International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Mineralization Of Diesel-Base Engine Oil By Fungi Isolated From Selected Work...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Oxygen Interference in Methane Generation from Biodegradation of Solid Waste ...crimsonpublisherspps
The main solid wastes from tanneries are wet-blue shavings (chrome tanned leather) and sludge emitted mainly from waste-water treatment plants (WWTP). The main degradation process that occurs on solid media is anaerobic digestion. In this process the main products are methane (CH4), which has a high calorific value, and carbon dioxide (CO2); together these gases compose the emitted biogas. Methanogens, which are strict anaerobes, are responsible for the last step of anaerobic digestion and it is through their metabolism that methane is generated
https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000505.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For More Articles on Prime research material
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
Mineralization Of Diesel-Base Engine Oil By Fungi Isolated From Selected Work...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Oxygen Interference in Methane Generation from Biodegradation of Solid Waste ...crimsonpublisherspps
The main solid wastes from tanneries are wet-blue shavings (chrome tanned leather) and sludge emitted mainly from waste-water treatment plants (WWTP). The main degradation process that occurs on solid media is anaerobic digestion. In this process the main products are methane (CH4), which has a high calorific value, and carbon dioxide (CO2); together these gases compose the emitted biogas. Methanogens, which are strict anaerobes, are responsible for the last step of anaerobic digestion and it is through their metabolism that methane is generated
https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000505.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For More Articles on Prime research material
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Agents for Improving Solubility, Stability ...Maciej Przybyłek
Purpose
Study on curcumin dissolved in natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) was aimed at exploiting their beneficial properties as drug carriers.
Methods
The concentration of dissolved curcumin in NADES was measured. Simulated gastrointestinal fluids were used to determine the concentration of curcumin and quantum chemistry computations were performed for clarifying the origin of curcumin solubility enhancement in NADES.
Results
NADES comprising choline chloride and glycerol had the highest potential for curcumin dissolution. This system was also successfully applied as an extraction medium for obtaining curcuminoids from natural sources, as well as an effective stabilizer preventing curcumin degradation from sunlight. The solubility of curcumin in simulated gastrointestinal fluids revealed that the significant increase of bioavailability takes place in the small intestinal fluid.
Conclusions
Suspension of curcumin in NADES offers beneficial properties of this new liquid drug formulation starting from excreting from natural sources, through safe storage and ending on the final administration route. Therefore, there is a possibility of using a one-step process with this medium. The performed quantum chemistry computations clearly indicated the origin of the enhanced solubility of curcumin in NADES in the presence of intestinal fluids. Direct intermolecular contacts leading to hetero-molecular pairs with choline chloride and glycerol are responsible for elevating the bulk concentration of curcumin. Choline chloride plays a dominant role in the system and the complexes formed with curcumin are the most stable among all possible homo- and hetero-molecular pairs that can be found in NADES-curcumin systems.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY DIESEL IAEME Publication
The most widely used energy and fuel resources are hydrocarbons such as crude oil and petroleum distillates. The accidental discharge of these petroleum products contribute in making hydrocarbons the most common environmental pollutants. Bioremediation helps to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. The present study utilizes the potential of bioremediation to remediate soil contaminated with diesel. Eight bioreactors were used for the study, out of which four bioreactors were maintained at optimum environmental conditions and the remaining four were kept without any maintenance to serve as control bioreactors. Contaminated soil was prepared by mixing fresh soil and diesel so as to attain 10% TPH concentrations by weight of soil. Each bioreactor was filled with 3 kg of contaminated soil.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Acute Toxicity of Lufenuron (Insecticide) on Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754)...IJERA Editor
In this study, lufenuron (insecticide) acute toxic effects on larvae of Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754) used in intensively cotton and corn farming in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was investigated by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible adverse effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. The study was carried out with 25 ± 2 oC in the laboratory and the test fish which an average weight of 1.36±0.5 g and average length 5.56±0.6 cm in aquariums by two replicates according to the static bioassay method. Data were analysed by log-logistic model statistical analysis method 24-h and 48-h LC50 values were calculated fish mortality in statistical analysis considering the observed acute toxic effects of the investigation lufenuron O. niloticus larvae 24-hour LC50 1.80±0.06 mgl-1 , while the 48-hour LC 50 value is calculated as LC50 1.77±0.04 mgl-1
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
Toxic Effect of Glyphosate-Pesticide on Lipid Peroxidation Superoxide Dismuta...Scientific Review SR
The oxidative stress indices lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (average weight 200.15 g) exposed to sub - lethal dose 2.40mg/L and 4.98mg/L of glyphosate was investigated over a period of days 1,5,10 and 15 in three replicates. The colorimetric analysis showed increase in lipid peroxidation from 4.55 ±2.14a1 to 12.12± 10.00a1at 2.40mg/L but remain the same at 4.98mg/L (4.55±2.14a1) compared with control (3.03±0.01a1 to 1.51±2.14b1) from day 1 to 15. The SOD activity decreased significantly with time and concentration compared with control. The Catalase activity at day 15 decreased to 0.17±0.05a1 in 2.40mg/L but further increased to 0.28±0.05b1 in 4.98mg/L compared to 0.28±0.02a1 catalase activity as control. The result suggests that glyphosate induce oxidative stress that may overwhelm the antioxidant system in juvenile catfish especially at higher concentrations with long exposure.
