WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
Production of Biodiesel using waste temple oil from Shani Shingnapur temple (...IJEAB
In India, due to various mythological and religious reasons hundreds of devotees pour oil over the idols in Hanuman or Maruti and Shani temples. The oil once poured cannot be reutilized and was ultimately wasted. These waste temple oil from Shani Shingnapurwas used to produce biodiesel. Immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to catalyze transesterification of waste temple oil. The cells of P.aeruginosa were immobilized within the sodium alginate. Biodiesel production and its applications were gaining popularity in recent years due to decreased petroleum based reserves. Biodiesel cost formed from waste temple oil was higher than that of fossil fuel, because of high raw material cost.To decrease the cost of biofuel, waste temple oil was used as alternative as feedstock. It has lower emission of pollutants; it is biodegradable and enhances engine lubricity. Waste temple oil contains triglycerides that were used for biodiesel production by chemical and biological method.Transesterification reaction of oil produces methyl esters that are substitutes for fatty acid alkyl biodiesel fuel. Characteristics of oil were studied such as specific gravity, viscosity, acid number, saponification number.Parameters such as temperature,oil: methanol ratio were studied and 88%, 96% of biodiesel yield was obtained with effect of temperature and oil: methanol ratio on transesterification reaction. Withaddition ofNaOH or KOH to fatty acids which formed salt known as soap,which is excellent emulsifying and cleaning agents.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
Production of Biodiesel using waste temple oil from Shani Shingnapur temple (...IJEAB
In India, due to various mythological and religious reasons hundreds of devotees pour oil over the idols in Hanuman or Maruti and Shani temples. The oil once poured cannot be reutilized and was ultimately wasted. These waste temple oil from Shani Shingnapurwas used to produce biodiesel. Immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to catalyze transesterification of waste temple oil. The cells of P.aeruginosa were immobilized within the sodium alginate. Biodiesel production and its applications were gaining popularity in recent years due to decreased petroleum based reserves. Biodiesel cost formed from waste temple oil was higher than that of fossil fuel, because of high raw material cost.To decrease the cost of biofuel, waste temple oil was used as alternative as feedstock. It has lower emission of pollutants; it is biodegradable and enhances engine lubricity. Waste temple oil contains triglycerides that were used for biodiesel production by chemical and biological method.Transesterification reaction of oil produces methyl esters that are substitutes for fatty acid alkyl biodiesel fuel. Characteristics of oil were studied such as specific gravity, viscosity, acid number, saponification number.Parameters such as temperature,oil: methanol ratio were studied and 88%, 96% of biodiesel yield was obtained with effect of temperature and oil: methanol ratio on transesterification reaction. Withaddition ofNaOH or KOH to fatty acids which formed salt known as soap,which is excellent emulsifying and cleaning agents.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
Emission characteristics of a diesel engine using soyabean oil and diesel blendseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Investigations on a Diesel Engine Run on used Lubricating Oil Biodiesel Blend...ijtsrd
Exhaust emission coming from IC engines affects not only the environment but also the human health. This serious issue has got attention by the government as well as from the researchers throughout the world. In this regard it is necessary to find out alternative to not only fossil fuel but also environment cooperative fuel. In this regard, investigations were carried out by using Jatropha biodiesel and its blend with used lubricating oil which was discarded after use. The test was carried in a single cylinder diesel engine and different terms such as performance and emissions of diesel engine were found out and compared with diesel operation. It was noticed that engine can be run by using these kinds of fuels. By using these fuels not only we are solving waste disposal problem but also replacing diesel fuel and environment friendly fuel. The used lubricating oils were blended with Jatropha biodiesel in different proportions and test were done. Pranav Kumar | Ravindra Mohan | Jagdeesh Prasad ""Investigations on a Diesel Engine Run on used Lubricating Oil-Biodiesel Blend as an Alternative Fuel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30158.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/30158/investigations-on-a-diesel-engine-run-on-used-lubricating-oil-biodiesel-blend-as-an-alternative-fuel/pranav-kumar
Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel...IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas TurbineJOACHIM AGOU
Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, decrease of the conventional oil reserves,
environmental and economic concerns, bio-fuels have gathered a significant attention
as alternative fuels for the future. Their applications in automobiles, industrial gas
turbines and aviation are increasing day by day. This article will discuss bio-diesels and
will provide an overview of their physical properties and compositions, which play an
important role in their injection, atomization, combustion performance and emissions.
