journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Managing the Quality of Chromium Sulphate during the Recycling From Tanning W...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Quality management is a big issue during recovery and recycling process because if desired quality is not received during chromium recovery or recycling process, we may be faced another problem of recycled materials. This also seen that most important that the production processes is useless without taking specific required quality of chromium., in real way about 60%-70% of chromium salt is used as chemical interaction with the hides but 30%-40% of chemical chromium salt is wasted as the solid and liquid form. Therefore, the quality during the recovery process of the chromium sulphate from chromium wastewater that is most important step for controlling environmental pollution with some economical benefits. Recycling of chromium sulphate is possible by using chemical precipitation method for water treatment, two precipitating agents’ magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide plus alum are used for this purpose. Final findings showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery with required quality was 8 and the Recycling of chromium sulphate was about 99(%) at pH 8 with good sludge with high settling rate. on the Base of these findings an economical production plant can be designed which are useful for quality improvement.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Potential role of microbial surfactants in environment control recovered from...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
A total of 20 samples were collected from contaminated (oil contaminated) as well as non-contaminated (agricultural) sites. A
total of 10 bacterial isolates were recovered from these samples out of which 6 were recovered from non contaminated sites
and 4 were recovered from contaminated sites gave emulsification index ranged from 44% to 73%. Different carbon sources
viz. maltose, starch, sucrose, mannitol and nitrogen sources viz. urea, peptone, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate
were screened to obtain optimum emulsification activity by KMSS09 and KIWS11. In this study mannitol and peptone was
evaluated as best carbon and nitrogen source for the production of bioemulsifier. Further these potential isolates were
evaluated for some environmental applications viz. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery and Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon
assay having important role in bioremediation. The percentage oil recovered by KMSS09, KIWS11 and P. aeruginosa MTCC
2297 was 51.67%, 71.67% and 85.0% respectively. In BATH assay, percentage of bacterial adherence by KMSS09, KIWS11
and P. aeruginosa MTCC 2297 was 80.4%, 86.3% and 93.2% respectively showing wide applicability in bioremediation for
pollution remediation of metal and hydrocarbon contaminated field.
Managing the Quality of Chromium Sulphate during the Recycling From Tanning W...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Quality management is a big issue during recovery and recycling process because if desired quality is not received during chromium recovery or recycling process, we may be faced another problem of recycled materials. This also seen that most important that the production processes is useless without taking specific required quality of chromium., in real way about 60%-70% of chromium salt is used as chemical interaction with the hides but 30%-40% of chemical chromium salt is wasted as the solid and liquid form. Therefore, the quality during the recovery process of the chromium sulphate from chromium wastewater that is most important step for controlling environmental pollution with some economical benefits. Recycling of chromium sulphate is possible by using chemical precipitation method for water treatment, two precipitating agents’ magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide plus alum are used for this purpose. Final findings showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery with required quality was 8 and the Recycling of chromium sulphate was about 99(%) at pH 8 with good sludge with high settling rate. on the Base of these findings an economical production plant can be designed which are useful for quality improvement.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Potential role of microbial surfactants in environment control recovered from...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
A total of 20 samples were collected from contaminated (oil contaminated) as well as non-contaminated (agricultural) sites. A
total of 10 bacterial isolates were recovered from these samples out of which 6 were recovered from non contaminated sites
and 4 were recovered from contaminated sites gave emulsification index ranged from 44% to 73%. Different carbon sources
viz. maltose, starch, sucrose, mannitol and nitrogen sources viz. urea, peptone, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate
were screened to obtain optimum emulsification activity by KMSS09 and KIWS11. In this study mannitol and peptone was
evaluated as best carbon and nitrogen source for the production of bioemulsifier. Further these potential isolates were
evaluated for some environmental applications viz. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery and Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon
assay having important role in bioremediation. The percentage oil recovered by KMSS09, KIWS11 and P. aeruginosa MTCC
2297 was 51.67%, 71.67% and 85.0% respectively. In BATH assay, percentage of bacterial adherence by KMSS09, KIWS11
and P. aeruginosa MTCC 2297 was 80.4%, 86.3% and 93.2% respectively showing wide applicability in bioremediation for
pollution remediation of metal and hydrocarbon contaminated field.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
Development of kinetic model for adsorption of carotenoids on activated clay ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this work the mechanism of adsorption for the bleaching of palm oil using activated clay as adsorbent was studied.
Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid was used to activate a local (Inyi) clay obtained from Oji River province in Enugu State. The sample of
palm oil used in the study was obtained from Akpugo in the same state and was bleached with the activated clay. The oil was
characterized before and after bleaching and the results used in the study. It was observed that acid addition increases the bleaching
efficiency of activated clay. The mechanism of palm oil bleaching with the activated clay was developed from the results obtained.
