The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Analysis of harmonics and resonances in hvdc mmc link connected to AC gridBérengère VIGNAUX
High-frequency responses of HVDC-MMC links are essential to study because harmonic and resonance phenomena may impact the AC grid. In this paper, EMT-type simulations are used to analyze converter station’s frequency response.
This document summarizes two possible control techniques for indirectly shaping the input current of a buck power factor correction (PFC) converter by shaping the inductor current. It analyzes the harmonic content of the line current for each control technique to determine the allowable voltage gain (K value) for meeting various harmonic regulations. It then presents a sine-squared modulation control technique that shapes the average inductor current as a sine-squared waveform to indirectly shape the input current in a simplified manner without an averaging circuit. Simulation waveforms and equations are provided to analyze the line current harmonic distortion for different K values using this control technique. Experimental results from a 300W dual interleaved buck PFC converter are also mentioned.
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS BY RAJ RAJKUMAR TIWARI
This document provides answers to questions about power electronics components and concepts. It defines terms like holding current, latching current, and turn-on methods for SCRs. It also discusses snubber circuits, firing angle, safe operating area, components for isolating power circuits, current-controlled and voltage-controlled devices, duty cycle, characteristics of ideal op-amps, factors for choosing MOSFETs vs IGBTs, topologies like buck converters, parameters for designing converters, and commutation types. The document provides high-level information on many common topics in power electronics.
Transients Caused by Switching of 420 kV Three-Phase Variable Shunt ReactorBérengère VIGNAUX
This paper describes transients caused by uncontrolled and controlled switching of three-phase 420 kV variable shunt reactor (VSR).
Inrush currents due to VSR energization and overvoltages due to de-energization were determined at tap positions corresponding to lowest 80 MVAr and highest 150 MVAr reactive power. Based on the calculation results, mitigation measures and operating switching strategy of VSR were proposed.
This document discusses different types of variable speed drives (VSDs) used to regulate the speed of AC induction motors. It begins by explaining how conventional VSDs work by converting AC to DC and then back to AC using diodes and IGBTs to generate pulse width modulation (PWM) waveforms. It then describes how matrix drives eliminate the need for rectification and smoothing circuits by directly converting 3-phase AC input into 3-phase AC output using bi-directional switches arranged in a matrix. Matrix drives generate 3-level output pulses and a sinusoidal input current waveform with less than 5% total harmonic distortion. While matrix drives have higher initial costs than conventional drives, they achieve low harmonics without additional components.
Fractional Frequency Transmission SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the concept and design of a fractional frequency transmission system (FFTS). The key points are:
1. FFTS transmits power at one-third the normal frequency to reduce the electrical length and reactance of transmission lines, allowing more power transfer over the same lines.
2. At the sending end, a cycloconverter reduces the frequency from 50Hz to 50/3Hz. At the receiving end, a frequency tripler increases it back to 50Hz.
3. Experimental results show transmitting power at the reduced fractional frequency increases the voltage and power transfer capacity compared to normal frequency transmission.
Wind parks are made up of a large number of
saturable inductances (power transformers, inductive voltage
transformers (IVTs)), as well as capacitors (cables, wind turbine
harmonic filters, capacitor voltage transformers (CVTs), voltage
grading capacitors in circuit-breakers). Therefore, they may
present scenarios in which ferroresonance occurs. This paper
presents the scenarios that can lead to ferroresonant circuits in
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind parks.
Lecture 28 360 chapter 9_ power electronics invertersValentino Selayan
This document is very short and does not contain much substantive information to summarize. It consists of only the letters "EEE" without any other context or details provided. Therefore, a meaningful 3 sentence summary cannot be generated from the limited information given.
Analysis of harmonics and resonances in hvdc mmc link connected to AC gridBérengère VIGNAUX
High-frequency responses of HVDC-MMC links are essential to study because harmonic and resonance phenomena may impact the AC grid. In this paper, EMT-type simulations are used to analyze converter station’s frequency response.
This document summarizes two possible control techniques for indirectly shaping the input current of a buck power factor correction (PFC) converter by shaping the inductor current. It analyzes the harmonic content of the line current for each control technique to determine the allowable voltage gain (K value) for meeting various harmonic regulations. It then presents a sine-squared modulation control technique that shapes the average inductor current as a sine-squared waveform to indirectly shape the input current in a simplified manner without an averaging circuit. Simulation waveforms and equations are provided to analyze the line current harmonic distortion for different K values using this control technique. Experimental results from a 300W dual interleaved buck PFC converter are also mentioned.
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS BY RAJ RAJKUMAR TIWARI
This document provides answers to questions about power electronics components and concepts. It defines terms like holding current, latching current, and turn-on methods for SCRs. It also discusses snubber circuits, firing angle, safe operating area, components for isolating power circuits, current-controlled and voltage-controlled devices, duty cycle, characteristics of ideal op-amps, factors for choosing MOSFETs vs IGBTs, topologies like buck converters, parameters for designing converters, and commutation types. The document provides high-level information on many common topics in power electronics.
Transients Caused by Switching of 420 kV Three-Phase Variable Shunt ReactorBérengère VIGNAUX
This paper describes transients caused by uncontrolled and controlled switching of three-phase 420 kV variable shunt reactor (VSR).