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using...ijtsrd
The numerous applications of citric acid have increased its demand. It is of great importance to produce citric acid using adequate monosaccharides and dissacharides as they have proven to be easily catabolyzed and decomposed by Fungi when compared to polysaccharides. The superiority of sucrose to other sugars is a result of strong extracellular mycelium bound invertase of A.niger which rapidly hydrolyses sucrose at low pH. This project was undertaken to isolate, screen and produce citric acid in a submerged fermentation by four different strains of Aspergillus niger using sucrose. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterized from garden soil. Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in a submerged basal medium was quantitatively determined using titrimetric method. Aspergillus niger strain HUS1 ASHUS1 , Aspergillus niger strain HUS7 ASHUS7 , Aspergillus niger strain HG49 ASHG49 and Aspergillus niger strain AN8 ASAN8 showed significant accumulation of citric acid from the submerged basal medium, of which ASHUS 1 significantly a 0.05 recorded the most yield from the production after 9 days of incubation. Mbah, O. G | Okpalla, J. O | Osuala, O. J | Okoye, P. O | Alagbu, P. O "Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using Sucrose as a Carbon Source" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46260/isolation-and-screening-for-citric-acid-production-by-aspergillus-niger-using-sucrose-as-a-carbon-source/mbah-o-g
Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae f...IJERA Editor
Microalgae, like any other microorganism react to changes in the external environment with changes in their
intracellular environment. Thus, the manipulation of cultivation conditions, especially the presence or absence
of certain nutrients, stimulates the biosynthesis of compounds of interest. Their carbohydrates can be used to
produce bioethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the medium and the concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphate components used in the culture medium of the microalgae Chlorella minutissima in
the carbohydrate concentration of the same. Box-Behnken Planning was used, totaling 15 trials. The cultivations
were carried out until early stationary phase of growth of the microalgae in closed 2 L reactors. At the end of the
cultivation, the carbohydrate concentrations of dry biomass (%) and yield in carbohydrates (g.L-1
.d-1
) were
determined. According to the analysis of effects, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima cultivated in Basal
medium, with the addition of 0.125 gL-1
of the nitrogenized component (KNO3) and without addition of
phosphatized components (K2HPO4 and KH2PO4) had a higher yield in carbohydrates in the cultivation (0,030 ±
0.002 g.L-1
.d-1
).
Metsulfuron Methyl - Effect On Soil Microfloratheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Potential Microorganism for Remediation of Heavy...CSCJournals
The present research work has been carried out to study the waste disposal contaminated site for its physico chemical and microbial characterization and identification of potential microorganism capable of bioaccumulation and biodegradation of heavy metals. The ambient conditions present in the metal contaminated environment shows the values: pH(5.4),temperature(30°C), moisture(11.71%), nutrients; Nitrogen(0.2mg/l), phosphorus(22.65mg/l) and sulphur(559.3mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved oxygen (7.4mg/l), Biological oxygen demand (3.8 mg/l), Chemical oxygen demand (64.6 mg/l). The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environmental conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using Bioinformatics tools like BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentrations of heavy metals viz 5mg/l, 25mg/l, 50mg/l, 100mg/l up to 800mg/l with special reference to Iron. At a concentration of 500mg/l, only one microorganism was found survived and multiplied. This shows that potential microorganism was only survived at higher concentration of iron. The 16SrRNA sequence and phylogenetic tree characterized the organism as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was also confirmed by biochemical tests. The potential microorganism identified by BLAST technique can be used for remediation of the heavy metal from contaminated environment.