The stability of the oil was measured in terms of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) 0.12%, Peroxide Value (PV) 3.0 m.eq/kg, Anisidine Value(AV)
4.55 m.eq/kg, Iodine Value (IV) 48, Iron (Fe) 4.3 x 103(Ppm), and Phosphorous content 0.015 (Ppm), all of which were compared
with those of the American Oil Chemist Society (AOCS) standard values.
Keywords: Adsorption Kinetics, Mechanism of adsorption, Activation, Bleaching, Characterization, and Stability
contents Glycerol
Oligoglycerol and its types
History
Synthesis of different types of Oligoglycerols
Laboratory preparation & purification
Analysis of composition of Oligoglycerols by GC
Applications
Commercialization
Future Scope
Conclusion
Refrences
GC-MS and FTIR analysis of bio-oil obtained from freshwater algae (spirogyra)...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Algae are gaining broad consideration as a substitute renewable source of biomass for the manufacture of bioethanol, due to this reason categorized under the “third generation biofuels” .İn this work, GC-MS analysis and FTIR has been done of bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of Freshwater Algae( Spirogyra ) in this paper we have shown a simple process of converting biomass of fresh water algae to bio-oil through pyrolysis and explained it with the help of graphs and tables. Pyrolysis is a thermal process for converting various biomasses , residues and wastes to produce high-energy-density fuels (bio-oil, biochar). The bio-oil was obtained in two step pyrolysis in which temperature of the system kept 25ºC and then increased up to 650ºC time by time. After pyrolysis these fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and FTIR which show different peaks and data of different compounds and functional groups present in this bio-oil
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
Dissipation Study of Thiophanate Methyl Residue in/on Grapes (Vitis vinifera ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
A multi-location field trial was conducted in
India during 2006–2008 to evaluate the dissipation pattern
of thiophanate methyl (75% WP) in/on grapes at two
application rates (500 and 1,000 g a.i. ha-1). The quantitative analysis of the fungicide residues as carbendazim
was performed using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at the
maximum absorption band of 281 nm. The average
recovery was found 87% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were below 3.8%. Following the first order
kinetics the fungicide dissipates in grapes with a half-life
(t) value of 4.74–6.52 days irrespective of locations and
doses.
Operational Management of Chromium Recycling From Tannery WastewaterINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Operational management is an important step in production process of a chemical reaction for getting good quality of yield with economical way as taken in recycling of chromium from tannery waste. It is most widely used the Chromium (III) salts as a chemicalin the process of tanning. Only 60%-70% of chromium salt is used to reacts with theskins and hides but 30%-40% of remaining chromium chemicals are wasted in form of the solid and liquid (as a tanning solutions). Consequently, the recoveryand recycling of the chromium metal content of existed wastewaters is essential for economic reasons and environmental protection. Recycling and recovery of chromium metal is supported by using chemical precipitation methods. For achieving this special aim, calcium hydroxide plus alum and magnesium oxide are used as two precipitating agents. This is a confirmatory Study on the effects of stirring time, pH, sludge and settling rate volume in batch experiments. These Results are showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery was done at 8.5, good sludge with high settling rate and lower volume during recovery process was achieved. Based on these findings an economical recovery plant was designed. The recovery achieved about 99(%) at pH 8 with stirring at 90 rmp.
Determination of the Thermal Oxidation Stability and the Kinetic Parameters o...Michal Jablonsky
The use of olive oil with cooking purposes, as final seasoning or within cooked foods is increasing worldwide due to its numerous nutritional and health benefits. These attributes are mainly determined by olive oil chemical composition, which can be altered after thermal processing, oxidation processes, or incorrect practices. For this reason, and due to the numerous factors which have influence in olive oil quality, the correct chemical characterization is highly relevant. In this study, fatty acid composition of four extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) varieties was studied. The major fatty acid (FA) determined was oleic acid (77.1% on average), followed by palmitic (11.5% on average). In addition, thermal oxidation behaviour of the four EVOO samples was studied as an indicator of their quality and stability during thermal processing. This was performed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from a temperature of 40°C at six different heating rates in the range of 0.5–10°C min ⁻¹ . DSC records showed the same pattern and a small shoulder in the thermo-oxidation peak was present for all samples and all heating rates. The presence of initial and final oxidation products (by monitoring K232 and K270 values, respectively) was discarded according to the International Olive Council method.