Inrush currents due to VSR energization and overvoltages due to de-energization were determined at tap positions corresponding to lowest 80 MVAr and highest 150 MVAr reactive power. Based on the calculation results, mitigation measures and operating switching strategy of VSR were proposed.
This document discusses different types of variable speed drives (VSDs) used to regulate the speed of AC induction motors. It begins by explaining how conventional VSDs work by converting AC to DC and then back to AC using diodes and IGBTs to generate pulse width modulation (PWM) waveforms. It then describes how matrix drives eliminate the need for rectification and smoothing circuits by directly converting 3-phase AC input into 3-phase AC output using bi-directional switches arranged in a matrix. Matrix drives generate 3-level output pulses and a sinusoidal input current waveform with less than 5% total harmonic distortion. While matrix drives have higher initial costs than conventional drives, they achieve low harmonics without additional components.
Fractional Frequency Transmission SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the concept and design of a fractional frequency transmission system (FFTS). The key points are:
1. FFTS transmits power at one-third the normal frequency to reduce the electrical length and reactance of transmission lines, allowing more power transfer over the same lines.
2. At the sending end, a cycloconverter reduces the frequency from 50Hz to 50/3Hz. At the receiving end, a frequency tripler increases it back to 50Hz.
3. Experimental results show transmitting power at the reduced fractional frequency increases the voltage and power transfer capacity compared to normal frequency transmission.
Wind parks are made up of a large number of
saturable inductances (power transformers, inductive voltage
transformers (IVTs)), as well as capacitors (cables, wind turbine
harmonic filters, capacitor voltage transformers (CVTs), voltage
grading capacitors in circuit-breakers). Therefore, they may
present scenarios in which ferroresonance occurs. This paper
presents the scenarios that can lead to ferroresonant circuits in
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind parks.
Lecture 28 360 chapter 9_ power electronics invertersValentino Selayan
This document is very short and does not contain much substantive information to summarize. It consists of only the letters "EEE" without any other context or details provided. Therefore, a meaningful 3 sentence summary cannot be generated from the limited information given.
Harmonic comparisons of various PWM techniques for basic MLISaquib Maqsood
Cascaded inverters are ideal for connecting renewable energy sources with an AC grid, because of the need for separate dc sources, which is the case in applications such as photovoltaic or fuel cells. The inverter could be controlled to either regulate the power factor of the current drawn from the source or the bus voltage of the electrical system where the inverter was connected. The modulation techniques are crucial in operating any inverter at desired conditions. In this work different PWM techniques are implemented for five level cascaded multilevel inverter and THD variation is analyzed.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on applying a sub-harmonic protection relay. It defines relevant terms like sub-harmonic frequencies and sub-synchronous resonance. It describes loads that can cause sub-harmonic disturbances and the principle of how the protection relay detects sub-harmonics. The relay provides protection for transmission lines and monitors systems for sub-harmonic oscillations. Settings for the relay are determined based on analysis of recorded sub-harmonic current responses during events.
This document outlines the design of a 200 Watt, 150 Vrms PWM bipolar inverter with the following key points:
1. The design process includes calculating component values based on design requirements, building the circuit in Multisim software, and analyzing the simulation results.
2. Key calculations include determining the required DC bus voltage to achieve the 150Vrms AC output voltage despite voltage drops, as well as component sizing based on the given power, modulation index, and carrier frequency specifications.
3. Simulation results show the generated PWM switching signals and the final inverter output voltage matching the desired 150Vrms sinusoidal waveform.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new Flipped Voltage Follower (FVF) low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulator using a Dual-Summed Miller Frequency Compensation (DSMFC) technique. The proposed LDO regulator can stabilize a load capacitance ranging from 10pF to 10nF using only 8pF of total compensation capacitance. Simulation results show the regulator maintains stability across the wide load capacitance range under varying load currents. The DSMFC technique improves stability compared to single Miller compensation, especially for large load capacitances with low load currents, large capacitances with moderate currents, and small capacitances with low currents. This allows the proposed regulator to
The document describes a weighted current feedback (WCF) technique for low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulators that can drive a wide range of capacitive loads from 470 pF to 10 nF.
The WCF technique senses the output voltage and generates feedback currents that dynamically control the output impedance of the gain stages based on the load current level. At low currents, minimal negative feedback is applied. At moderate currents, strong negative feedback reduces the output impedance. At high currents, feedback is reduced to maintain gain.
This allows the regulator to maintain stability and reasonable gain over the wide load range, while also improving transient response speed. Simulation results show the WCF LDO can support loads up to 10
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
(1) Current shaping strategies for buck power factor correction converters are discussed. (2) Sine-squared modulation is analyzed where the average inductor current is shaped to follow a sine-squared waveform to improve the power factor. (3) The K-value, which determines the conduction angle and power factor, is analyzed and its impact on the harmonic content of the input current is shown, with various harmonics either meeting or violating Class C and Class D emission standards based on the K-value.
This document provides guidelines for overcurrent protection and coordination settings for industrial equipment such as transformers, buses, feeders, and motors above 600V. It outlines typical recommended pickup and time delay settings as rules of thumb for phase and ground overcurrent relays protecting this equipment. Care must be taken to properly coordinate settings between protective devices to prevent unintended tripping and ensure equipment is protected against damage from faults.