Furthermore, it will be judicious to mention the conformity of bio-diesels and their
blends with the standards and regulations. Consequently, the purpose of this study will
be to reveal the acceptance criteria imposed by the standards in order to determine
which bio-diesels will be the most adequate.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
Emission characteristics of a diesel engine using soyabean oil and diesel blendseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Investigations on a Diesel Engine Run on used Lubricating Oil Biodiesel Blend...ijtsrd
Exhaust emission coming from IC engines affects not only the environment but also the human health. This serious issue has got attention by the government as well as from the researchers throughout the world. In this regard it is necessary to find out alternative to not only fossil fuel but also environment cooperative fuel. In this regard, investigations were carried out by using Jatropha biodiesel and its blend with used lubricating oil which was discarded after use. The test was carried in a single cylinder diesel engine and different terms such as performance and emissions of diesel engine were found out and compared with diesel operation. It was noticed that engine can be run by using these kinds of fuels. By using these fuels not only we are solving waste disposal problem but also replacing diesel fuel and environment friendly fuel. The used lubricating oils were blended with Jatropha biodiesel in different proportions and test were done. Pranav Kumar | Ravindra Mohan | Jagdeesh Prasad ""Investigations on a Diesel Engine Run on used Lubricating Oil-Biodiesel Blend as an Alternative Fuel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30158.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/30158/investigations-on-a-diesel-engine-run-on-used-lubricating-oil-biodiesel-blend-as-an-alternative-fuel/pranav-kumar
Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel...IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas TurbineJOACHIM AGOU
Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, decrease of the conventional oil reserves,
environmental and economic concerns, bio-fuels have gathered a significant attention
as alternative fuels for the future. Their applications in automobiles, industrial gas
turbines and aviation are increasing day by day. This article will discuss bio-diesels and
will provide an overview of their physical properties and compositions, which play an
important role in their injection, atomization, combustion performance and emissions.
Furthermore, it will be judicious to mention the conformity of bio-diesels and their
blends with the standards and regulations. Consequently, the purpose of this study will
be to reveal the acceptance criteria imposed by the standards in order to determine
which bio-diesels will be the most adequate.
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From last ten year there has been number of increase in vehicles and corresponding to increase in the fuel price. For this reason
the scientist will move towards alternative fuels like vegetable oils, biodiesel, etc. Biodiesel is one of the substitute fuels which is
obtained from vegetable oils, Waste cooking oil. In this experiment, the biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil using
transisterification process, the present work has focused mainly on the performance and exhaust emission of waste cooking oil
and its blend with diesel on diesel engine and its suitability is examined. The oil blended with diesel in proportion of 25/75%,
50/50%, 75/25%, and 100/100% on quantity basis after that biodiesel is analyzed. The performance and exhaust emission of
blend are check out at a variable loads (brake power) of 0 1,2,3,4 at constant speed of 1500rpm and 5kW and results are
compared. The experimental results show that there is mixing of lower percent of biodiesel in diesel give good results means
increase mechanical efficiency, the brake thermal efficiency, and BSFC are well comparable with diesel. At full load CO, CO2,
and HC are lower compare to diesel. Hence we can use the biodiesel which produced from waste cooking oil can be an
alternative fuel in a diesel engine. And also up to B25 there is no modification of our engine.
Keywords: Trasisterification Process, Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions, Fossil Fuel, Biodiesel, Alternative
Fuels.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
Palm olein from vegetable oil has gained attention as a new renewable energy source to substitute fossil diesel.
This work examines the technical potential of biodiesel produced from palm olein as gas turbine fule in Malaysia.
The studies which cover an investigation into the physical and chemical properties of blended palm olein/diesel oils.
A Technical Review of Biodiesel Fuel Emissions and Performance on Industrial ...IJMER
Biofuels play an important role in many developing countries as a clean liquid fuel which helps
to address the energy, costs and global warming as compared to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel can be
blended to any level to any petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. Blending of biodiesel with small
amount of petroleum product gives control to air pollution. Additives plays and important role in
minimizing the NOx Emission which result in sigh of relief who are opting biodiesel as an alternative fuel.
