Chitosan Flocculation-sedimentation for Harvesting Selected Microalgae Specie...UniversitasGadjahMada
Microalgae is an attractive feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production. The harvesting step of microalgae needs technology, which saves energy and time. One of the low cost strategies for addressing this problem is the use of flocculation-sedimentation process as an initial step. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the flocculation-sedimentation of selected microalgae species grown in monoculture (Nannochloropsis sp.) and mixed cultures (South Coast of Yogyakarta) using modified chitosan. The effect of flocculant dosage and sedimentation time that might affect the percentage of microalgae cell removal was investigated. Chitosan has proved to be highly effective for dewatering of the microalgae, Nannochloropsis sp. and Yogyakarta mixed cultures, with the optimum flocculation efficiency reaching over 72.09 % (25 ppm of chitosan dosage; 10 min of sedimentation time) and 87.25 % (25 ppm of chitosan dosage; 30 min of sedimentation time) of biomass removal. The characteristics of chitosan in term of high positive charge density and long chains allow the microalgae to aggregate to form flocs and settle to the bottom due to gravitational effect.
Environmental exposure and health risks of the insecticide monocrotophos - a ...Innspub Net
Monocrotophos is a organophosphate based insecticide used for crop protection. Monocrotophos use has induced heath issues and water pollution. From the ecotoxicology, human health and regulatory aspects, it is essential to restrict the emissions and release of the highly acutely toxic chemical from the industrial processes and agricultural applications. In this review, we present the toxicity and decomposition in media such as vegetables, human tissues, animal tissues and rations, synthesis of the analytical procedures and materials used to determine the monocrotophos and identification of cis and trans isomers of monocrotophos. Also the main physical spectroscopic methods have been discussed in this review. The analytical techniques which are presented permit to select the best analytical conditions to detect monocrotophos. These methods are widely applicable for remaining organophosphate and other polar pesticides. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-5-number-1-july-2014-jbes/
Curcumin extract nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and antimicrobi...Innspub Net
In recent years, synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated for different medicinal uses. In the present study, we aimed at the biosynthesis of zinc oxide using a curcumin extract. Although, toxic effects of curcumin derivative and zinc oxide nanoparticles in different concentration have been studied specifically on animal models besides the antibacterial activity of synthesized curcumin extract and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The aim of the study was to synthesize extract combined zinc oxide nanoparticles. Methods: The synthesized nanoparticles and extract were characterized for the particle size distribution, morphology, optical properties and surface charge by using UVvisible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), (TEM) and (SEM). Elemental composition and structural properties were studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Results: The synthesized nanoparticles and curcumin were irregular shape and had a size distribution in the range of 50–100 nm. The in vitro toxicity effects of zinc oxide and extract showed no toxic effect with different concentration with antibacterial effect.
Chitosan Flocculation-sedimentation for Harvesting Selected Microalgae Specie...UniversitasGadjahMada
Microalgae is an attractive feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production. The harvesting step of microalgae needs technology, which saves energy and time. One of the low cost strategies for addressing this problem is the use of flocculation-sedimentation process as an initial step. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the flocculation-sedimentation of selected microalgae species grown in monoculture (Nannochloropsis sp.) and mixed cultures (South Coast of Yogyakarta) using modified chitosan. The effect of flocculant dosage and sedimentation time that might affect the percentage of microalgae cell removal was investigated. Chitosan has proved to be highly effective for dewatering of the microalgae, Nannochloropsis sp. and Yogyakarta mixed cultures, with the optimum flocculation efficiency reaching over 72.09 % (25 ppm of chitosan dosage; 10 min of sedimentation time) and 87.25 % (25 ppm of chitosan dosage; 30 min of sedimentation time) of biomass removal. The characteristics of chitosan in term of high positive charge density and long chains allow the microalgae to aggregate to form flocs and settle to the bottom due to gravitational effect.
Environmental exposure and health risks of the insecticide monocrotophos - a ...Innspub Net
Monocrotophos is a organophosphate based insecticide used for crop protection. Monocrotophos use has induced heath issues and water pollution. From the ecotoxicology, human health and regulatory aspects, it is essential to restrict the emissions and release of the highly acutely toxic chemical from the industrial processes and agricultural applications. In this review, we present the toxicity and decomposition in media such as vegetables, human tissues, animal tissues and rations, synthesis of the analytical procedures and materials used to determine the monocrotophos and identification of cis and trans isomers of monocrotophos. Also the main physical spectroscopic methods have been discussed in this review. The analytical techniques which are presented permit to select the best analytical conditions to detect monocrotophos. These methods are widely applicable for remaining organophosphate and other polar pesticides. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-5-number-1-july-2014-jbes/
Curcumin extract nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and antimicrobi...Innspub Net
In recent years, synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated for different medicinal uses. In the present study, we aimed at the biosynthesis of zinc oxide using a curcumin extract. Although, toxic effects of curcumin derivative and zinc oxide nanoparticles in different concentration have been studied specifically on animal models besides the antibacterial activity of synthesized curcumin extract and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The aim of the study was to synthesize extract combined zinc oxide nanoparticles. Methods: The synthesized nanoparticles and extract were characterized for the particle size distribution, morphology, optical properties and surface charge by using UVvisible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), (TEM) and (SEM). Elemental composition and structural properties were studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Results: The synthesized nanoparticles and curcumin were irregular shape and had a size distribution in the range of 50–100 nm. The in vitro toxicity effects of zinc oxide and extract showed no toxic effect with different concentration with antibacterial effect.