Biodegradation of phenolic compounds- (Scavenging the Phenols)Saleh Sarwar
You need to a have a skim of the references to understand this presentation in its entirety and to know the effectiveness of arranging it in the way it is arranged.
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Agents for Improving Solubility, Stability ...Maciej Przybyłek
Purpose
Study on curcumin dissolved in natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) was aimed at exploiting their beneficial properties as drug carriers.
Methods
The concentration of dissolved curcumin in NADES was measured. Simulated gastrointestinal fluids were used to determine the concentration of curcumin and quantum chemistry computations were performed for clarifying the origin of curcumin solubility enhancement in NADES.
Results
NADES comprising choline chloride and glycerol had the highest potential for curcumin dissolution. This system was also successfully applied as an extraction medium for obtaining curcuminoids from natural sources, as well as an effective stabilizer preventing curcumin degradation from sunlight. The solubility of curcumin in simulated gastrointestinal fluids revealed that the significant increase of bioavailability takes place in the small intestinal fluid.
Conclusions
Suspension of curcumin in NADES offers beneficial properties of this new liquid drug formulation starting from excreting from natural sources, through safe storage and ending on the final administration route. Therefore, there is a possibility of using a one-step process with this medium. The performed quantum chemistry computations clearly indicated the origin of the enhanced solubility of curcumin in NADES in the presence of intestinal fluids. Direct intermolecular contacts leading to hetero-molecular pairs with choline chloride and glycerol are responsible for elevating the bulk concentration of curcumin. Choline chloride plays a dominant role in the system and the complexes formed with curcumin are the most stable among all possible homo- and hetero-molecular pairs that can be found in NADES-curcumin systems.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY DIESEL IAEME Publication
The most widely used energy and fuel resources are hydrocarbons such as crude oil and petroleum distillates. The accidental discharge of these petroleum products contribute in making hydrocarbons the most common environmental pollutants. Bioremediation helps to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. The present study utilizes the potential of bioremediation to remediate soil contaminated with diesel. Eight bioreactors were used for the study, out of which four bioreactors were maintained at optimum environmental conditions and the remaining four were kept without any maintenance to serve as control bioreactors. Contaminated soil was prepared by mixing fresh soil and diesel so as to attain 10% TPH concentrations by weight of soil. Each bioreactor was filled with 3 kg of contaminated soil.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Acute Toxicity of Lufenuron (Insecticide) on Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754)...IJERA Editor
In this study, lufenuron (insecticide) acute toxic effects on larvae of Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754) used in intensively cotton and corn farming in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was investigated by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible adverse effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. The study was carried out with 25 ± 2 oC in the laboratory and the test fish which an average weight of 1.36±0.5 g and average length 5.56±0.6 cm in aquariums by two replicates according to the static bioassay method. Data were analysed by log-logistic model statistical analysis method 24-h and 48-h LC50 values were calculated fish mortality in statistical analysis considering the observed acute toxic effects of the investigation lufenuron O. niloticus larvae 24-hour LC50 1.80±0.06 mgl-1 , while the 48-hour LC 50 value is calculated as LC50 1.77±0.04 mgl-1
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
Toxic Effect of Glyphosate-Pesticide on Lipid Peroxidation Superoxide Dismuta...Scientific Review SR
The oxidative stress indices lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (average weight 200.15 g) exposed to sub - lethal dose 2.40mg/L and 4.98mg/L of glyphosate was investigated over a period of days 1,5,10 and 15 in three replicates. The colorimetric analysis showed increase in lipid peroxidation from 4.55 ±2.14a1 to 12.12± 10.00a1at 2.40mg/L but remain the same at 4.98mg/L (4.55±2.14a1) compared with control (3.03±0.01a1 to 1.51±2.14b1) from day 1 to 15. The SOD activity decreased significantly with time and concentration compared with control. The Catalase activity at day 15 decreased to 0.17±0.05a1 in 2.40mg/L but further increased to 0.28±0.05b1 in 4.98mg/L compared to 0.28±0.02a1 catalase activity as control. The result suggests that glyphosate induce oxidative stress that may overwhelm the antioxidant system in juvenile catfish especially at higher concentrations with long exposure.