This paper investigates the performance of line commutated converter (LCC) based monopolar
HVDC transmission system feeding a weak AC network with hybrid reactive power compensators (RPC’s) at the
inverter AC side. The hybrid compensator is an equal mix of any two of the following compensators:
synchronous compensator (SC); static var compensator (SVC); static synchronous compensator (STATCOM).
The HVDC transmission system model is implemented in the Matlab with the firefly algorithm based optimal
proportional integral (PI) controller for rectifier and inverter control. The transient performances of hybrid
RPC’s (SC+SVC, SVC+STATCOM and SC+STATCOM) are judged under various fault conditions and the
outcomes are compared with the performance of the SC, SVC and STATCOM to highlight the supremacy of the
hybrid compensators. The simulation results validate that the equal mix of SC and STATCOM has a steady and
fastest response. The results also demonstrate the superiority of the firefly algorithm based optimal PI
controller over the conventional PI controller. The harmonic analysis is also carried out under steady state
operation to assure the quality of power supply on the inverter AC side
This document discusses the digital implementation of space vector modulation (SVM) for a voltage source inverter (VSI) using an FPGA. It describes the SVM technique, how it can generate sinusoidal AC output from the VSI with minimal harmonics. It outlines the stages of digital implementation in MATLAB/Simulink using Xilinx blocks, including sector identification, duty cycle calculation, and generating gating signals. Simulation results validated the SVM method. The digital design was then implemented on an FPGA in real-time to generate switching pulses for the VSI. Testing with a motor load showed good agreement with simulation.
Analysis of the Performance of the Drive of the Z source Induction Motor Powe...IJSRED
This document analyzes the performance of a Z-source induction motor powered by a converter. It first provides background on Z-source inverters and their advantages over traditional inverters, including their ability to boost voltage. It then describes the functional principles of a Z-source inverter, including its active states, non-shoot-through zero state, and shoot-through zero state. The document aims to determine parameters of the Z-source inverter like boost factor, output voltages, and voltage gain for maximum constant boost control through simulation and experiments.
The document discusses different types of DC to AC converters known as inverters. It describes the operation of voltage source inverters that can generate square wave or sinusoidal outputs using pulse width modulation techniques. PWM allows control over the output voltage amplitude while pushing harmonics to higher frequencies for easier filtering. The document also introduces half-bridge inverters, three-phase inverters, and discusses performance parameters and harmonic analysis of inverter outputs.
Space Vector Modulation(SVM) Technique for PWM InverterPurushotam Kumar
This document discusses space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) for three-phase voltage source inverters. It begins by introducing SVM and its benefits over other PWM techniques, such as reduced total harmonic distortion. It then provides details on how SVM works, including transforming a three-phase reference signal to a rotating vector in the d-q reference frame. The document explains the eight possible switching states, sectors, and how to calculate switching times to synthesize the reference signal using adjacent active vectors and zero vectors. It concludes by comparing SVM to sinusoidal PWM, showing SVM offers better voltage utilization and harmonic performance.
The document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices for enhancing power transmission. It describes several types of FACTS controllers including series controllers like the Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and shunt controllers like the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). TCSC uses thyristors to vary the capacitive reactance in series with the transmission line, enabling increased power transfer. STATCOM maintains bus voltage by injecting reactive current and has advantages over SVC like faster response and modularity.
1 removal of source current harmonics under harmonically balanced condition u...Andres Zottico
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using shunt hybrid active power filters to reduce current harmonics produced by a 3-phase uncontrolled bridge rectifier load. The rectifier produces balanced current harmonics of order 6n±1. Two shunt hybrid active filters are connected at the point of common coupling. One filter is tuned for the 5th and 7th harmonics, while the other filter reduces all other harmonics up to the 29th. Each hybrid filter combines a passive filter with an active inverter to inject "positive inductance" and dynamically tune the passive filter frequencies. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show this method can effectively reduce current harmonics under harmonically balanced conditions.
This document summarizes a MATLAB simulation of an SPWM inverter using bipolar and unipolar switching strategies. The objective is to analyze the output voltage using FFT. It describes how the SPWM technique works by comparing a reference sine wave to a high frequency triangular carrier wave to generate PWM signals. Circuit diagrams and output waveforms are shown for both bipolar and unipolar inverters, and FFT analysis is performed. The conclusion is that a unipolar inverter with a filter provides a more sinusoidal output waveform than a bipolar inverter.
1) The document describes a new FACTS device called the Gate Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC) for controlling power flow in transmission lines.
2) The GCSC uses semiconductor switches connected in parallel with a capacitor to continuously vary the equivalent series reactance. This allows control of power flow without the limitations of existing thyristor controlled series compensation devices.
3) Simulations show the GCSC's ability to control power flow and damp power oscillations in transmission systems, demonstrating its effectiveness as an alternative to other series compensation technologies like the thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC).