Biological Removal of Malachite Green and Congo red by Some Filamentous FungiIJEAB
Four strains of filamentous fungi were studied to a removal of Malachite green (MG) and Congo red (CR). These fungi were Aspergillus niger ,Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus versicolor and P. funigulosum. P. funigulosum showed that decolorization activity was higher than other fungi on solid medium containing MG and CR . The stastical method obtained that there was no significance between fungi . All these fungi were able to degradation dyes to other metabolites . The dry weight ( Biomass) of P. funigulosum reached to 1.10 ,1.02 in mineral salts medium (MSM) with MG and CR respectively , and the stastical methods obtained that there was no significance in dry weights between fungi .
Mechanical Characterization of Bio-Char Made Hybrid CompositeIJERA Editor
Material discoveries and development have always been the cause of the growth and development of a nation
and the need of naturally made materials is the need of hours. Thus this paper takes you to the development of a
hybrid composite made of sisal fiber with epoxy as the matrix intertwined with softwood bio-char. Softwood
chip bio-char, produced by slow pyrolysis, has a porous structure improving its nutrient absorbing capacity,
surface area and thus a potential substituent. Bio-char has an appreciable carbon sequestration value i.e. a carbon
absorbing product. The orientation of sisal fiber are changed and studied in longitudinal and orthogonal
direction indicating superiority of longitudinal fiber orientation .It also addresses the variation in mechanical
characteristic (tensile flexural and impact) with different constituent of the new composite and its position in
material selection charts with a direction for further work.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Synthesis and study of structural and magnetic properties of superparamagneti...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes coating of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) with amorphous silica shells.
Materials and Methods:
First, magnetite (Fe3O4) NPs were synthesized by co-precipitation method and then treated with stabilizer molecule of trisodium citrate to enhance their dispersibility. Afterwards, coating with silica was carried out via a sol-gel approach in which the electrostatically stabilized MNPs were used as seeds. The samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).
Results:
The results of XRD analysis implied that the prepared nanocomposite consists of two compounds of crystalline magnetite and amorphous silica that formation of their core/shell structure with the shell thickness of about 5 nm was confirmed by TEM images. The magnetic studies also indicated that produced Fe3O4@SiO2 core/shell nanocomposite exhibits superparamagnetic properties at room temperature.
Conclusion:
These core/shell structure due to having superparamagnetic property of Fe3O4 and unique properties of SiO2, offers a high potential for many biomedical applications.
Keywords
Magnetite; Silica; Core-shell structure; Superparamagnetism; Biomedical applications
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY DIESEL IAEME Publication
The most widely used energy and fuel resources are hydrocarbons such as crude oil and petroleum distillates. The accidental discharge of these petroleum products contribute in making hydrocarbons the most common environmental pollutants. Bioremediation helps to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. The present study utilizes the potential of bioremediation to remediate soil contaminated with diesel. Eight bioreactors were used for the study, out of which four bioreactors were maintained at optimum environmental conditions and the remaining four were kept without any maintenance to serve as control bioreactors. Contaminated soil was prepared by mixing fresh soil and diesel so as to attain 10% TPH concentrations by weight of soil. Each bioreactor was filled with 3 kg of contaminated soil.
Analytical method development and its application to extractive spectrophotom...pharmaindexing
Analytical method development and its application to extractive spectrophotometric determination of Co (II) using 1, 2-Propanedione, 1-phenyl-1-(2-hydroxybenzylideneazine) -2- oxime (PDPHBAO).
Analytical method development and its application to extractive spectrophotom...SriramNagarajan15
The reagent was synthesized and characterization was carried out by FTIR, NMR, elemental analysis as well as Mass spectrometry. The synthesized reagent was then applied for the development of the analytical method for the extractive spectrophotometric determination of cobalt (II). Cobalt metal forms pale yellow coloured complex, which can be extracted in chloroform at pH 9.4 having absorption maxima at 415 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range 1-8.00 μg. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s Sensitivity of the extracted species are 7.1724 X 103 Lit mol-1 cm-2 and 8.2165 X 10-3μg cm-2 respectively. The developed method is highly sensitive, selective, simple, rapid, accurate, and has been satisfactorily applied for the determination of cobalt in the synthetic mixtures, pharmaceutical samples, and alloys.