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using...ijtsrd
The numerous applications of citric acid have increased its demand. It is of great importance to produce citric acid using adequate monosaccharides and dissacharides as they have proven to be easily catabolyzed and decomposed by Fungi when compared to polysaccharides. The superiority of sucrose to other sugars is a result of strong extracellular mycelium bound invertase of A.niger which rapidly hydrolyses sucrose at low pH. This project was undertaken to isolate, screen and produce citric acid in a submerged fermentation by four different strains of Aspergillus niger using sucrose. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterized from garden soil. Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in a submerged basal medium was quantitatively determined using titrimetric method. Aspergillus niger strain HUS1 ASHUS1 , Aspergillus niger strain HUS7 ASHUS7 , Aspergillus niger strain HG49 ASHG49 and Aspergillus niger strain AN8 ASAN8 showed significant accumulation of citric acid from the submerged basal medium, of which ASHUS 1 significantly a 0.05 recorded the most yield from the production after 9 days of incubation. Mbah, O. G | Okpalla, J. O | Osuala, O. J | Okoye, P. O | Alagbu, P. O "Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using Sucrose as a Carbon Source" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46260/isolation-and-screening-for-citric-acid-production-by-aspergillus-niger-using-sucrose-as-a-carbon-source/mbah-o-g
Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae f...IJERA Editor
Microalgae, like any other microorganism react to changes in the external environment with changes in their
intracellular environment. Thus, the manipulation of cultivation conditions, especially the presence or absence
of certain nutrients, stimulates the biosynthesis of compounds of interest. Their carbohydrates can be used to
produce bioethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the medium and the concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphate components used in the culture medium of the microalgae Chlorella minutissima in
the carbohydrate concentration of the same. Box-Behnken Planning was used, totaling 15 trials. The cultivations
were carried out until early stationary phase of growth of the microalgae in closed 2 L reactors. At the end of the
cultivation, the carbohydrate concentrations of dry biomass (%) and yield in carbohydrates (g.L-1
.d-1
) were
determined. According to the analysis of effects, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima cultivated in Basal
medium, with the addition of 0.125 gL-1
of the nitrogenized component (KNO3) and without addition of
phosphatized components (K2HPO4 and KH2PO4) had a higher yield in carbohydrates in the cultivation (0,030 ±
0.002 g.L-1
.d-1
).
Metsulfuron Methyl - Effect On Soil Microfloratheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
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The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Potential Microorganism for Remediation of Heavy...CSCJournals
The present research work has been carried out to study the waste disposal contaminated site for its physico chemical and microbial characterization and identification of potential microorganism capable of bioaccumulation and biodegradation of heavy metals. The ambient conditions present in the metal contaminated environment shows the values: pH(5.4),temperature(30°C), moisture(11.71%), nutrients; Nitrogen(0.2mg/l), phosphorus(22.65mg/l) and sulphur(559.3mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved oxygen (7.4mg/l), Biological oxygen demand (3.8 mg/l), Chemical oxygen demand (64.6 mg/l). The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environmental conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using Bioinformatics tools like BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentrations of heavy metals viz 5mg/l, 25mg/l, 50mg/l, 100mg/l up to 800mg/l with special reference to Iron. At a concentration of 500mg/l, only one microorganism was found survived and multiplied. This shows that potential microorganism was only survived at higher concentration of iron. The 16SrRNA sequence and phylogenetic tree characterized the organism as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was also confirmed by biochemical tests. The potential microorganism identified by BLAST technique can be used for remediation of the heavy metal from contaminated environment.