Application of response surface methodology for biosorption of reactive dyes ...IJLT EMAS
Response Surface Methodology was employed for
studying the biosorption of reactive dyes from textile effluent by
utilization of dead biomass of Rhizopus arrhizus in a batch
system. Central Composite Design at the specified combinations
of four variables (pH, biosorbent dosage, speed of agitation,
contact time) was adopted to achieve maximum biosorption. The
fitted quadratic model (P<0.0001) was used to arrive at the best
operating conditions. Under the following optimum conditions
i.e., pH 2.0; biosorbent dosage 3 g /L; speed of agitation 80 rpm
and contact time 60 min, 99.60% of the dyes were removed from
the wastewater. The mechanism of biosorption was elucidated by
FTIR, XRD and BET analysis. This work demonstrated the
feasibility of employing Rhizopus arrhizus as an effective and
economical fungal biosorbent for the removal of dyes from the
textile effluent.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
Development of kinetic model for adsorption of carotenoids on activated clay ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this work the mechanism of adsorption for the bleaching of palm oil using activated clay as adsorbent was studied.
Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid was used to activate a local (Inyi) clay obtained from Oji River province in Enugu State. The sample of
palm oil used in the study was obtained from Akpugo in the same state and was bleached with the activated clay. The oil was
characterized before and after bleaching and the results used in the study. It was observed that acid addition increases the bleaching
efficiency of activated clay. The mechanism of palm oil bleaching with the activated clay was developed from the results obtained.
The stability of the oil was measured in terms of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) 0.12%, Peroxide Value (PV) 3.0 m.eq/kg, Anisidine Value(AV)
4.55 m.eq/kg, Iodine Value (IV) 48, Iron (Fe) 4.3 x 103(Ppm), and Phosphorous content 0.015 (Ppm), all of which were compared
with those of the American Oil Chemist Society (AOCS) standard values.
Keywords: Adsorption Kinetics, Mechanism of adsorption, Activation, Bleaching, Characterization, and Stability
contents Glycerol
Oligoglycerol and its types
History
Synthesis of different types of Oligoglycerols
Laboratory preparation & purification
Analysis of composition of Oligoglycerols by GC
Applications
Commercialization
Future Scope
Conclusion
Refrences
GC-MS and FTIR analysis of bio-oil obtained from freshwater algae (spirogyra)...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Algae are gaining broad consideration as a substitute renewable source of biomass for the manufacture of bioethanol, due to this reason categorized under the “third generation biofuels” .İn this work, GC-MS analysis and FTIR has been done of bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of Freshwater Algae( Spirogyra ) in this paper we have shown a simple process of converting biomass of fresh water algae to bio-oil through pyrolysis and explained it with the help of graphs and tables. Pyrolysis is a thermal process for converting various biomasses , residues and wastes to produce high-energy-density fuels (bio-oil, biochar). The bio-oil was obtained in two step pyrolysis in which temperature of the system kept 25ºC and then increased up to 650ºC time by time. After pyrolysis these fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and FTIR which show different peaks and data of different compounds and functional groups present in this bio-oil
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
Dissipation Study of Thiophanate Methyl Residue in/on Grapes (Vitis vinifera ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
A multi-location field trial was conducted in
India during 2006–2008 to evaluate the dissipation pattern
of thiophanate methyl (75% WP) in/on grapes at two
application rates (500 and 1,000 g a.i. ha-1). The quantitative analysis of the fungicide residues as carbendazim
was performed using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at the
maximum absorption band of 281 nm. The average
recovery was found 87% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were below 3.8%. Following the first order
kinetics the fungicide dissipates in grapes with a half-life
(t) value of 4.74–6.52 days irrespective of locations and
doses.
Operational Management of Chromium Recycling From Tannery WastewaterINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Operational management is an important step in production process of a chemical reaction for getting good quality of yield with economical way as taken in recycling of chromium from tannery waste. It is most widely used the Chromium (III) salts as a chemicalin the process of tanning. Only 60%-70% of chromium salt is used to reacts with theskins and hides but 30%-40% of remaining chromium chemicals are wasted in form of the solid and liquid (as a tanning solutions). Consequently, the recoveryand recycling of the chromium metal content of existed wastewaters is essential for economic reasons and environmental protection. Recycling and recovery of chromium metal is supported by using chemical precipitation methods. For achieving this special aim, calcium hydroxide plus alum and magnesium oxide are used as two precipitating agents. This is a confirmatory Study on the effects of stirring time, pH, sludge and settling rate volume in batch experiments. These Results are showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery was done at 8.5, good sludge with high settling rate and lower volume during recovery process was achieved. Based on these findings an economical recovery plant was designed. The recovery achieved about 99(%) at pH 8 with stirring at 90 rmp.