The Content of Agar Seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa Fertilized with VermicompostIJEAB
The economic value of seaweed G. verrucosa depends on the content of the agar it has. Cultivation Gracilaria verrucosa generally use inorganic fertilizers that are not environmentally friendly, inorganic fertilizer is not a wise step considering the recent increase in consumers who want a product that is free of pesticide residues. The purpose of this study was to analyze the optimal dose of vermicompost fertilizer to produce high quality of agar rendement, viscosity and gel strength seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa. From the result of the research, it was found that the quality of agar rendement, viscosity and gel strength were normal and homogeneous distribution (p>0,05). Then the ANOVA test showed that the fertilizer treatment gave a significant effect on the quality of agar rendement and viscosity (p <0,05), while the quality of agar gel strength did not give significant effect (p> 0,05). The highest level of viscosity and rendement of Gracilaria verrucosa seaweed was found in treatment A and the lowest in treatment F (control). The highest level quality of agar gel strength Gracilaria verrucosa was found in treatment F compared with other treatment.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Synthesis and Evaluation of the Cytotoxic and Anti-Proliferative Properties o...IJEAB
Doxorubicin (Dox) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of cancer. In the present study, pH responsive chitosan polymer coated Dox nanoparticle (Composite) was developed to investigate targeted drug delivery against breast cancer. The anticancer drug DOX-ZnO QDs was loaded to the chitosan nanoparticles. The synthesized free and drug loaded nanoparticle were analyzed using Fourier transmission electron microscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy(UV-Vis). The particle size was measured using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Further, the composite was evaluated for its anticancer effects. Drug release analysis showed significantly larger amount of drug released in acidic pH of 5.0 compared to pH 7.4. The composite was significantly more cytotoxic to the breast cancer cells MCF-7 and SKBR-3. The composite was however, less toxic to HEK-293 human embryonic kidney cells confirming minimum side effects on normal cells andcytotoxic to tumor cells. DAPI staining showed nuclear degradation in composite treated breast cancer cells. The cellular uptake of the composite was analyzed by confocal microscopy. The composite induced a G0/G1 phase arrest in breast cancer cells and the number of colonies formed by the composite treated breast cancer cells formed less number of colonies compared to free NP. Our results showed that our composite could serve as a promising therapeutic approach to improve clinical outcomes against various malignancies.
Bioremediation of xenobiotics use of dead fungal biomass as biosorbenteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Biological Removal of Malachite Green and Congo red by Some Filamentous FungiIJEAB
Four strains of filamentous fungi were studied to a removal of Malachite green (MG) and Congo red (CR). These fungi were Aspergillus niger ,Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus versicolor and P. funigulosum. P. funigulosum showed that decolorization activity was higher than other fungi on solid medium containing MG and CR . The stastical method obtained that there was no significance between fungi . All these fungi were able to degradation dyes to other metabolites . The dry weight ( Biomass) of P. funigulosum reached to 1.10 ,1.02 in mineral salts medium (MSM) with MG and CR respectively , and the stastical methods obtained that there was no significance in dry weights between fungi .
Mechanical Characterization of Bio-Char Made Hybrid CompositeIJERA Editor
Material discoveries and development have always been the cause of the growth and development of a nation
and the need of naturally made materials is the need of hours. Thus this paper takes you to the development of a
hybrid composite made of sisal fiber with epoxy as the matrix intertwined with softwood bio-char. Softwood
chip bio-char, produced by slow pyrolysis, has a porous structure improving its nutrient absorbing capacity,
surface area and thus a potential substituent. Bio-char has an appreciable carbon sequestration value i.e. a carbon
absorbing product. The orientation of sisal fiber are changed and studied in longitudinal and orthogonal
direction indicating superiority of longitudinal fiber orientation .It also addresses the variation in mechanical
characteristic (tensile flexural and impact) with different constituent of the new composite and its position in
material selection charts with a direction for further work.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Synthesis and study of structural and magnetic properties of superparamagneti...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes coating of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) with amorphous silica shells.
Materials and Methods:
First, magnetite (Fe3O4) NPs were synthesized by co-precipitation method and then treated with stabilizer molecule of trisodium citrate to enhance their dispersibility. Afterwards, coating with silica was carried out via a sol-gel approach in which the electrostatically stabilized MNPs were used as seeds. The samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).
Results:
The results of XRD analysis implied that the prepared nanocomposite consists of two compounds of crystalline magnetite and amorphous silica that formation of their core/shell structure with the shell thickness of about 5 nm was confirmed by TEM images. The magnetic studies also indicated that produced Fe3O4@SiO2 core/shell nanocomposite exhibits superparamagnetic properties at room temperature.
Conclusion:
These core/shell structure due to having superparamagnetic property of Fe3O4 and unique properties of SiO2, offers a high potential for many biomedical applications.
Keywords
Magnetite; Silica; Core-shell structure; Superparamagnetism; Biomedical applications
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY DIESEL IAEME Publication
The most widely used energy and fuel resources are hydrocarbons such as crude oil and petroleum distillates. The accidental discharge of these petroleum products contribute in making hydrocarbons the most common environmental pollutants. Bioremediation helps to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. The present study utilizes the potential of bioremediation to remediate soil contaminated with diesel. Eight bioreactors were used for the study, out of which four bioreactors were maintained at optimum environmental conditions and the remaining four were kept without any maintenance to serve as control bioreactors. Contaminated soil was prepared by mixing fresh soil and diesel so as to attain 10% TPH concentrations by weight of soil. Each bioreactor was filled with 3 kg of contaminated soil.