Compact low power high slew-rate cmos buffer amplifier with power gating tech...VLSICS Design
A qualitative analysis of different parameters such as Phase noise, Slew rate and tranconductance by using
power gating reduction technique is presented. The circuit achieves the large driving capability by
employing simple comparators to sense the transients of the input to turn on the output stages, which are
statically off in the stable state. The effect of the different number of transistors and their topologies on the
phase noise and Slew rate is analyzed. Good agreement between qualitative and quantitative measurements
is observed. Scope of reducing of Noise and avoidance of Leakage due to various sources is discussed.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Harmonic comparisons of various PWM techniques for basic MLISaquib Maqsood
Cascaded inverters are ideal for connecting renewable energy sources with an AC grid, because of the need for separate dc sources, which is the case in applications such as photovoltaic or fuel cells. The inverter could be controlled to either regulate the power factor of the current drawn from the source or the bus voltage of the electrical system where the inverter was connected. The modulation techniques are crucial in operating any inverter at desired conditions. In this work different PWM techniques are implemented for five level cascaded multilevel inverter and THD variation is analyzed.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on applying a sub-harmonic protection relay. It defines relevant terms like sub-harmonic frequencies and sub-synchronous resonance. It describes loads that can cause sub-harmonic disturbances and the principle of how the protection relay detects sub-harmonics. The relay provides protection for transmission lines and monitors systems for sub-harmonic oscillations. Settings for the relay are determined based on analysis of recorded sub-harmonic current responses during events.
This document outlines the design of a 200 Watt, 150 Vrms PWM bipolar inverter with the following key points:
1. The design process includes calculating component values based on design requirements, building the circuit in Multisim software, and analyzing the simulation results.
2. Key calculations include determining the required DC bus voltage to achieve the 150Vrms AC output voltage despite voltage drops, as well as component sizing based on the given power, modulation index, and carrier frequency specifications.
3. Simulation results show the generated PWM switching signals and the final inverter output voltage matching the desired 150Vrms sinusoidal waveform.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new Flipped Voltage Follower (FVF) low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulator using a Dual-Summed Miller Frequency Compensation (DSMFC) technique. The proposed LDO regulator can stabilize a load capacitance ranging from 10pF to 10nF using only 8pF of total compensation capacitance. Simulation results show the regulator maintains stability across the wide load capacitance range under varying load currents. The DSMFC technique improves stability compared to single Miller compensation, especially for large load capacitances with low load currents, large capacitances with moderate currents, and small capacitances with low currents. This allows the proposed regulator to
The document describes a weighted current feedback (WCF) technique for low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulators that can drive a wide range of capacitive loads from 470 pF to 10 nF.
The WCF technique senses the output voltage and generates feedback currents that dynamically control the output impedance of the gain stages based on the load current level. At low currents, minimal negative feedback is applied. At moderate currents, strong negative feedback reduces the output impedance. At high currents, feedback is reduced to maintain gain.
This allows the regulator to maintain stability and reasonable gain over the wide load range, while also improving transient response speed. Simulation results show the WCF LDO can support loads up to 10
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
(1) Current shaping strategies for buck power factor correction converters are discussed. (2) Sine-squared modulation is analyzed where the average inductor current is shaped to follow a sine-squared waveform to improve the power factor. (3) The K-value, which determines the conduction angle and power factor, is analyzed and its impact on the harmonic content of the input current is shown, with various harmonics either meeting or violating Class C and Class D emission standards based on the K-value.
This document provides guidelines for overcurrent protection and coordination settings for industrial equipment such as transformers, buses, feeders, and motors above 600V. It outlines typical recommended pickup and time delay settings as rules of thumb for phase and ground overcurrent relays protecting this equipment. Care must be taken to properly coordinate settings between protective devices to prevent unintended tripping and ensure equipment is protected against damage from faults.
This paper investigates the performance of line commutated converter (LCC) based monopolar
HVDC transmission system feeding a weak AC network with hybrid reactive power compensators (RPC’s) at the
inverter AC side. The hybrid compensator is an equal mix of any two of the following compensators:
synchronous compensator (SC); static var compensator (SVC); static synchronous compensator (STATCOM).
The HVDC transmission system model is implemented in the Matlab with the firefly algorithm based optimal
proportional integral (PI) controller for rectifier and inverter control. The transient performances of hybrid
RPC’s (SC+SVC, SVC+STATCOM and SC+STATCOM) are judged under various fault conditions and the
outcomes are compared with the performance of the SC, SVC and STATCOM to highlight the supremacy of the
hybrid compensators. The simulation results validate that the equal mix of SC and STATCOM has a steady and
fastest response. The results also demonstrate the superiority of the firefly algorithm based optimal PI
controller over the conventional PI controller. The harmonic analysis is also carried out under steady state
operation to assure the quality of power supply on the inverter AC side
This document discusses the digital implementation of space vector modulation (SVM) for a voltage source inverter (VSI) using an FPGA. It describes the SVM technique, how it can generate sinusoidal AC output from the VSI with minimal harmonics. It outlines the stages of digital implementation in MATLAB/Simulink using Xilinx blocks, including sector identification, duty cycle calculation, and generating gating signals. Simulation results validated the SVM method. The digital design was then implemented on an FPGA in real-time to generate switching pulses for the VSI. Testing with a motor load showed good agreement with simulation.
Analysis of the Performance of the Drive of the Z source Induction Motor Powe...IJSRED
This document analyzes the performance of a Z-source induction motor powered by a converter. It first provides background on Z-source inverters and their advantages over traditional inverters, including their ability to boost voltage. It then describes the functional principles of a Z-source inverter, including its active states, non-shoot-through zero state, and shoot-through zero state. The document aims to determine parameters of the Z-source inverter like boost factor, output voltages, and voltage gain for maximum constant boost control through simulation and experiments.