Determination of the Thermal Oxidation Stability and the Kinetic Parameters o...Michal Jablonsky
The use of olive oil with cooking purposes, as final seasoning or within cooked foods is increasing worldwide due to its numerous nutritional and health benefits. These attributes are mainly determined by olive oil chemical composition, which can be altered after thermal processing, oxidation processes, or incorrect practices. For this reason, and due to the numerous factors which have influence in olive oil quality, the correct chemical characterization is highly relevant. In this study, fatty acid composition of four extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) varieties was studied. The major fatty acid (FA) determined was oleic acid (77.1% on average), followed by palmitic (11.5% on average). In addition, thermal oxidation behaviour of the four EVOO samples was studied as an indicator of their quality and stability during thermal processing. This was performed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from a temperature of 40°C at six different heating rates in the range of 0.5–10°C min ⁻¹ . DSC records showed the same pattern and a small shoulder in the thermo-oxidation peak was present for all samples and all heating rates. The presence of initial and final oxidation products (by monitoring K232 and K270 values, respectively) was discarded according to the International Olive Council method.
Application of response surface methodology for biosorption of reactive dyes ...IJLT EMAS
Response Surface Methodology was employed for
studying the biosorption of reactive dyes from textile effluent by
utilization of dead biomass of Rhizopus arrhizus in a batch
system. Central Composite Design at the specified combinations
of four variables (pH, biosorbent dosage, speed of agitation,
contact time) was adopted to achieve maximum biosorption. The
fitted quadratic model (P<0.0001) was used to arrive at the best
operating conditions. Under the following optimum conditions
i.e., pH 2.0; biosorbent dosage 3 g /L; speed of agitation 80 rpm
and contact time 60 min, 99.60% of the dyes were removed from
the wastewater. The mechanism of biosorption was elucidated by
FTIR, XRD and BET analysis. This work demonstrated the
feasibility of employing Rhizopus arrhizus as an effective and
economical fungal biosorbent for the removal of dyes from the
textile effluent.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Isolation Characterization and Screening of fungal Lipase from oil contaminat...AI Publications
Present scenario demands a more sustainable, ecofriendly and economic measures globally to deal with the growing problems of environmental issues. The main goal of this work is to opt for such ideas and technologies which involve cleaner and greener procedures for utilizing waste materials for deriving value added products. The soil pertaining to the areas of oil mills contains densely population of various microbes’, especially fungal origin. These microbes are rich in lipase content (due to oil source). Thus in this we isolated fungal colonies from this oil rich soil, cultured in laboratory, fermented them under various conditions to extract fungal enzyme i.e. lipase and then used it for further applications. Lipases are highly versatile and industrially important enzymes. Deriving the lipases from waste soil is the main attraction of this work and is a venture strategizing the “best from waste” approach.
Effect of Glucose on Biosurfactant Production using Bacterial Isolates from O...ijtsrd
The demand for biosurfactants is gradually increasing and are thus substituting their chemically synthesized counterparts 14 . The production of biosurfactants commercially requires high expenses. For the production of biosurfactant proper optimization of the physico-chemical parameters is very important. Hence the research was conducted to study the effect of glucose as a carbon source for production of biosurfactant using bacterial isolates from oil contaminated sites in MSM medium. Anjali Sharma "Effect of Glucose on Biosurfactant Production using Bacterial Isolates from Oil Contaminated Sites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19033.pdf Direct URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/19033/effect-of-glucose-on-biosurfactant-production-using-bacterial-isolates-from-oil-contaminated-sites/anjali-sharma
PowerPoint Presentation for Microalgae Undergraduate Research Project at UPRA...Joseph Barnes
This is the PowerPoint presentation I prepared for my research project which is attempting to enhance the growth of microalgae for purposes of generated biofuel. This presentation covers my undergraduate research project at the UPRA during the fall semester of 2014 under the department of physics and chemistry. The phase in the research covered by this presentation involves attempting to grow C. vulgaris, a green microalgae, to the density of 1 gram per liter or more by supplementing the growth media with carbon dioxide gas. Unfortunately, although we failed to reach our mark of 1 g/L, we did learn how mixing carbon dioxide gas with aeration is better than directly injecting the gas into the growth media. Also, we were able to improve the biomass density compared to our earlier attempts.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Fungi (Candida Tropicalis and Aspergillus ...IJEABJ
Used engine oil is a petroleum or synthetic oil that has been used and as a result of such use, is contaminated by physical and chemical pollutants. These pollutants are harmful to humans, animals and plants following exposure. Evaluation of the effectiveness of fungi in bioremediation of used engine oil (UEO) contaminated soil was investigated. Fungi were isolated from soil samples obtained from automobile workshops in Mgbuka-Nkpor, Nigeria. The isolates were screened for UEO biodegradation potentials in mineral salt broth. They were identified using the cultural and microscopic characteristics and confirmed using the 18SrRNA gene sequence. The effectiveness of the isolates in bioremediation of UEO contaminated soil was also investigated using bioaugmentation technique. A total of 8 fungal isolates were obtained from this study. Two that showed the highest extent of biodegradation of UEO in the screen flasks were identified and confirmed as Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus clavatus. At the end of the experimental period, oil contaminated soil inoculated with the mixed culture of the isolates (C. tropicalis and A. clavatus) showed the highest reduction in concentration of UEO (95.42%). Higher biodegradation rate and shorter half-life of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was observed in soil microcosm containing the isolates, when compared to the uninoculated control. Therefore fungi such as C. tropicalis and A. clavatus isolated from automobile workshops can facilitate the bioremediation of UEO contaminated soil.