Analytical method development and its application to extractive spectrophotom...pharmaindexing
Analytical method development and its application to extractive spectrophotometric determination of Co (II) using 1, 2-Propanedione, 1-phenyl-1-(2-hydroxybenzylideneazine) -2- oxime (PDPHBAO).
Analytical method development and its application to extractive spectrophotom...SriramNagarajan15
The reagent was synthesized and characterization was carried out by FTIR, NMR, elemental analysis as well as Mass spectrometry. The synthesized reagent was then applied for the development of the analytical method for the extractive spectrophotometric determination of cobalt (II). Cobalt metal forms pale yellow coloured complex, which can be extracted in chloroform at pH 9.4 having absorption maxima at 415 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range 1-8.00 μg. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s Sensitivity of the extracted species are 7.1724 X 103 Lit mol-1 cm-2 and 8.2165 X 10-3μg cm-2 respectively. The developed method is highly sensitive, selective, simple, rapid, accurate, and has been satisfactorily applied for the determination of cobalt in the synthetic mixtures, pharmaceutical samples, and alloys.
The Content of Agar Seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa Fertilized with VermicompostIJEAB
The economic value of seaweed G. verrucosa depends on the content of the agar it has. Cultivation Gracilaria verrucosa generally use inorganic fertilizers that are not environmentally friendly, inorganic fertilizer is not a wise step considering the recent increase in consumers who want a product that is free of pesticide residues. The purpose of this study was to analyze the optimal dose of vermicompost fertilizer to produce high quality of agar rendement, viscosity and gel strength seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa. From the result of the research, it was found that the quality of agar rendement, viscosity and gel strength were normal and homogeneous distribution (p>0,05). Then the ANOVA test showed that the fertilizer treatment gave a significant effect on the quality of agar rendement and viscosity (p <0,05), while the quality of agar gel strength did not give significant effect (p> 0,05). The highest level of viscosity and rendement of Gracilaria verrucosa seaweed was found in treatment A and the lowest in treatment F (control). The highest level quality of agar gel strength Gracilaria verrucosa was found in treatment F compared with other treatment.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Synthesis and Evaluation of the Cytotoxic and Anti-Proliferative Properties o...IJEAB
Doxorubicin (Dox) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of cancer. In the present study, pH responsive chitosan polymer coated Dox nanoparticle (Composite) was developed to investigate targeted drug delivery against breast cancer. The anticancer drug DOX-ZnO QDs was loaded to the chitosan nanoparticles. The synthesized free and drug loaded nanoparticle were analyzed using Fourier transmission electron microscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy(UV-Vis). The particle size was measured using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Further, the composite was evaluated for its anticancer effects. Drug release analysis showed significantly larger amount of drug released in acidic pH of 5.0 compared to pH 7.4. The composite was significantly more cytotoxic to the breast cancer cells MCF-7 and SKBR-3. The composite was however, less toxic to HEK-293 human embryonic kidney cells confirming minimum side effects on normal cells andcytotoxic to tumor cells. DAPI staining showed nuclear degradation in composite treated breast cancer cells. The cellular uptake of the composite was analyzed by confocal microscopy. The composite induced a G0/G1 phase arrest in breast cancer cells and the number of colonies formed by the composite treated breast cancer cells formed less number of colonies compared to free NP. Our results showed that our composite could serve as a promising therapeutic approach to improve clinical outcomes against various malignancies.
Bioremediation of xenobiotics use of dead fungal biomass as biosorbenteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
Comparative review study of security of aran and aodv routing protocols in ma...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Secure intrusion detection and countermeasure selection in virtual system usi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Radio frequency optimization of mobile networks in abeokuta, nigeria for impr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Emotional telugu speech signals classification based on k nn classifiereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental investigation of stepped aerofoil using propeller test rigeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Metabolomics Analysis on Antifungal Activities Produced by Penicillium oxalic...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
—In-vitro antagonist tests such as disc diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were conducted against C. gloeosporioides. 1 H-NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to identify possible compounds produced. Glucose crude extract exhibited the highest percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) with 75% and the lowest MIC value with 78 µg mL-1. For metabolomics, different metabolites produced were clustered according to the carbon sources used and gave a representative impression of the metabolites produced by P. oxalicum T3.3. The study has shown the potential of using a combination of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis and their correlation with MIC in differentiating the effect of carbon sources used based on the identification of possible metabolites contributing to their differences. Findings from this work may potentially provide the basis for further studies on both antimicrobial activities against plant pathogen and elucidation of the metabolite compounds produced by P. oxalicum T3.3.