In the future the biodiesel play an important role in reduce the greenhouse gases In this review article the
reports on regulated and non-regulated emission, durability, economy and performance on biodiesel by
various researchers have seen cited since 2000
Journal Waste oils as alternative fuel for diesel engine: A reviewKhatir NAIMA
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. On the other hand waste oils pose a very serious environment challenge because of their disposal problems all over the world. In this context, waste oils are currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics, cooking and engines oils were analyzed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. This paper gives a brief review about using waste oil of these three types of oil as a fuel for diesel engines. The conversion process of each type of waste oil is presented. The results obtained from the experimental studies on a Diesel engine are discussed.
Journal of Science and Technology .It's our journal Original Quality Research papers and Strictly No Plagiarism on all the Publications. Journal of Science and Technology Research in practical, theoretical, and experimental Technological studies is the focus of this journal.
Emission Analysis of Sapodilla seed oil as bio-dieselIJCMESJOURNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Sapodilla seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Sapodilla fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Sapodilla seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Sapodilla seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 2 Ver. VI (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 27-33
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12262733 www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
Performance Analyis of C.I. Engine Using Diesel and Waste
Cooking Oil Blend
Mihir J. Patel1
, Tushar M. Patel2
, Gaurav R. Rathod3
1(M.E. Scholar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, KSV University, Gujarat, India)
2(Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, KSV University, Gujarat, India)
3(Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, KSV University, Gujarat, India)
Abstract: Growing concern regarding energy resources and the environment has been increased interest in the
study of alternative energy sources.. To meet increasing energy requirements, there have been growing interests
in alternative fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines.
Biodiesels are offer a very promising alternative to diesel oil since they are renewable and have been similar
properties. One of the economical sources for biodiesel production which doubles in the reduction of liquid
waste and the subsequent burden of sewage treatment is waste cooking oil (WCO). However, the products
formed during frying process have affected the transesterification reaction and the biodiesel properties. These
experiments about the performance analysis of C.I. engine using diesel and waste cooking oil blend.
Keywords: Diesel fuel, Waste Cooking Oil, Blended fuel, Engine performance
I. Introduction
In recent years, increased environmental concerns, depletion of petroleum resources, and several other
socioeconomic aspects have driven research to develop alternative fuels from renewable resources that are
cheaper and environmentally acceptable. The use of biodiesel has being promoted by EU countries to partly
replace petroleum diesel fuel consumption in order to reduce greenhouse effect dependency on foreign oil.
Meeting has been established by the European Parliament for 2010 and 2020 would lead to a biodiesel market
share of 5.75% and 10%, respectively [1]. However, many voices have claimed that the associated agricultural
development would bring considerable rise of food and water prices, unless biodiesel has made from waste
materials or second generation biodiesels are developed. Waste cooking oil is one of the most promising
feedstock in the Mediterranean countries, and in fact, many of the biodiesel production plants are currently
using it. In a wide majority of cases these plants use methanol for their transesterification processes. Which
makes biodiesel (mainly composed by methyl esters) only 90% renewable. By the country, the use of
Bioethanol in the production process would provide a fully renewable fuel (ethyl ester), which would further
contribute to reduce life cycle greenhouse emissions from vehicles [2].
Literature is replace with advantages derived using biodiesel: it helps to reduce the carbon dioxide
emission to the atmosphere, it is renewable in nature and safer to handle, it has no aromatic compounds,
partially no suppler content, and oxygen atoms in the molecule of fuel may reduce the emissions of carbon
monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbon (THC) and particulate matter (PM) [3]. However, biodiesel is known to have
some drawbacks when compared with petroleum based fuel such as worse low temperature properties, greater
emissions of some oxygenated hydrocarbons, higher specific fuel consumption, decrease in brake thermal
efficiency and higher production cost. The problem of production cost has been partially solved by the use of
waste cooking or animal fats as the raw materials in the transesterification process [4]. However, during frying,
vegetable oil undergoes various physical and chemical changes, and many undesirable compounds are formed.
These include free fatty acid and some polymerized triglycerides which increase the molecular mass and reduce
the volatility of the oil. Therefore, fatty acid esters obtained from frying oil influences the fuel characteristics
(such as the viscosity and it is believed that the burning characteristics reduce) leading to a greater amount of
Conrad son carbon residue. Comprehensive reviews on biodiesel production from used cooking oil (UCO) can
be found in.
Since diesel engines are not specifically manufactured for biodiesel fuel use, then the study of biodiesel
from waste cooking oil is not complete unless it is tested in a diesel engine [5]. Many studies have been
conducted to compare the performance of biodiesel obtained from waste cooking oil with that of petroleum
based diesel fuel.