Biofuel from Algae for future use (Lipid extraction)Pravin clap
Lipid Extraction from algae Bio fuel production for future use
Submitted by,
Ahamed Nashath A, Pravin C, Vishak P
Research Guide. Dr. Helen sheeba, Department of Microbiology, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil
May 2023 Project thesis submitted to Scott Christian College (Autonomous) In partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Microbiology
Increasing global demand for fuels and the consequent increases in environmental pollution and human health risks have collectively driven research toward finding sustainable and economically viable alternatives. The third-generation biofuels have been considered as promising strategies for meeting this goal.
Algae are chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic organisms found everywhere on the earth, such as in the sea, rivers, lakes, soil, in animal, and plants. Algae represent a potential biomass to be explored as a source to develop biofuel because algal biomass is abundant, fast-growing, and unexploited resource often left to decompose on the shores posing waste problems. High percentage of lipids and carbohydrates make algae an excellent candidate for the synthesis of biofuel.
Algae are an economical choice for biodiesel production, because of its availability and low cost. Our results prove that biodiesel can be produced from macroalgae. In this way algae can be used as renewable energy. Many researchers reported that microalgae might better for higher biodiesel production.
Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels primarily produced from biomass, and can be used to replace or can be used in addition to diesel, petrol or other fossil fuels for transport, stationary, portable and other applications. Crops used to make biofuels are generally either high in sugar (such as sugarcane, sugarbeet, and sweet sorghum), starch (such as maize and tapioca) or oils (such as soybean, rapeseed, coconut, sunflower).
Biodiesel is a clean-burning diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or grease. Its chemical structure is that of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE). Biodiesel as a fuel gives much lower toxic air emissions than fossil diesel. In addition, it gives cleaner burning and has less sulfur content, and thus reducing emissions. Because of its origin from renewable resources, it is more likely that it competes with petroleum products in the future.
The benefits of using biodiesel are as follows,
Algae is a economical choice for Biodiesel
It reduce vehicle emission which makes it eco-friendly.
It is made from renewable sources and can be prepared locally.
It has excellent lubricity.
Increased safety in storage and transport because the fuel is nontoxic and bio degradable (Storage, high flash pt)
Production of bio diesel in India will reduce dependence on foreign suppliers, thus helpful in price stability.
Reduction of greenhouse gases at least by 3.3 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of biodiesel.
Thank you for viewing and reading 😊
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A series of batch and bioreactors experiments were carried out for absorption of dis-azo dyes present in
textile mill effluents under different aeration conditions. One fungal strain with five rates of air was
used to absorb direct brown dye. Five liters bioreactors were applied to study the removal performance.
The experimental results are compared for various operating conditions. The effects of airflow rate
(1/8, ¼, ½, 1, 2 v/v min) inlet on the dye removing were assessed. It was found that the rate of aeration
of ½ v/v min induced increase in dye removal percentages (72%) and fungal biomass (9.2 g); at the rate
of aeration of 2 v/v min, high dye removal percentage (77%) was recorded with a decrease in biomass
dry weight at the end of the incubation time. The results also indicated that the biomass dry weight
obtained at three flow rates of aeration was more or less similar until the end of the growth stage (after
incubation for three days). The results obtained indicate that using low rate of aeration (1/8, ¼, ½ v/v
min) was better for dye biosorption than high rate (1, 2 v/v min), and therefore it is recommended for
dis-azo dye removing.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL SPILLS
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
Subtopics
Bio remediation in hot and cold environments
Use of Nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Bio remediation using fungi from soil samples
Bio remediation using bacteria and case studies
Mineralization Of Diesel-Base Engine Oil By Fungi Isolated From Selected Work...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 3 (August 2013), PP. 52-55
52
Biological Treatment Technology of Oily Sludge
Long Wenyu, Zou Linlin, Shao Luhua
Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, Liaoning, China
Abstract:- In petroleum refining and wastewater treatment process, petrochemical enterprises produce a large
amount of oily sludge which mainly comes from the oil separator, flotation pool, biological activated sludge, the
tank of crude oil dehydration, oil tank and slop tank etc. Therefore oily sludge can be divided into sludge from
oil tank, scum mud and landing mud. The sludge composition is so complex because of containing
hydrocarbons, benzene, phenol, anthracene and other substances with the odor and toxicity. It’s generally made
up of the oil in water, water in oil and suspended solids. And it has features of full emulsification, larger
viscosity and solid hardly completely settling. With the continuous expansion of the scale of production
equipment, these enterprises face also more environmental pressure when they make economic benefits. The
resource utilization and harmlessness of solid waste is the important content for the construction of saving
society. According to the new regulations and standards, it is difficult to meet the requirements for many
enterprises in disposal of oily sludge, which results in increased enterprise pollution burden and highlighted
environmental pollution problems. In this paper, the research status and development of oil sludge biological
treatment technology were reviewed including bioreactor method, bioaugmentation method, biological land
tillage method, biological flotation method and so on. All these methods were compared and commented before
the future research suggestion were presented.