An investigation on heavy metal tolerance properties of bacteria isolated fro...AbdullaAlAsif1
The presence of high concentration of toxic heavy metals in industrial waste directly leads to contamination of receiving soil and water bodies and has deleterious impact on both human health and aquatic life. In the present study samples from textile mill effluent from different areas of Jessore city were analyzed for the identification and characterization of bacteria which shows tolerance to Copper, Mercury and Zinc. The bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of their morphological and physiological studies including size and shape of the organisms, arrangement of the cells, presence or absence of spores, regular or irregular forms, gram reaction, cultural characteristics, IMViC test, H 2S production, nitrate reduction, deep glucose agar test etc. All the bacterial isolates belonged to 3 genera Bacillus, Enterobacter and Pseudomonas. All the gram positive isolates used in our study showed highest level of tolerance to Zn and moderate level of tolerance to Cu while gram negative isolates showed higher tolerance to Zn in comparison with Cu in nutrient broth. But all of the isolates showed almost no tolerance to Hg. So, our bacterial isolates have the probability to use in the treatment of industrial effluent containing heavy metals and thus pollution due to heavy metal can be controlled. The goal of this study was to identify heavy metal tolerant bacteria from the textile effluent. This kind of study is very significant for broader investigation to obtain data about metal tolerant bacteria considering their potential use for bioremediation and about the interactions between metals and bacteria.
Biocompatibility of Poly (L-Lactic Acid) Synthesized In Polymerization Unit B...IJERA Editor
The absorbable polyacid is one of the most used and studied materials in tissue engineering. This work
synthesized a poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) through ring-opening polymerization and produced nanofibers by the
electrospinning process. The PLLA was analyzed by FTIR and the cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTT assay
and Live/Dead®. The hemocompatibility was tested by platelet adhesion and hemolytic activity assay. The tests
were performed in contact with human mesenchymal cells at varying times. The high rates of cell viability and
proliferation shown by MTT and Live/Dead® tests demonstrate that this PLLA is a non-toxic material and the
hemocompatibility assay revealed that the biomaterial was also biocompatible. It was achieved as well the
successful production of electrospinning nanofibers, which can be converted for specific biomedical applications
in the future
Bio nanocomposites utilizes nanotechnology to provide novel eco-friendly packages that helps to overcome the drawbacks of biopolymers in terms of physico-chemical properties.
Plant Design for bioplastic production from Microalgae in Pakistan.pdfMianHusnainIqbal2
Microalgae is an organism that belongs to the unicellular eukaryotic protists, prokaryotic
cyanobacteria, and blue-green algae. It have withdrawn a great attention of industrialists due to
its remarkable properties. According to the recent searches microalgae have more than 25.000
forms of species among which 15 has major use as a resource of many industrial products. Many
environmental friendly green plant processes have been develope in order to minimize the waste
and for energy saving such as Phytoremediation. Which is an excellent recovery system for
many resources. Via this process the recovery of microalgae species from aquaculture wastes is
done and the microalgae is then used as source of industrial biopolymers having excellent
characteristics.
Water Absorption, Thickness Swelling and Rheological Properties of Agro Fiber...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
Inductive Toxic-Mopping (IT-m) and Carotenogenic Bioconversion Properties of ...iosrjce
Environmental impurities and degrading substances are major causes of pollution. On-going efforts
to cut the world’s carbon emission have been an uphill battle with the unknown. Because of the importance of
some photosynthetic bacteria, viable, efficient and environment-friendly biological remediation researches have
therefore become inevitably important. In search of these criteria, there was the need for the logical merger of
efficacy of the mop-up capability of the biological agents and productive beneficial end-results. We studied the
previously identified thermophilic species of photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodocista pekingensis isolated from a
local hot spring in Malaysia. Inductive Toxic-mopping (IT-m) technique was used to assess the production of
bacteriocarotenoids by metabolic bioconversion process of eight toxic chemical compounds by Rhodocista
pekingensis. Results showed a positive response to four of the toxic chemical compounds with the production of
65±5 mg/L, 63±3 mg/L, 59±3 mg/L and 53±6 mg/L yields of raw bacteriocarotenoid in DMSO, Methanol,
Isopropyl alcohol and Dubai crude respectively when compared with 65±3 mg/l of raw bacteriocarotenoid
produced in the Control experiment. Four of the toxic compounds were efficient to trigger carotenogenic
processes needed in the production of beneficial bacteriocarotenoids, two were mild and two others were
inadequate to trigger a substantial process. The improvement in carotenoid production with the assimilated
toxic chemicals corroborated the efficiency of the Inductive Toxic-mopping Bioremediation pattern and
beneficial convertibility of chemical wastes by Rhodocista pekingensis
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Enrichment of microorganisms by sugar cane molasses for polyehtylene degradation
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 09 | Sep-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 135