The document discusses different types of DC to AC converters known as inverters. It describes the operation of voltage source inverters that can generate square wave or sinusoidal outputs using pulse width modulation techniques. PWM allows control over the output voltage amplitude while pushing harmonics to higher frequencies for easier filtering. The document also introduces half-bridge inverters, three-phase inverters, and discusses performance parameters and harmonic analysis of inverter outputs.
Space Vector Modulation(SVM) Technique for PWM InverterPurushotam Kumar
This document discusses space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) for three-phase voltage source inverters. It begins by introducing SVM and its benefits over other PWM techniques, such as reduced total harmonic distortion. It then provides details on how SVM works, including transforming a three-phase reference signal to a rotating vector in the d-q reference frame. The document explains the eight possible switching states, sectors, and how to calculate switching times to synthesize the reference signal using adjacent active vectors and zero vectors. It concludes by comparing SVM to sinusoidal PWM, showing SVM offers better voltage utilization and harmonic performance.
The document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices for enhancing power transmission. It describes several types of FACTS controllers including series controllers like the Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and shunt controllers like the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). TCSC uses thyristors to vary the capacitive reactance in series with the transmission line, enabling increased power transfer. STATCOM maintains bus voltage by injecting reactive current and has advantages over SVC like faster response and modularity.
1 removal of source current harmonics under harmonically balanced condition u...Andres Zottico
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using shunt hybrid active power filters to reduce current harmonics produced by a 3-phase uncontrolled bridge rectifier load. The rectifier produces balanced current harmonics of order 6n±1. Two shunt hybrid active filters are connected at the point of common coupling. One filter is tuned for the 5th and 7th harmonics, while the other filter reduces all other harmonics up to the 29th. Each hybrid filter combines a passive filter with an active inverter to inject "positive inductance" and dynamically tune the passive filter frequencies. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show this method can effectively reduce current harmonics under harmonically balanced conditions.
This document summarizes a MATLAB simulation of an SPWM inverter using bipolar and unipolar switching strategies. The objective is to analyze the output voltage using FFT. It describes how the SPWM technique works by comparing a reference sine wave to a high frequency triangular carrier wave to generate PWM signals. Circuit diagrams and output waveforms are shown for both bipolar and unipolar inverters, and FFT analysis is performed. The conclusion is that a unipolar inverter with a filter provides a more sinusoidal output waveform than a bipolar inverter.
1) The document describes a new FACTS device called the Gate Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC) for controlling power flow in transmission lines.
2) The GCSC uses semiconductor switches connected in parallel with a capacitor to continuously vary the equivalent series reactance. This allows control of power flow without the limitations of existing thyristor controlled series compensation devices.
3) Simulations show the GCSC's ability to control power flow and damp power oscillations in transmission systems, demonstrating its effectiveness as an alternative to other series compensation technologies like the thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC).
Compact low power high slew-rate cmos buffer amplifier with power gating tech...VLSICS Design
A qualitative analysis of different parameters such as Phase noise, Slew rate and tranconductance by using
power gating reduction technique is presented. The circuit achieves the large driving capability by
employing simple comparators to sense the transients of the input to turn on the output stages, which are
statically off in the stable state. The effect of the different number of transistors and their topologies on the
phase noise and Slew rate is analyzed. Good agreement between qualitative and quantitative measurements
is observed. Scope of reducing of Noise and avoidance of Leakage due to various sources is discussed.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Developing Accident Avoidance Program for Occupational Safety and Healththeijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
China has been pursuing its national interests through economic and soft power engagement with emerging countries in a non-aggressive manner. China uses soft power tools like investment, exchange programs, public diplomacy, humanitarian aid, and contributions to multilateral institutions to increase its influence abroad. While China has made progress in utilizing soft power, it still faces limitations and lags behind the United States in some areas like foreign direct investment and foreign aid. China's soft power growth is often exaggerated and it still lacks a coordinated national soft power strategy.
Implementing a Robust Network-Based Intrusion Detection Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Using the Physicochemical Properties and the Thermo-oxidation Degradation Pro...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Determination of the Cost of Production from the Raw Dung to the Final Outpu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Development of a power factor model for power sysytem loadstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses improving power system performance using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It describes three types of FACTS devices: Static Var Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The SVC and TCSC are able to control voltage and improve the voltage profile. Simulations showed adding FACTS devices decreased power losses and improved the voltage level. The UPFC can simultaneously control parameters like line impedance, voltage, and phase angle to regulate power flow.
Design of 5.1 GHz ultra-low power and wide tuning range hybrid oscillatorIJECEIAES
The objective of the proposed work is to demonstrate the use of a hybrid approach for the design of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) which can lead to higher performance. The performance is improved in terms of the tuning range, frequency of oscillation, voltage swing, and power consumption. The proposed hybrid VCO is designed using an active load common source amplifier and current starved inverter that are cascaded alternatively to achieve low power consumption. The proposed VCO achieves a measured phase noise of -74 dBc/Hz and a figure of merit (FOM) of -152.6 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset when running at 5.1 GHz frequency. The hybrid current starved-current starved VCO (CS-CS VCO) consumes a power of 289 µW using a 1.8 V supply and attains a wide tuning range of 96.98%. Hybrid VCO is designed using 0.09 µm complementary metal– oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. To justify the robustness, reliability, and scalability of the circuit different corner analysis is performed through 500 runs of Monte-Carlo simulation.
