scientific basis of otitis. He did, in addition,
suitable descriptions about meningitis, intracranial
thrombophlebitis and about some tumors. He also treats
themes such as stomach ulcers, malaria, uterus physiology, etc.
He used inhalation anesthesia.
His writings, quickly translated to Latin, had a fast diffusion and a
big permanence. In fact, his work was used until the 17th century.