ENRICHMENT OF MICROORGANISMS BY SUGAR CANE MOLASSES FOR POLYEHTYLENE DEGRADATION Shalini R1, Viji J2, Subash N3, Sasikumar C4 1Department of Biotechnology, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India 3Department of Biotechnology, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India 4Department of Biotechnology, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract Polythene does not dilute with soil, it remains within the soil surface, thereby causing harm to the soil character. Use of products made from polythene can have cancerous effect on human body. It is designed to be inert and stable so it is no surprise that it is slow to decompose. To overcome this problem microorganisms are able to degrade polythene and were isolated from garbage soil and enriched its growth with carbon sources like sugar cane molasses and polythene films, after six months of the incubation period the films were collected from the medium and its significant change in the surface of polythene film was observed and measured by FTIR which showed the introduction of carbonyl groups after natural weathering which decreased after microbial treatment. The results confirmed that microorganisms have the ability to degrade polythene efficiently when its growth enriched with sugar cane molasses at high concentrations (above 2.5%). Keywords: Polythene, Molasses, FTIR, Microorganisms
--------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. INTRODUCTION Polyethylene is also called as polythene, it is a synthetic polymer made of long chain monomers of ethylene. They are seemingly ubiquitous in our world today (Joseph Greene et al., 2006). They are made from inorganic and organic raw materials such as carbon, silicon, nitrogen, oxygen, chloride and hydrogen. Basic materials used for making polyethylene are extracted coal, oil and natural gas. They are defined as the polymer which become mobile on heating and thus can be cast into moulds and they are non-metallic mouldable compounds and the materials made from them can be pushed into almost any desirable shape and then retain that shape (Gnanvel et al., 2012). It has been widely used due to its versatile nature and effectiveness. Each year, about 500 billion to 1 trillion tones of polythene bags are consumed worldwide (Bhone Myint Kyaw et al., 2012). After their wide applications and simultaneously increasing accumulation in the ambient environment causes a major threat to the living systems. To avoid this threat some physical and chemical methods were employed to degrade this polythene but it did not showed satisfactory results (Marina Paul das and Santosh Kumar., 2013). Microorganisms are using biological catalyst which can degrade either completely or incompletely these higher molecular compounds to lower one. The potentiality of microbes as agents for degradation of several compounds thus indicates biological treatment as the major promising alternative to attenuate environmental impact caused by pollutants. The microbes are using these degraded compounds as nutrient source that means carbon and energy source (Marina and Santhosh Kumar, 2013).
The present investigation is aimed to enrich the growth of microorganisms for degradation of polythene film; the growth of microorganisms was enriched with carbon sources like sugar cane molasses in different concentrations (2%, 2.5%, 3%, and 3.5%) and polythene sheet (3cm size). After six month of incubation period the surface changes made in polythene film was analyzed with the help of FTIR and it was used to evaluate the biodegradation of polythene film by compared with control and treated film with sugar cane molasses, before and after incubation. FTIR spectroscopy evidence was further used to confirm the biodegradation of polythene materials. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Sample Collection Soil sample and polythene bag materials were collected from the garbage of Musiri Taluk of Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India and stored in zip lock covers and then kept at 40C for further studies. 2.2 Serial Dilution Method One gram of collected soil sample was weighed using electronic balance and then it was mixed with 99ml of distilled water and shaked well until it get dissolved, then 9 sterile test tubes were taken, each of which contains 9ml of sterile distilled water, 1ml of sample was transferred serially to all the tubes to make about of 10-1 to 10-8 dilution. 2.3 Media Preparation
100 ml of potato dextrose broth for fungi and nutrient broth for bacteria were prepared and sterilized in an autoclave at
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 09 | Sep-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 136
15 lbs pressure for 15 minutes. Then it was allowed to cool at room temperature. 2.4 Inoculation of Microorganisms From the serial dilution, 10-2 dilution was taken and added into 0.1 ml of the same dilution into 100 ml nutrient broth and potato dextrose broth separately and kept in rotary shaker for 7 days. 2.5 Preparation of Sugar Cane Molasses in different Concentrations 2 ml, 2.5 ml, 3 ml, and 3.5 ml of sugar cane molasses were taken and then diluted with 98 ml, 97.5 ml, 97 ml and 96.5 ml of distilled water respectively and sterilized in an autoclave at 15lbs for 15 minutes and then kept at room temperature until it gets cool. 2.6 Inoculation of Bacterial and Fungal Cultures 1ml of well grown bacterial and fungal cultures were inoculated into different concentrations of sugar cane molasses as mentioned above and kept in shaker for 7 days incubation. 2.7 Inoculation of Polythene Strips into Sugar Cane Molasses: Polythene bags were cut into small strips (each 3cm size) and inoculated it into different concentrations of sugar cane molasses and kept it for 6 month incubation. 3. ANALYSIS OF BIODEGRADATION 3.1 FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis was used for detecting the formation of new functional groups or changes in the amount of existing functional groups (Milstein et al., 1994). After the incubation period the polythene film was removed from the media and washed with ethanol and followed by distilled water to remove the debris and undergone it into FTIR spectroscopy for analysis the surface changes made in polythene film. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The growth of microorganisms in sugar cane molasses was visible by naked eye. FT-IR spectra are obtained by the films of four different polythene films in different concentrations of sugar cane molasses (2%, 2.5%, 3%, and 3.5%). It was found that some new peaks arose and de-arose after the period of degradation (Mahalakshmi et al., 2012). FTIR spectroscopy is used as an analytical technique in many biodegradation studies (Kiatkamjornwong et al., 2007; Dirmal et al., 2007; Kirbas et al., 1999., Arboleda et al., 2004 and Naima Atiq et al., 2010). Synthetic polymers especially polyolefin, made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms are generally less susceptible to microbial attack. Their inertness is probably due to a total lack of carbon-to- oxygen bonds (C=O, C-OR, C-OH), which are the sites of microbial enzymes act upon them (Motta et al., 2007 and Naima Atiq et al., 2010) Polystyrene structurally consists of the aliphatic chain with an aromatic ring attached to every other carbon atom. Styrene is the monomer of polystyrene and its degradation by bacteria and fungi is well established in the literature (Mooney et al., 2006 and Naima Atiq et al., 2010) The FTIR spectra of pre-treated polythene film in sugar cane molasses shows the following peak values: The term degradation with respect to decomposition of polymeric materials has not been explicitly specified. The main problem is to determine the susceptibility of the polymer for degradation in the environment and the length of time during which process will last. Several methods can be used to estimate polymer deterioration. Frequently used methods rely on gravimetric, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, mostly in combination with each other (Sudhakar et al., 2008). A simple and quick way to measure the degradation of polymers is by determining the weight variable. However, this measurement itself cannot be a reliable indicative of material degradability, since both an increase in weight and a weight loss of polymer sample, not directly related to the breakdown of polymer chains, may occur. A good example is an increase in weight due to accumulation of microorganism, whereas loss of weight can be due to the vanishing of volatile and soluble impurities (Lucas et al., 2008). Deterioration of polymers can be also evaluated by change in their rheological properties. Contrary to the weight measurement, these properties directly depend on molecular weight of polymers, their crystalline and the presence of branches and cross linking effects (Briassoulis et al., 2004). Among them, FTIR spectroscopy is most widely used in determining the structural changes in macromolecules. Since it is known that degradation of polymers can proceed via both hydrolysis and oxidation, with this tool it is possible to estimate the extend of modification of the polymer main chain due to the action of abiotic or biotic factors. It is assumed, that the mechanism of polymer degradation can be determined by measuring the levels of ketone carbonyl, ester carbonyl and internal double bond absorbance peaks (Gilan et al., 2004; Jakubowicz et al., 2006; Sudhakar et al., 2008; Bożena, N et al., 2006) The microorganisms were isolated from the garbage soil was enriched with carbon source such as sugar cane molasses and polythene film, After six months of incubation period, the film was collected from the molasses medium and undergoes for surface study through FTIR its graph results were given below:
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 09 | Sep-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 137
4.1 FTIR Analysis:
Fig.1. FTIR spectrum of control Polythene film after 6 months of incubation period
Fig.2. FTIR spectrum of Polyethylene film in 3.5% molasses after 6 months of incubation period
4000.0
3600
3200
2800
2400
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400.0
0.0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100.0
cm-1
%T
2920.94
2851.51
2020.54
1465.32
1368.31
1302.42
1018.97
869.61
722.45
463.85
4000.0
3600
3200
2800
2400
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400.0
0.0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100.0
cm-1
%T
3270.14
2919.68
2851.04
1630.92
1464.97
1370.38
1022.71
721.16
464.91
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 09 | Sep-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 138
Fig.3. FTIR spectrum of Polyethylene film in 3% molasses after 6 months of incubation period
Fig.4. FTIR spectrum of Polyethylene film in 2% molasses after 6 months of incubation period
4000.0
3600
3200
2800
2400
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400.0
0.0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100.0
cm-1
%T
3270.14
2919.68
2851.04
1630.92
1464.97
1370.38
1022.71
721.16
464.91
4000.0
3600
3200
2800
2400
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400.0
0.0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100.0
cm-1
%T
2920.55
2851.43
2340.27
2019.95
1466.21
1367.39
1302.42
1019.94
811.50
723.71
580.40
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 09 | Sep-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 139
Fig.5. FTIR spectrum of Polyethylene film in 2.5% molasses after 6 months of incubation period
The non-hydrogen bonded hydroxyl group can be observed in the range of 3659.26 cm-21 is slightly decreasing into 3270.14 and 3285.12 cm-21 because of the action of the selected microorganisms. A band around 1461-1466 cm-1 reveled a bending deformation and another band at 720-724 cm-1 indicates a rocking deformation. The carbonyl band corresponds to the ketone and ester carbonyl groups and it is a typical product of oxidative degradation of polythene (Gilan et al. 2004, Hadad et al., 2005, Ibiene., 2013). The methane C-H exhibits C-H stretching and bending vibration at 2890 and 1340m1 respectively and are weak having no practical utility in structural elucidation, The Methylene group, however exhibits the two bands near 2924 and 2850 cm-1 respectively with slight modification made by microorganisms. An isolated hydrogen in m-DI, unsymmetrical tri- symmetric tetra-, un -symmetric tetra and Penta substituted benzene exhibits absorption in the region 890-835 cm-1. The C-H out of plane bending vibration is strongly coupled vibrations and occurs in the region 900-667 cm-1. These extremely intense absorptions are used to assign the position of substituent on the aromatic ring. The band 723.60 (-CH=CH-) cis is slightly decreased into 722,723,721,720 cm-1 respectively due to microbial degradation , However it attack the surface only but not break the bond completely. When examined in the solid state, they exhibit only one band at 1630-1634 cm-1, which is split into amide I and II bands when the spectra are measured as dilute solutions. So the band is easily breaking by microorganisms, the alkane, aromatic, aliphatic compound peak values and alkyl carbonyl peak value also get decreased (Fig.1 compared with other four figures).