DYNAMICS OF AN OSCILLATOR FOR SINUSOIDAL INPUTIRJET Journal
This document discusses the dynamics of an oscillator for sinusoidal input. It begins by defining an oscillator as a device that generates sinusoidal signals of a required frequency and amplitude. It then discusses the different types of oscillators, including harmonic oscillators and relaxation oscillators. The main types of harmonic oscillators discussed are tuned collector oscillators, tuned drain oscillators, Franklin oscillators, and Colpitts oscillators. Circuit diagrams and working principles are provided for each. Advantages of oscillators over alternators are also listed.
CFOA based Mos-C Single Resistance Controlled Sinusoidal OscillatorIRJET Journal
The document presents a design for a single resistance controlled sinusoidal oscillator using a single current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA). The proposed circuit uses a single CFOA along with three voltage controlled resistors and one capacitor. It allows the frequency of oscillation and condition of oscillation to be controlled by a single resistance. The circuit was simulated using PSPICE with a CMOS process and was found to produce oscillations in the kHz to MHz range. Theoretical and simulated results showed good agreement.
A High-Swing OTA with wide Linearity for design of self-tunable linear resistorVLSICS Design
Low power consumption, long battery life and portability are essential requirements of modern health monitoring products. Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) operating in subthreshold region is an basic building block for low power health monitoring products design. An modified design of OTA which incorporates better linearity and increased output impedance has been discussed in this paper. The proposed OTA uses High-swing improved-Wilson current mirror for low power and low-frequency applications. The achieved linearity is about ± 1.9 volt and unity gain bandwidth (UGB) of 342.30 KHz at power supply of 0.9 volt which makes OTA to consume power in range of nanowatts. The proposed low voltage OTA implementation in design of self- tunable linear resistor has been presented in this paper. The circuit implementation has been done using standard 0.18 micron technology provided by TSMC on BSIM 3v3 level-53 model parameter and verified results through use of ELDO Simulator.
A New Filtering Method and a Novel Converter Transformer for HVDC System.IOSR Journals
This document presents a new filtering method and converter transformer design for HVDC systems. The new design aims to address issues with traditional converter transformers and passive filtering methods, such as additional harmonic losses and difficulties meeting insulation requirements.
The new converter transformer uses a prolonged-delta winding configuration and phase shifts of 15 degrees to provide 12-phase commutation voltages. It also employs an inductive filtering mechanism where a tap connects the prolonged and common windings to an LC resonance circuit. This allows harmonic currents to balance out so no inductive harmonics flow in the primary winding.
Simulation results show the new design greatly reduces harmonic content and transformer losses compared to traditional designs. The primary current waveform has lower distortion and THD with the
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A High-Swing OTA with wide Linearity for design of self-tunable linear resistorVLSICS Design
Low power consumption, long battery life and portability are essential requirements of modern health monitoring products. Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) operating in subthreshold region is an basic building block for low power health monitoring products design. An modified design of OTA which incorporates better linearity and increased output impedance has been discussed in this paper. The proposed OTA uses High-swing improved-Wilson current mirror for low power and low-frequency applications. The achieved linearity is about ± 1.9 volt and unity gain bandwidth (UGB) of 342.30 KHz at power supply of 0.9 volt which makes OTA to consume power in range of nanowatts. The proposed low voltage OTA implementation in design of self- tunable linear resistor has been presented in this paper. The circuit implementation has been done using standard 0.18 micron technology provided by TSMC on BSIM 3v3 level-53 model parameter and verified results through use of ELDO Simulator.
Analysis of multi terminal hvdc transmission system feeding very weak ac netw...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a line commutated converter (LCC) based multi-terminal HVDC transmission (MTDC) system feeding very weak AC networks with hybrid reactive power compensators (RPC’s) at the inverter AC side. The hybrid compensator is accomplished by the equal mixing of any two of the following compensators: synchronous compensator (SC); static var compensator (SVC); static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The four-terminal HVDC transmission system model is implemented in the Matlab with the firefly algorithm based optimal proportional integral (PI) controller for rectifiers and inverters control. The transient performances of hybrid RPC’s (SC+SVC, SVC+STATCOM and SC+STATCOM) are studied under various fault conditions and the results are compared with the performance of the SC, SVC and STATCOM to focus the high quality of the hybrid compensators. The simulation results authorize that the equivalent mixture of SC and STATCOM has a steady and fastest response. The results also reveal the supremacy of the firefly algorithm based optimal PI controller over the conventional PI controller. The harmonic present in the inverter side AC quantities is also calculated under steady state operation to assure the quality of power supply. Keywords: MTDC, Very weak AC system, Hybrid RPC, PI controller, Firefly Algorithm.