Biodegradation of phenolic compounds- (Scavenging the Phenols)Saleh Sarwar
You need to a have a skim of the references to understand this presentation in its entirety and to know the effectiveness of arranging it in the way it is arranged.
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67624
Using the nitrogen reduction planning model involves three steps. The first step is to select a watershed, enter hypothetical adoption rates for each BMP, and compare the effectiveness and cost of the individual BMPs. The second step is to compare suites of the BMPs that would attain any given reduction in the N load at minimum cost. The third step is to “drill down” to the details and assumptions behind the models of effectiveness and costs of any particular BMP and make any adjustments to reflect your particular situation.
Presentation by: William Lazarus
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Effect of Glucose on Biosurfactant Production using Bacterial Isolates from O...ijtsrd
The demand for biosurfactants is gradually increasing and are thus substituting their chemically synthesized counterparts 14 . The production of biosurfactants commercially requires high expenses. For the production of biosurfactant proper optimization of the physico-chemical parameters is very important. Hence the research was conducted to study the effect of glucose as a carbon source for production of biosurfactant using bacterial isolates from oil contaminated sites in MSM medium. Anjali Sharma "Effect of Glucose on Biosurfactant Production using Bacterial Isolates from Oil Contaminated Sites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19033.pdf Direct URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/19033/effect-of-glucose-on-biosurfactant-production-using-bacterial-isolates-from-oil-contaminated-sites/anjali-sharma
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Fungi (Candida Tropicalis and Aspergillus ...IJEABJ
Used engine oil is a petroleum or synthetic oil that has been used and as a result of such use, is contaminated by physical and chemical pollutants. These pollutants are harmful to humans, animals and plants following exposure. Evaluation of the effectiveness of fungi in bioremediation of used engine oil (UEO) contaminated soil was investigated. Fungi were isolated from soil samples obtained from automobile workshops in Mgbuka-Nkpor, Nigeria. The isolates were screened for UEO biodegradation potentials in mineral salt broth. They were identified using the cultural and microscopic characteristics and confirmed using the 18SrRNA gene sequence. The effectiveness of the isolates in bioremediation of UEO contaminated soil was also investigated using bioaugmentation technique. A total of 8 fungal isolates were obtained from this study. Two that showed the highest extent of biodegradation of UEO in the screen flasks were identified and confirmed as Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus clavatus. At the end of the experimental period, oil contaminated soil inoculated with the mixed culture of the isolates (C. tropicalis and A. clavatus) showed the highest reduction in concentration of UEO (95.42%). Higher biodegradation rate and shorter half-life of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was observed in soil microcosm containing the isolates, when compared to the uninoculated control. Therefore fungi such as C. tropicalis and A. clavatus isolated from automobile workshops can facilitate the bioremediation of UEO contaminated soil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Crude Oil Fractions in the Environment: A Comparative Study of Agbada Communi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
1. Process Overview: Pyrolysis is a thermal degradation process that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The absence of oxygen prevents combustion and allows the organic material to break down without being fully burned.
2. Temperature: Pyrolysis typically occurs at elevated temperatures, often ranging from 300 to 900 degrees Celsius, depending on the specific feedstock and desired products.
3. Feedstock: Pyrolysis can be applied to a wide range of organic materials, including biomass (wood, crop residues), plastics, rubber, and organic waste (such as municipal solid waste).
4. **Products**:
- **Gases**: Pyrolysis produces gases like hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide, which can be used as fuel or chemical feedstocks.
- **Liquids**: Liquid products, often called bio-oil when derived from biomass, can be used as a source of biofuels or for chemical synthesis.
- **Char**: The solid residue left behind is known as char. Depending on the feedstock, this char can have various applications, such as as a soil conditioner or for carbon sequestration.
5. **Applications**:
- **Biofuels**: Pyrolysis of biomass can yield biofuels like bio-oil or biochar, which can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels.
- **Waste Management**: Pyrolysis can be used to treat organic waste and reduce its volume while recovering energy or valuable products.
- **Plastic Recycling**: Plastic pyrolysis is used to convert plastic waste into valuable chemicals or fuel.
6. **Types of Pyrolysis**:
- **Fast Pyrolysis**: This process involves very high heating rates and produces a higher proportion of liquid products.