II. Literatuyre Review
Abu-Jrai et al, Combustion characteristics and engine emission of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel
and treated waste cooking oil blends.Results indicated an increase in brake specific fuel consumption with
simultaneous reduction in the engine thermal efficiency compared to conventional diesel [6].
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Muralidharan, K. et al, Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a variable
compression ratio engine using methyl esters of waste cooking oil and diesel blends. Authors concluded that
40% blending with the compression ratio of 21 produces higher efficiency [7].
Lapuerta, M et al, Effect of the alcohol type used in the production of waste cooking oil biodiesel on
diesel performance and emissions. The results indicated a longer ignition delay, maximum rate of pressure rise,
lower heat release rate and higher mass fraction burnt at higher compression ratios for waste cooking oil when
compared to that of diesel [8].
Hossain et al, Effect of the alcohol type used in the production of Waste cooking oil biodiesel on diesel
performance and emissions.Pure biodiesel fuels, compared to the reference fuel, resulted in a slight increase in
consumption, in very slight differences in NOx emissions, and in sharp reductions in total hydrocarbon
emissions, smoke capacity and particle emissions (both in mass and number), despite the increasing volatile
organic fraction of the particulate matter [9].
III. Waste Cooking Oil
3.1 Introduction
Fried food items are very popular in the coastal regions of India. Generally cooking oil used for frying
are sunflower oil, palm oil, coconut oil etc. as they are easily available, and especially so of the coconut oil
which is abundantly available in south India. It is well known fact that, when oils such as these are heated for an
extended time, they undergo oxidation and give rise to oxides. Many of these such as hydro peroxides,
peroxides and polymeric substances have shown adverse health/biological effects such as growth retardation,
increase in liver and kidney size as well as cellular damage to different organs when fed to laboratory animals
[10]. Thus, used cooking oils constitute a waste generated from activities in the food sectors (industries and
large catering or community restaurants), which have greatly increased in recent years. Most of the waste
(overused /abused) cooking oil are disposed inappropriately, mostly let into the municipal drainage, leading to
water pollution. The primary end use of WCO in existence now is to utilize it as a fuel in residential and
industrial heating devices. An alternative to prevent inappropriate disposal of WCO is by recycling it. The main
use of recycled WCO is in the production of animal feeds and in a much smaller proportion in the manufacture
of soaps and biodegradable lubricants. Some health risks can be traced from the use of recycled cooking oils in
animal feeding, such as undesirable levels of contaminants, particularly PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons), PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls), dioxins and dioxin related substances [11]. By consumptions
of animal origin foodstuffs like milk, meats, poultry and other products, these undesirable contaminants enter
the human body and cause serious long term health hazards. As these contaminants are lip soluble, they
accumulate in organic lipids and finally in the body, and thereby their concentration increases gradually over the
years. In other words, the body is exposed not only to a single acute action, but also to a chronic action of
bioaccumulation of these hazardous compounds over the years [11]. Hence utilizing the recycled WCO in any
way is not advisable from health standpoint.
3.2 Affect In Human Health
In terms of the health implication of WCO reuse, continued heating and consumption of WCO was
reported to be very dangerous to human health. By continuing reuse of WCO for food preparation one increases
the risk of cardiovascular diseases, liver problem, and cancer. [12]If WCO is not properly strained and stored
after it cools, bacteria feeds on food particles left in the oil. Unrefrigerated oil becomes anaerobic and leads to
the growth of Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism, a potentially fatal food poisoning. Refrigerating or
freezing oil retards bacterial growth. Rancid meaning old and stale oil contains free radicals, molecules that can
damage cells and lead to increased cancer risk, as well as affect the quality of your food. The good news is that
your nose can easily identify rancid oil. Waste cooking oil management aims at preventing the general
environmental and health effects associated with its improper disposal and continuing consumption among
consumers. It entails any legal and practical measures employed in ensuring that WCO is handled in a manner
that has not in one way or the other affect the environmental and human welfare. Waste cooking oil collection
and recycling programme is among the most common practice in developed countries or regions like the EU,
Japan, United States, and Taiwan. [13].