Design Of Sub Synchronous Damping Controller (SSDC) For TCSC To Improve Power...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
VSC BASED HVDC SYTEM DESIGN AND PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGESIJERD Editor
High Voltage Direct Current system based on voltage source converter (VSC-HVDC) is becoming
more effective solution for offshore wind plants and supplying power to remote regions. In this paper, the
control of a VSC-based HVDC system (VSC-HVDC) is described. Based on this control strategy, appropriate
controllers utilizing PI controllers are designed to control the active and reactive power at each end station.The
operation performance of a voltage source converter (VSC) based HVDC (VSC-HVDC system) system is
explained under some characteristic faulted conditions with and without protection measures. A protection
strategy is proposed to enhance the continuous operation performance of the VSC-HVDC system. The strategy
utilizes a voltage chopper to suppress over-voltages on the DC side of the VSC. Digital simulation is done to
verify the validity of the proposed control strategy and protection strategy
This paper deals with the design of filters and THD analysis of a low - frequency ac (20Hz) transmission system. The LFAC system is interfaced with the 50Hz main power grid with a cycloconverter. The wind power is collected in dc form,and is connected to the L FAC transmission line with a twelve pulse inverter. The waveforms at the sending end and receiving end of the transmission line are plotted.THD analysis of LFAC system is carried out. The circuit model of LFAC system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Improvement in Power Transmission Capacity by Simultaneous AC-DC Transmissiontheijes
Now days in power transmission systems mainly the high voltage three phase AC or HVDC transmission lines for greater efficiency at very long distances are used. In this paper, we have to show the scheme of AC and DC power transmission system which can be developed by converting double circuit ac line into composite AC and DC power transmission line and also comparing simulation results with the simple EHVAC transmission system and HVDC transmission system having six pulses PWM generator. The main object of thesis is to show that by superimposing DC in AC transmission, the capacity of the transmission line can be increased by nearly 70 % of that if only AC is transmitted. In our existing transmission system, long extra high voltage (EHV) AC lines cannot be loaded to their thermal limits in order to keep sufficient margin against transient instability. With the scheme proposed in this project, it is possible to load these lines close to their thermal limits. The conductors are allowed to carry usual ac along with dc superimposed on it, without altering the original line conductors, tower structures, and insulator strings has been presented.
Brushless DC Motor Drive using an Isolated-Luo Converter for Power Factor Cor...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a brushless DC motor drive using an isolated Luo converter for power factor correction. Key points:
1) A brushless DC motor drive is presented using an isolated Luo converter to improve power quality at the AC mains while allowing for speed control of the BLDC motor.
2) The isolated Luo converter operates in discontinuous inductor current mode using a single voltage sensor, achieving inherent power factor correction with reduced sensing requirements.
3) Simulation results are presented to evaluate the performance of the drive in improving power quality for varying motor speeds and supply voltages.
This document analyzes the dynamic response of a power factor correction (PFC) converter. It discusses how the bandwidth of the compensator in the output voltage feedback loop affects the transient response. Specifically, it notes that a wider bandwidth improves response but introduces more voltage ripple, while a narrow bandwidth has slower response but less ripple. The document presents modeling of the converter with different levels of voltage ripple and analyzes how it impacts the static behavior and harmonic distortion. Simulation results demonstrate the tradeoff between response, ripple and power quality for low-bandwidth versus high-bandwidth designs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
ELS: 2.4.1 POWER ELECTRONICS Course objectives: This course will enable stude...Kuvempu University
Introduction - Applications of Power Electronics, Power Semiconductor Devices, Control Characteristics of Power Devices, types of Power Electronic Circuits. Power Transistors: Power BJTs: Steady state characteristics. Power MOSFETs: device operation, switching characteristics, IGBTs: device operation, output and transfer characteristics.
Thyristors - Introduction, Principle of Operation of SCR, Static Anode- Cathode Characteristics of SCR, Two transistor model of SCR, Gate Characteristics of SCR, Turn-ON Methods, Turn-OFF Mechanism, Turn-OFF Methods: Natural and Forced Commutation – Class A and Class B types, Gate Trigger Circuit: Resistance Firing Circuit, Resistance capacitance firing circuit.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Statics, Pressure MeasurementIndrajeet sahu
Properties of Fluids: Density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility, and specific gravity define fluid behavior.
Fluid Statics: Studies pressure, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and fluid forces on surfaces.
Pressure at a Point: In a static fluid, the pressure at any point is the same in all directions. This is known as Pascal's principle. The pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above.
Hydrostatic Pressure: The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It can be calculated using the formula P=ρghP=ρgh, where PP is the pressure, ρρ is the fluid density, gg is the acceleration due to gravity, and hh is the height of the fluid column above the point in question.
Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or partially submerged object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, as described by Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy explains why objects float or sink in fluids.
Fluid Pressure on Surfaces: The analysis of pressure forces on surfaces submerged in fluids. This includes calculating the total force and the center of pressure, which is the point where the resultant pressure force acts.
Pressure Measurement: Manometers, barometers, pressure gauges, and differential pressure transducers measure fluid pressure.
SENTIMENT ANALYSIS ON PPT AND Project template_.pptx
I0364050056
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 6 || Pages || 50-56 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 50
Active damping of output LC filter resonance for vector
controlled VSI- fed AC motor drive
Sindhu Shankar, Prof. K. V. Devadas, Prof. K. Suryasen
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
KVG College of Engineering, Sullia, D.K Karnataka, India
------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------
For longer life of alternating-current (ac) machines, it is desirable to feed them by sinusoidal voltages.