Keywords:- Biodegradation, Oily sludge, Lab experiment, Oil removal rate, Harmless, soil
I. INTRODUCTION
Oily sludge is a kind of oily solid waste in the process of oil transportation, exploitation, refining, and
oily wastewater treatment, and it is colloid system composed of petroleum hydrocarbons, colloid, asphaltene,
sand, inorganic flocs, organic flocs, water and so on. Oily sludge contains hundreds of toxic compounds in
which some as benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogenesis, teratogenesis and mutagenicity.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency listed oily sludge as Priority Pollutants. And China also
regards oily sludge as the national hazardous waste. Harmless,reduction, resource treatment processing of oily
sludge have attract more attentions, such as demulsification method, profile control method, flotation method,
solidify method, chemical cleaning method, burning method, extraction method, pyrolysis method, biological
method and so on. Besides, the biological method is simple, low cost and low energy consumption. In this paper,
biological treatment technology were introduced, including bioreactor, biological flotation and so on. Moreover,
future development direction of biological treatment method of oily sludge was put forward, which will provide
references to related research.
II. STUDY ON BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY OF OILY SLUDGE
The main mechanism of biological treatment method is that microbe assimilates with petroleum
hydrocarbons as carbon source to complete mineralization. Then petroleum hydrocarbons are transformed into
friendly inorganic substances such as CO2 and H2O. More and more scholars pay attention to it in recent years.
III. BIOREACTOR METHOD
Bioreactor is a kind of muddy container with oily sludge added to the nutrient medium. An institude in
Spain [1]
treated the soil polluted by diesel oil with bioreactor. The bioreactor (40 cm long × 25 cm wide × 3 cm
high) was a borosilicate glass container and temperature was controlled in the range of 15 - 25 ℃. The results
showed that after 45 days, the degradation rate could reach more than 90%. Northeast Forestry University in
china [2]
invented a new type of bioreactor and initially applied microbial-electric coupling technique to the
treatment of oily sludge. Then field test was conducted in Daqing Oil Field. The results showed that when
vertical electric field (electric field strength 3V/cm) was chose and bacterium were added, oil removal efficiency
was greatly improved. The oil removal rate of skin layer reached 74.07% and the oil removal rate of underlayer
reached 85.60%.
Also, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [3]
has done much research. The
experiment samples are shown in table 1.
2. Biological Treatment Technology of Oily Sludge
53
Table 1. Experiment samples
Label A B C D E
Ventilation
Ventilation
Ventilation Agent
Treatment Contrast Agent Agent,salt ,fertilizer
Agent Fertilizer,inorganic
Fertilizer
Salt
Note: ventilation time were 30 minutes four times a day at 0.7 mmmmmmmL•min- 1
. The adding amount of
microbial inoculum and fertilizer were 5% and 10%. Inorganic salt was NH4NO3, CH3COONH4 and KH2PO4.
NH4
+
- N, NO3
-
-N and PO3
4-
-P content of alien-soil were 40, 20 and 20 mg·kg- 1
.
Each treatment reactor was added 600 g substrate. Substrate included Liaohe oily sludge and special
soil of ratio 1:1. Special soil, screened by 2mm, comprised 5% crude oil (thin oil and thickened oil was 1:1). At
the same time, the proportion of water and soil was 1:1, and treatment temperature was at 25℃.
Then TPH residue was determined every 15 days. The results showed that TPH degradation rate at
aerobic condition was more than that at anaerobic condition in bioslurry reactor. Reactor D treatment effect was
the best at aerobic condition. After 75d treatment, TPH decreased from 43.39 g • kg- 1
to 0.72 g•kg-1
, and
removal rate was 98.3%.
In a word, Bioreactor method can accelerate biodegradation of hydrocarbons by controlling temperature, oxygen,
nutrients and so on.
IV. BIOAUGMENTATION METHOD
Bioaugmentation method is a method of adding efficient microbial inoculants into oily sludge, so as to
accelerate the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. It is divided into single bacteria strengthening and
bacterial consortium strengthening.