- **Slow Pyrolysis**: Slow pyrolysis takes place at lower temperatures and longer residence times, resulting in a higher proportion of solid char.
- **Intermediate Pyrolysis**: As the name suggests, it falls between fast and slow pyrolysis in terms of temperature and product distribution.
7. **Challenges**: The efficiency and selectivity of pyrolysis can vary depending on the feedstock and process conditions. Controlling the reaction parameters is crucial to obtaining the desired products.
In summary, pyrolysis is a versatile and important process for converting organic materials into valuable products, including biofuels, chemicals, and char, while also addressing waste management and environmental concerns. It plays a significant role in sustainable energy and resource management.
Influence of Organic Wastes on Ecotoxicity of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Conta...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a contaminated soil. Three groups of soil samples (60 kg per group) were contaminated with four petroleum products (spent engine oil, petrol, diesel and kerosene), mixed together in a volumetric ratio of 1:1:1:1. The first group was contaminated with 5% weight/weight (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; the second group was contaminated with 10% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; while the third group was contaminated with 15% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products. In the bioremediation process, 3 kg of soil from each contaminated group (5%, 10% and 15% contamination) was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg rice husk, and coded CD + RH; while another 3 kg from each contaminated group was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg sawdust, and was coded CD + SD. The total hydrocarbon content (THC) and ecotoxicity of the soils samples were determined in accordance to standards procedures. The results revealed that the soil contaminated with 5% petroleum products generally had the highest biodegradation rate. In term of the ecotoxicity of the petroleum hydrocarbons, the cucumber planted in the amended soil samples had a lower radicle growth inhibition rate; when compared with the control soil samples. This study revealed that a combination of organic waste materials can be effectively utilized in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Colonic and anorectal physiology with surgical implications
I037050055
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 3 Issue 7 ‖ July 2014 ‖ PP.50-55
www.ijpsi.org 50 | Page
The Role of Bacteria in the Mineralization of Diesel-Base Engine
Oil
U. Udochukwu1
E. M. Omoghie 2
C.C. Chikezie 3
O.C. Udinyiwe4
1
Department of Bioscience, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Salem University-Lokoja, Kogi State,
Nigeria
2
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Science University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria
3
Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Godfrey Okoye University Ugwuomu Nike,
Enugu State, Nigeria
4
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Life Science University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT : The mineralization of diesel-based engine oils produced by African Petroleum (AP) was
investigated for a period of twenty-eight (28) days. Two different samples of AP engine oils, Heavy Duty Visco
SAE40 (H40) and Diesel Motor Oil SAE 40 (D40) were investigated. Soil from a mechanic workshop at
Irediawa Junction, along Ekenwan Road, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria served as seed for the mineralization.
The study was carried out at room temperature (27-290
C). The pH of the test systems ranged from 6.5 to 7.3.
The counts on the first day were 2.52x104
and 2.71 x104
for H40 and D40 respectively. Whereas the
corresponding counts in 28th day were 2.04 x105
and 2.03 x105
in colony forming unit per milliliters (cfu/ml).
The hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) isolated include Alcaligene, Bacillus, Citrobacter, Micrococcus,
Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio. The physicochemical analysis showed that nitrate, phosphate, sulphate,
biochemical oxygen demand, (BOD), oil and grease content and total organic carbon (TOC) decreased with
time. The rate mineralization between the two engine oils was in accordance with the normal growth rate for a
close system. There was no significant difference between the rates of mineralization of the two engine oils.
KEY WORD(S): Mineralization, Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria (HUB), Diesel-Base Engine Oils,
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC).
I. INTRODUCTION
As the usage of petroleum hydrocarbon products increase, soil contamination with engine oils is
becoming one of the major environmental problems. Mineralization is the complete conversion organic
compounds to the more mobile energetic state or a minerals form [1]. An oil polluted soil can be
remedied by mineralizing the engine oil pollutants which is carried out through biodegradation and
biotransformation of the chemical constituent of the engine oil. Microbial degradation of complex
compounds does not always result in mineralization. Incomplete degradation, also called transformation of the
compound may occur as a result of microbial activity [2]. Most mechanical methods used to reduce
hydrocarbon pollution is expensive, time consuming and depends mainly on excavating of these soil, treating
in separate area or better treatment facilities. These treatments include incineration and/or burial in secure
landfills. These are effective treatments but after burning, this soil loses most of its nutritional value and
structure. These methods do not remove the contamination but only relocate the problem [3].