Then the carbonyl index of the film, showing an increase after exposure and decreased, however some band revealing a bending deformation, and another band indicates a rocking deformation due to microbial growth. Because the microorganisms enriched with molasses has the ability to break the bond. So far that long polymer chains were likely cut into shorter pieces because of the action of enzymes secreted by the microorganisms. Because the films became fragile and lighter in weight indicates the preliminary stages of microbial decomposition, consisting of a reduction in molecular weight. So far that molasses enrich the growth of microorganisms at high concentrations (3.5%) and that microorganisms degrade the polyethylene film in smaller level. 5. CONCLUSIONS Sugar cane molasses was prepared in four different concentrations (2%, 2.5%, 3%, and 3.5%).When compared to control the polythene strip in 2% and 2.5% concentrations, the microorganisms began to grow by utilizing the carbon source from sugar cane molasses and degrade, so far that the band value get decreased in point level and some new band arose but in 3.5% some band de- arose and some band get decreased very well, because in this concentrations the band value get decreased very well and shows that microorganisms utilize the carbon source very well and degrade the strips in surface level and analyze its surface changes through FTIR result. The results of FT- IR values showed the ability to degrade the selected microorganisms to modify and colonize both types of PE as the carbon source, and demonstrated the important role of these isolates in the PE biodegradation process.
4000.0
3600
3200
2800
2400
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400.0
0.0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100.0
cm-1
%T
3285.12
2919.00
2851.39
2019.74
1632.11
1464.36
1368.21
1303.67
1078.36
873.07
720.31
467.85
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 09 | Sep-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 140
Finally we assume that, the microorganism has the ability to degrade the polythene film when enriched with high amount of carbon source such as polythene and sugar cane molasses. The results of this investigation showed that in the near future, these microorganisms can be used to reduce the quantity of polythene waste, which is rapidly accumulating in the environment. On basis of this study the overall results of the experiment revealed that by increasing the concentration of carbon source such as sugar cane molasses (above 2%) enhance the growth of microorganisms that had the ability to degrade the polythene films. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the Management and the Principal of Nehru Memorial College (Autonomous), Puthanampatti, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu for providing laboratory facilities. And we acknowledge Mr. Winscent, Instrument Faculty Member, St.Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu for carrying out FTIR studies. REFERENCES
[1] Atefeh, E., Ahmad, A.P., Hossein, A.A., Farzin, S and Ensieh, E (2013): Biodegradation of low density polyethylene by mixed culture of Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus and Aspergillus niger in soil, PLoS one 8(1): 1-10.
[2] Baljit, S and Nisha, S (2007): Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation, Science direct 93(2008): 561-584.
[3] Bhone, M.K., Ravi, C., Meena, K.S., Chu, S.L., Kishore., R and Sakharkar (2012): Biodegradation of low density polythene(LDPE) by Psedomonas Species, Indian journal of Microbiology 52(3): 411- 419.
[4] Bożena, N., Jolanta, P and Jagna, K (2012): Biodegradation of Pre-Aged Modified Polyethylene Films, ISBN: 978-953-51-0092-8.
[5] Gnanavel, G., Mohana Jeya, V.P., Thirumarimurugan, M and Kannadasan, T. (2012): Degradation of Plastics using microorganisms, International journal of pharmaceutical and Chemical sciences 1(3): 691-693.
[6] Josseph, G. (2006): Biodegradaiton of compostable plastics in cow manure compost environment, GPEC: 1-5.
[7] Jag, M (2011): Organic spectroscopy Principles and applications, Narosa Publishing House 2(7): 1-543.
[8] Marina, P.A and Santosh, K (2013): A comparative study of microbial growth and substrate utilization kinetics, International journal of pharmacy and technology 5(2): 5567-5573.
[9] Mahalakshmi, V., Abubakker, S., Niren(2012): Analysis of Polyethylene Degrading Potentials of Microorganisms Isolated From Compost Soil, International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives 3(5):1190-1196.
[10] Ibiene, A.A., Stanley, H.O and Immanuel, O.M (2013): Biodegradation of polyethylene by bacillus
sp. Indigenous to the Niger delta mangrove swamp, Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology 26(2013): 68-79.
[11] Naima, A., Safia, A., Ishtiaq, M.A., Saadia, A., Bashir, A and Geoffery, R (2010): Isolation and identification of Polystyrene biodegradaing bacteria from soil, African Journal of Microbiology Research 4(14): 1537-1541.