V. SINGLE BACTERIA STRENGTHENING
At present, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology [4]
has done much research. The lab
experiment is as follows. (1) the preparation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NY3 bacterial suspension: NY3 were
inoculated on broth peptone medium at 30℃and 160 r/min, aerobic oscillation 24h and OD600 nm 1.52±0.08.(2)
Degradation experiments of oily sludge:10mL bacterial suspension of NY3 was inoculated on oil sludge
medium at 30℃and 160r/min. There were two sample groups: germ-free, adding cofactor I, purified rhamnolipid
and cofactor II; without NY3, cofactor I, purified rhamnolipid and cofactor II. It was necessary to sample at
regular time. The results showed that the optimum degradation temperature of NY3 was 30℃and the optimum
pH value was 7.2-7.5. At suitable ventilation and oxygen supplied, the removal rate of petroleum hydrocarbons
could be up to 82% after 168h of degradation.
TERI University [5]
repaired contaminated soil by acidic oily sludge. In the process, Candida
digboiensisTERI ASN6 was used. The results showed that when pH was low, the bacteria were capable to
degrade petroleum hydrocarbon. TPH decreased from 184.06 g/kg to 7.96g/kg. Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee [6]
isolated and purified a strain from the soil samples of Ankleshwar. The strain was identified as
Bacillus subtilisDSVP23 by 16SRNA technology. Meanwhile,its oil removal characteristic was researched. The
results showed that the long chain alkane (C12-C30) and aromatic hydrocarbons were effectively degraded.
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in India [7]
obtained two strains of hydrocarbon
degradation bacterias(Chry2 and Chry3) from the oily sludge in Gujarat refinery of India. Then the oil removal
characteristics were researched. The results showed that oil removal rate were 15% and 17% respectively.
VI. BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM STRENGTHENING
At present, northwest university in china [8]
has done more research. The lab experiment is as follows.
Composed flora Flo.2 bacteria cultured from the bottom tank sludge of Changqing Oil Field, which comprised
of PB2 (Baeillus sp.), PB1 (Baeillus sp.), SY-3(Pseudomonas s sp.) and SY-8(Pseudomonas s sp.). Flo.2 flora
strains were inoculated on seed culture medium to culture 36h. Then concentrations of PB2, PB1, SY-3 and
SY-8 in the incubation fluid were 1.51 × 107
/ml, 1.34 × 107
/ml, 1.23 × 107
/ml and 1.42 × 107
/ml. Flora
strengthening test had four groups. Every group needed a lot of tapered flask, and every tapered flask contained
80g tank bottom sludge of Changqing Oil Field. In group Ⅰ, inoculation bacteria ,according to L9 (34)
orthogonal experiment, was inoculated in tapered flask with 80mL fresh seed culture medium. And bacteria
were cultured 24h and centrifuged 3 times and then added in the tapered flask containing 80g sludge and 80ml
inorganic salt medium. Group Ⅱwas contrast one. Group Ⅲwas without inoculated bacteria and inorganic salt
3. Biological Treatment Technology of Oily Sludge
54
medium. Group Ⅳ was added flora Flo.2 bacteria without inorganic salt. Oil content of bottom tank sludge
sample was determined every two days and then oil degradation rate was calculated. The results showed that
adding bacteria and inorganic nutrients could improve the oily sludge biological biodegradation, and petroleum
hydrocarbon degradation rate reached 71.4%. University of Belgrade in Serbia [9]
isolated a bacterial consortium
from a petroleum sludge sample. The bacterial consortium which was able to efficiently degrade petroleum
hydrocarbon was made up of strains from the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus Achromobacter and
Micromonospora. In addition, two groups of experiments were carried out. The results showed that the Oil
removal rate was up to 82 – 88% in oily sludge experiment and the oil removal rate was up to 86 – 91% in oily
sludge-contaminated soil experiment. Tata Energy Research Institute in New Delhi [10]
performed four
experiments by bacterial consortium strengthening method. The results showed that under the condition of
adding a bacterial consortium (1kg carrier-based bacterial consortium/10 m2 area) and nutrients, the degradation
rate of TPH was up to 90.2% in 120 days. School of Environment at Beijing Normal University [11]
introduced
"Rhoder" inocula from the Moscow State University to treat oily sludge. The inocula contained two kinds of
high activity strains which were isolated from petroleum. Besides three groups of experiments were performed
in order to obtain the optimum processing parameters in oily sludge treatment and the experiments were showed
in table 2. The results showed that when inocula and sawdust were added, oil content of sludge decreased from
24% to 11% after 45d and the removal rate was up to 54%.
Table 2. Experiment
Serial number Type Gross weight
/g
Rate of water
content /%
Added
substance
Fertilizer
1 Control
experiment
1050 50.5 -- --
2 Inocula 1130 55.4 Inocula KNO3 2.9g,
K2HPO4·3H2O
0 .5g
3 Inocula+
Sawdust
1190 55.4 Inocula+
Sawdust
KNO3 2.9g,
K2HPO4·3H2O
0.5g
VII. BIOLOGIC FLOTATION METHOD
Biologic flotation method is a new treatment method of oily sludge. In the process, most oil was
removed through microorganism producing gas.