Bioremediation processes have been shown to be effective methods that stimulate the biodegradation of
contaminated soil [4] and may restore contaminated soils through the broad biodegradation capabilities
evolved by microorganisms towards undesirable organic compounds [5].
The present study was therefore undertaken with a view to elucidate the ability of microbial
isolates on the mineralization of used engine oil and oil contaminated soil by bacterial consortium.
Bacteria and fungi are the key agents of degradation, with bacteria assuming the dominant role in marine
ecosystems and fungi becoming more important in freshwater and terrestrial environments. While
hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms are ubiquitous, hydrocarbon-degraders normally constitute less than
1% of the total microbial community. When oil pollutants are present these hydrocarbon-degrading
populations increase, typically to 10% of the community [6]. Biodegradation of oil contaminated soils,
which exploits the ability of microorganisms to degrade and/or detoxify organic contamination, has been
established as one of the efficient, economic, versatile and environmentally sound treatment [7].
Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants and petrochemicals by bacteria have been
extensively investigated by [8];[9];[10];[11];[12].
2. The Role Of Bacteria In The Mineralization…
www.ijpsi.org 51 | Page
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The soil samples were collected at Irediawa junction along Ekenwa road, Benin City, Edo State,
Nigeria. Soil samples for biological analysis were obtained from different points (about ten meters apart) and
pooled together to form composite samples [13]. Two types of used engine oils produced by African Petroleum
(AP) were obtained from the filling station located along Akpakpava Road, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
Heavy Duty Visco SAE40 (D40) and Diesel Motor Oil SAE 40 (D40) were aseptically taken to the laboratory
for analysis. The soil sample was weighed and 10g was dissolved in 100ml of distilled water to obtain a ten-fold
(10 fold) dilution of the soil sample as used by [14]. Toxicity test was conducted to obtain non-toxic
concentration. The test was conducted by measuring equal volumes (10ml) from the 10-fold dilution of the soil
sample into four conical flasks. Different volumes of 0.1ml, 1.0ml and 10.0ml of the engine oils were transfer
into the flasks. One of the flasks served as control which was free from engine oil. The volumes were made up
to 100ml with sterile distilled water. This resulted to concentrations of 1mg/l, 0.1mg/l and 0.01mg/l of the
engine oils. The culture was incubated for 24 hours at 370
C. The non-toxic concentrations of the two engine oil
were determined by plating out in a nutrient media by spread plate method and were incubated for 48 hours at
370
C. The sample inoculated with engine oil that produced similar counts with control after two days of
incubation was taken as the non-toxic concentration of the oil to the organisms. The biodegradation conditions
of the experimental set up were monitored by withdrawing the samples before initiation of the experiment at the
first day and subsequently at day 7, 14, 21 and 28 for microbiological and physical chemical analysis. Total
heterotrophic bacterial (THB) counts of the withdrawn samples were performed. Serial dilution using normal
saline (0.85%) as diluents was done and spread plate technique was adopted using Nutrient agar and incubated
for 48h at 370
C and room temperature for 5days respectively [15]. Vapour phase transfer method was adopted in
estimating the population of hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms. Mineral salt agar with a sterile filter paper
(whatmann No. 1) saturated with the oil which supplied the hydrocarbon by vapour phase transfer to the inocula
were incubated (room temperature for 5 days). Physicochemical analyses were carried out such as pH, total
organic carbon, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), oil and grease analysis, alkalinity analysis, sulphate
content, nitrate content and phosphate content to determine the rate of degradability of the engine oils.
III. RESULT
The growth of bacteria population in the medium is made possible by the availability of nutrient.