IV. Material And Method
4.1 Biodiesel Preparation
Waste cooking oil collected from the restaurants is considered as feedstock for the biodiesel
production. Transesterification is a chemical process of transforming large, branched, triglyceride molecules of
Waste cooking oils and fats into smaller, straight chain molecules, almost similar in size to the molecules of the
species present in diesel fuel. The process takes place by reacting the vegetable oil with an alcohol in the
presence of catalyst. In general, due to high value of free fatty acids (FFA) of waste vegetable oils, acid
3. Performance Analyis of C.I. Engine Using Diesel and Waste Cooking Oil Blend
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catalyzed transesterification is adopted. However, FFA of the feedstock used in this work is less and hence
alkali catalyzed transesterification process is employed for the conversion of Waste cooking oil into ester. The
Waste cooking oil is preheated in a reactor to remove the moisture. Potassium methoxide is prepared by
dissolving potassium hydroxide in methanol. Various concentration of KOH in the methoxide was prepared and
the process is optimized for the maximum yield. For the optimized KOH concentration, alcohol proportion also
optimized to obtain the maximum yield. Methoxide is mixed with preheated oil and the reaction carried out
under nominal speed stirring by a mechanized stirrer and at a constant reaction temperature of 55°C for 2 hours.
During that time period the chemical reaction takes place between raw WCO oil and the methanol. At the end of
completion of reaction, the mixture was drained and transferred to the separating funnel. The phase separation
was takes places in the funnel in two layers. Upper layer was the biodiesel and lower phase was Glycerine.
Finally, washing was made with water.
Figure1. Flow chart of Biodiesel production process (Mulimani, at el., 2012)
Properties Diesel WCO biodiesel
Chemical formula C12H23 C17H31O2
Viscosity (N/ms) 5.2 (at25°C) 4.9 (at 25°C )
Calorific value (KJ/Kg) 42000 42650
Density (Kg/Kg) 834 862.6
Cetane number 46 48.7
Flash point(°C) 53 160
Sulfur contents (mg/kg) 57 8
Carbon (% w) 86.2 76.4
Ash Content (%) 0.008 0.0258
Table1. Properties of diesel waste vegetable oil.
4.2 Biodiesel Properties
The properties of waste cooking oil are compared with diesel and given in table1.It are observed that
both the oils have important properties comparable with each other. The properties of waste cooking oil like
lower calorific value, flash point and viscosity are comparable with diesel oil.
4.3 Experimental Setup
The performance tests were carried on a single cylinder, four strokes naturally aspirated, and water-
cooled kirloskar computerized diesel engine test rig. Diesel engine was directly coupled to an eddy current
dynamometer. The engine and dynamometer were interfaced to a control panel, which was connected to a
computer. This computerized test rig was used for recording the test parameters such as fuel flow rate,
temperature, air flow rate, and load for calculating the engine performance such as mean effective pressure,
power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and emission like HC, CO, NOx and smoke.
The exhaust gas temperature, inlet and outlet water temperatures were measured through the data acquisition
system and were fed to the computer. The exhaust gas was made to pass through the probe of Crypton
computerized exhaust gas analyzer for the measurement of HC, CO, NOx and later passed through the probe of
smoke meter of Bosch type for the measurement of smoke opacity. A whole set of experiments were conducted
at the engine speed of 1500 rpm and compression ratio of 18.
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DOI: 10.9790/1684-12262733 www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
Table.2 Test Engine Specifications
Engine model : kirloskar
No of Cylinders : Single cylinder
Number of Stroke : 4
Fuel : Diesel
Stroke length : 110 mm
Compression Ratio Range : 12:1 to 18:1
Maximum power : 5.2 kW
Speed : 1500 rev/min
Dynamometer : Eddy current
Inj. Point variation : 0 to 25 Btdc
Figure2. Experimental setup (Jalpit B. Prajapati, at, el., 2014)
V. Results & Discussion
Engine was started with no load condition and run for few minutes to reach unwavering working
condition. After reached steady running condition, fuel supply source for engine changed from fuel tank to
measuring burette by closing the knob availed in the setup. Data such as Specific fuel consumption, torque
applied and exhaust temperature were recorded by using ―IC engine software‖ through the data logger
connected with the engine setup. Then the fuel supply retrieved to origin condition. Load changes from 0 to
100% of full load with the interval of 25% of full load. For each load condition, the parameters were stored
using software. BTE for each load condition calculated from the values obtained from software. The procedures
repeated for each loads and variations of parameters such as SFC, and BTE are presented with respect to load
for compression ratio of 18. The graphs in each figure correspond to three different blending (B10, B20&B30)
and diesel values.