At present, Chengdu Institude, Chinese Academy of Sciences [12]
has done much research. The lab experiment is
as follows.
Medium (1L): NaNO3 3g, KH2PO4 1g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.5g,KCl 0.5g,FeSO4·7H2O 0.01g,glucose 3g,
corn steep liquor 4g. Medium was fixed on the bottom of air flotation equipment. Then the strain was inoculated
at culture medium. Air flotation equipment was placed in the temperature control flume to keep constant
temperature. The results showed that the biological flotation optimal operation parameters were temperature
40 ℃, dilution rate of 98%, adding 3.75% bacteria quantity, adding 0.25% sugar, in which the removal rate of
the crude oil was up to 95%. Therefore, the use of mixed strains for biological flotation was beneficial to the
improvement of the recycled oil content. Faculty of Science of Alex andria University in Egypt [13]
researched
biological flotation technology and mainly studied whether microorganism was immobilized affected on
Petroleum hydrocarbon degradation efficiency. As a result,in the treatment of oily sludge of high concentration
petroleum hydrocarbons, 90% of the hydrocarbons in the oily sludge could be degraded by immobilized
Candida parapsilosis within three weeks, while only 27.5% was degraded by free Candida parapsilosis in the
same period. Besides, the structure and characterization of oily sludge were studied. The result was shown in
table 3 and table 4.
Table 3. Structure and characterization of oily sludge
Water
content/%
Ash content/%
dry wt
Hydrocarbon
content/%
dry wt
Extractable
material/%
drysubstance
pH value
Minimum 15 60 3 3 6.5
Maximum 70 92 30 32 7.5
Frequent 35-70 70-85 5-15 6-15 6.5-7.5
4. Biological Treatment Technology of Oily Sludge
55
Table 4. Comparison of oily sludge biological treatment method
serial
numb
er
treatment
method
Oil
remov
al rate
degradati
on rate
occupied
area
oil
retriev
al
inocul
a
nutrie
nt
Investme
nt and
operation
cost
secondar
y
pollutio
n
1 Compost
method
80% Slow big No Yes Yes Low No
2 Bioreactor
method
98% Relatively
fast
Small Part Yes Yes Low No
3 Single bacteria
strengthening
82% Slow Small No Yes Yes Low No
4 Bacterial
consortium
strengthening
86-91
%
Slow Small No Yes Yes Low No
5 Landfarming
method
83% Slow Relativel
y big
No No No Low Possible
6 Phytoremediati
on method
85% Slow Relativel
y big
No Yes No Low No
7 Biologic
flotation
method
95% Slow Small No Yes No Low No
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
With the rapid development of petrochemical industry, how to handle reasonably oily sludge has
became a bottleneck for the development of enterprises. The harmless treatment of oily sludge will be the
development direction of research. Biological method is a promising technology in harmless treatment
technology. Generally, biological treatment of oily sludge are mainly divided into two categories including
putting microorganisms that can degradate efficiently petroleum hydrocarbon in oil sludge such as Bacillus and
adding nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients to stimulate petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation activity of
indigenous microorganisms in oily sludge. The author suggests that in the future the following works should be
done including screening the new strain that can high efficiently decompose petroleum hydrocarbons, the
improvement of traditional technology, optimizing operating conditions and shortening the processing cycle.
REFERENCE
[1] J. L. R. Gallego, J. Loredo, J. Llamas, et al, Biodegradation, 11, 12(2001).
[2] Z. Y. Wang, master thesis, Northeast Forestry University, (2011).
[3] H. R. Zhang, C. L. Jiang, Y. Zhao, et al, Chinese Journal of Ecology, 3, 20(2001).
[4] H. Chang, master thesis, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, (2012).
[5] N. Sood, S. Patle and B. Lal, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 8, 17(2010).
[6] S. C. Pemmaraju, D. Sharma, N. Singh, et al, Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 13, 167(2012).
[7] M. Dhote, A. Juwarkar, A. Kumar, et al, World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 7, 26(2010).
[8] Y. E. Tian, master thesis, northwest university, (2009).
[9] G. D. Gojgic-Cvijovic, J. S. Milic, T. M. Solevic, et al, Biodegradation, 14, 23(2012).
[10] S. Mishra, J. Jyot, R. C. Kuhad, et al, Current Microbiology, 8, 43(2001).
[11] W. Ouyang, H. Liu, Y. Y. Yu, et al, Journal of Agro-Environment Sciences, 4, 24(2005).
[12] D. P. Li, X. H. He, C. M. Tian, Environment Engineering, 3, 24(2006).
[13] S. H. Omar, U. Biidecker and H. -J. Rehm, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 5, 34(1990).