Therefore, limitation of nitrogen and phosphate content in the medium limits the bacteria mineralization of
hydrocarbon in the medium. The pH ranged between 6.5 and 7.3 and such that favours heterotrophic bacteria
(fig. 3). This was as a result of the production of metabolic products released into the test system; thereby
contributing to the pH fluctuation around neutrality. The nutrient content (nitrate. fig 5, phosphate. fig 8, and
sulphate, fig 7) decrease during the investigation even when they were also produced as metabolic products. The
reduction showed that the rate of bacteria utilization of nutrient was faster than the rate which product were
released, hence the nutrient reduction. For biomass building, there was a correspondence in nutrient utilization
indicating the relative importance in cell metabolism as stated by Odum’s combine law. Total organic carbon
(TOC), was used as a quality control in the mineralization process (fig 2). The percentage of change during the
process apparently showed that the H40 (16.24%) was most mineralized than D40 (30.03%), but T-test
conducted indicated that there was no significance difference between the mineralization of both test samples.
The biochemical oxygen demand of the test sample decreased continuously indicating a gradual re-aeration of
the test system. (fig 4).
0
2
4
6
8
0 2 4 6
H40
D40
Time
THB(Log
cfu/ml)
Fig 1. Change in total heterotrophic bacterial count (Log cfu/ml) of the test system
3. The Role Of Bacteria In The Mineralization…
www.ijpsi.org 52 | Page
Fig 2. Change in percentage (%) of total organic carbon of the test system with days.
Fig. 3. Change in pH of the medium for the test systems.
Fig. 4. Change in BOD of the test systems.
4. The Role Of Bacteria In The Mineralization…
www.ijpsi.org 53 | Page
Fig. 5. Change in concentration of nitrate content for the test systems.
Fig. 6. Change in oil and grease of the test systems.
Fig. 7. Change in the concentration of sulphate content of the test systems.
5. The Role Of Bacteria In The Mineralization…
www.ijpsi.org 54 | Page
Fig. 8. Change in the concentration of phosphate content of the test systems.
Fig. 9. Change in alkalinity of the test systems.
Most microorganisms isolated from the test sample which is in according with [17] show that they are
able to attack engine oil. The bacteria isolates were predominantly Gram negative bacteria and have earlier been
isolated and identified from various petroleum products. The isolates were identified as Alcaligene, Bacillus,
Citrobacter, Micrococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio [17]. Early researchers reported that
Pseudomonas aerogenosa is the predonant species in petroleum product biodegradation and this is expected as
the genus is always found everywhere oil pollution is analyzed [18].
IV. CONCLUSION
The result from this research has shown that the mineralization processes of the engine oils were
positive and correlates with that of the previous researchers. Evidently, variations of physiochemical analysis of
the samples have shown a gradual break down of petroleum products. Therefore, further research on diesel-base
engine oil mineralization with some genetically modified microbial species that can be controlled after the
degradation process has a future prospect and will reduce the half-life of the engine oil. This will lead to less
time and resource consuming bioremediation process.
REFERENCE
[1] Baker, K. H. and Herson, D. S. (1994). Bioremediation. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York. Chapter 1, 2, 6, and 7.
[2] Ideriah., Tubonimi, J. K., Igwe., Chika., Stanley and Herbert, O. (2008) Nitrogen Meralization in Selected Solid Waste Dumpsite
in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Vol 12(3) 89-93
[3] Lageman, R., Clarke, R. and Pool, W. (2005). Electro-reclamation, A Versatile Soil Remediation Solution. Eng. Geol. Vol 77:
191-201.
[4] Swannell, Richard, P. J., Lee, K. and McDonagh, M. (1996) Field Evaluations of Marine Oil Spill Bioremediation.
Microbiological Reviews. Vol 60: 342-365.
[5] Andreoni, V. And L. Gianfreda (2007): Bioremediation and monitoring of aromatic-polluted habitats. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
Vol 76: 287-308
[6] Alexander, M., (1994) Biodegradation and Bioremediation, , 2nd edn, San Diego, CA. Academic Press
[7] Margesin, R. and Schinner, F. Appl. Environ Microbiol. 2001, Vol 67(7): 3127. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.7.3127-3133.2001.
[8] Ijah U. J. J, Akpera M (2002). Effect of Salinity on Crude Oil Utilization by Marine Yeast Isolates. J. Pure Appl. Sci. Vol. 3(2):
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