Table3. Observation Table
5. Performance Analyis of C.I. Engine Using Diesel and Waste Cooking Oil Blend
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5.1 Performance Characteristics
5.1.1 Specific fuel consumption (BSFC):
Fig. 3 illustrates the variation in Specific fuel consumption with the change in load. At low load
conditions, BSFC of B10, B20 and B30 was more than that of diesel respectively. After that the specific fuel
consumption decreased continuously with increase in load. But SFC in case of waste cooking oil biodiesel
remained more than that of diesel.
5.1.2 Brake thermal efficiency (BTE):
Fig. 4 illustrates the variation in brake thermal efficiency with the change in load. At no load condition,
brake thermal efficiency of B10, B20, & B30 and diesel was same. As the load on the engine increased, brake
thermal efficiency increased due to the fact that brake thermal efficiency is the function of brake power. At part
load conditions, the brake thermal efficiency of B20 was more than diesel because calorific value of B20 was
less than diesel. Brake thermal efficiency of B10 and B30 was almost same at part loads and was lesser than
diesel. At full load conditions, brake thermal efficiency of B10, B20 and B30 was almost same but was lesser
than that of diesel.
Figure3. Variation in specific fuel consumption with the change in load
Figure4. Variation in Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with the change in load
6. Performance Analyis of C.I. Engine Using Diesel and Waste Cooking Oil Blend
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5.1.3 Mechanical efficiency:
Fig. 5 illustrates the variation in Mechanical efficiency with the change in load. At low load conditions,
Mechanical efficiency of B10, B20 and B30 was more than that of diesel respectively. After that the Mechanical
efficiency increases continuously with increase in load for all of fuel blends. This may due to increase in the
brake power type.But Mechanical efficiency in case of waste cooking oil biodiesel is more than the diesel.
Mechanical efficiency of Biodiesel is greater than the diesel 50.79 and 50.31% respectively. The increase in
efficiency for all the biodiesel blends may be due to improved quality of spray, high reaction activity in the fuel
rich zone and decrease in heat loss due to lower flame temperature of the blends than that of diesel.
Figure 5.Variation in Mechanical efficiency with the change in load
VI. Conclusion
The prospect of waste fried oil based fuel production is very attractive for energy conversion in a
developing country like India. The fuel properties of the biodiesel produced from the Waste cooking oil by the
transesterification process is satisfies the important fuel properties as per ASTM specification of biodiesel. The
conclusions derived from present experimental investigations to evaluate performance characteristics on
computerized four stroke single cylinder diesel engine fueled with diesel- waste cooking oil blends are
summarized as follows.
This type of blend of fuel can directly used in the engine without modification in the engine. As the waste
cooking oil concentration increased in the diesel fuel the break thermal efficiency is to be decreased. The
break thermal efficiency in the D90B10 blends which is nearest to the diesel fuel. Brake thermal efficiency
decreased with all blends when compared to the conventional diesel fuel.
The Specific fuel consumption is increased with the blends when compared to diesel. In the D70B30 blend
the fuel consumption is nearest to the diesel fuel. Also the concentration of Waste cooking Oil increased the
fuel consumption also increased. The Brake specific energy consumption decreased with increasing load.
Mechanical efficiency is high in D80B20 blend as compared to the conventional diesel fuel.
The results obtained during the test confirmed that biodiesel from waste cooking oil and its blends
could be used as a fuel in diesel engine.
VII. Scope Of Work
In our experimental work, it was optimized parameters for maximize mechanical efficiency and brake
thermal efficiency and also prove the possibility of waste cooking oil as fuel in the blend for diesel engine.
The effect of other oxygenated additive like dimethoxy methane, diethyl ether, ethylene glycol acetate etc
blend with the waste cooking oil and diesel, the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine
can be checked.
Extensive studies on nozzle flow and atomization characteristics of blending of waste cooking oil, diesel
and ethanol in the C.I engine.
Extensive studies on EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) using blend of waste cooking oil, diesel and ethanol.
Extensive studies of effect of different compression ratio by using the waste cooking oil- diesel- ethanol
fuel.
7. Performance Analyis of C.I. Engine Using Diesel and Waste Cooking Oil Blend
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12262733 www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
By using the Multi Cylinder Diesel Engine will take the Performance and Emission Level for Waste
Cooking Oil Biodiesel and their Blends with Diesel.
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