This can be achieved by connecting an LC filter between the voltage source inverter and the motor. However,
the LC filter creates unwanted oscillation at system resonant frequency. A resistance connected in series with
the capacitor is a solution to damp out the resonant frequency oscillation, but this damping technique increases
loss in the system. In this paper, a simple active damping technique is proposed for lossless damping of vector-
controlled ac motor drives with an LC filter. In the proposed technique, the resistance drop is emulated in the
control using the terminal motor voltages. The proposed technique is carried out in the three-phase domain for
better accuracy of the control. The proposed technique neither affects the dynamic response of the drive nor
changes the design of the standard vector control loops. Results from experimental ac motor drives are
presented.
INDEX TERMS—Active damping (AD), induction machine, LCfilter, synchronous machine, vector control.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 06 June 2014 Date of Publication: 25 June 2014
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The voltage-source-inverter (VSI)-fed alternating-current (ac) drive topology is standard in the
industry. Due to high dv/dt of the VSI output voltages, bearing failure, insulation failure of the motor windings,
and issues related to electromagnetic compatibility/interference are common [1]–[6]. Passive dv/dt filters,
common-mode filters, and pulse width-modulation (PWM) techniques have been proposed to mitigate the
aforementioned problems [7]–[11]. However, for longer life of the motor, it is always desirable to operate the
machine with sinusoidal voltages. One common method is to connect an LC filter between the inverter and the
machine. The LC filter smoothens the VSI output voltage and supplies sinusoidal voltage into the motor.
However, when ac machines are driven by a VSI with an output LC filter, the motor terminal voltage oscillates
at system resonant frequency. Although the magnitude of the resonant frequency voltage in the VSI is small, the
LC filter does not offer any impedance at the resonant frequency. Therefore, a large amount of resonating
current circulates between the VSI and the LC filter. The resonating current magnitude is restricted only by the
filter resistance. Due to this circulating current, motor voltage also oscillates at the resonant frequency. The
active damping (AD) method provides a good alternative solution for this problem. In this paper, a simple AD
technique is proposed for vector controlled VSI-fed ac motors.
Important features of the proposed active damping technique are:
1) The control action is taken in per-phase basis for accurate extraction of resonant-frequency signal extraction,
which, in turn, ensures appropriate damping.
2) The proposed technique emulates a virtual series resistance for AD of the LC resonance in the control, only
by using the terminal voltage information.
3) The proposed technique corrects the delay in the damping signals caused by the switching action of the VSI.
4) The proposed technique damps out transient voltage oscillations during sudden speed and load change and
minimizes steady-state resonant-frequency oscillation.
5) The proposed AD technique does not affect the main control loops of the field-oriented control; the design of
current control loops is independent of the design of the AD controller.
This paper is organized in the following way: Section II describes the power structure and the brief overview of
the proposed control technique. Section III describes the proposed AD technique.
2. Active damping of output LC filter resonance for vector controlled VSI- fed AC motor drive
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 51
I. DESCRIPTION OF THE POWER CONVERTER STRUCTURE AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF
THE CONTROL TECHNIQUE
A. Description of Power Converter Structure
Fig 1.Power hardware
Fig. 1. Shows the power circuit of an ac machine connected to a VSI by an LC filter. Lf is the filter inductance,
and Cf is the filter capacitance. vsr, vsy, and vsb are the capacitor voltages; isr, isy, and isb are the machine
currents; and ifr, ify, and ifb are the filter currents. Fig. 2(a) and (b) is the equivalent circuits of the ac motor. Ll
is the leakage inductance of the machine. For an induction machine, Ll is the sum of the stator (Lls) and rotor
(Llr) leakage inductances. For a synchronous machine, Ll is the synchronous inductance Ls of the machine.
The equivalent resonating elements are the filter capacitor Cf and the parallel combination of the filter
inductance Lf and Ll. For a synchronous machine, the synchronous inductance Ls is large, as compared with the
filter inductance Lf. Therefore, the equivalent inductance Leq for the synchronous machine is almost the same
magnitude as Lf.
For the induction machine
Leq = [Lf × (Lls + Llr)] / [Lf + (Lls + Llr)] ………… (1)
For the synchronous machine
Leq = (LfLs)/(Lf + Ls) ≈ Lf . ……………………….. (2)
B. Philosophy of the Control Technique
A resistance can be connected in series with the capacitor to damp out the LC resonance. This solution
increases power loss in the system. To achieve lossless damping, an AD method is proposed. In the proposed
AD technique, a fictitious resistance value is multiplied by the individual capacitor currents at the resonant
frequency and subtracted from the source voltages. In this way, a damping effect of the resistance is emulated
but in a lossless fashion. The difficulty in this method is that the capacitor current is noisy. The capacitor current
consists of switching-frequency components, along with fundamental and resonant components. In cases where
the resonant and switching frequencies are close by, it will be difficult to extract only the resonant-frequency
component from the sensed capacitor currents. However, when the inverter switching frequency is high (more
than 2 kHz), the capacitor voltage contains only the fundamental and resonant components. It does not contain
the significant switching-frequency component. However, the capacitor current contains a considerable amount
of switching-frequency components. The switching-frequency component is close to the resonant-frequency
component with higher magnitude. These create serious difficulty in extracting only the resonant-frequency
component from the sensed capacitor current, which is required for the control. Therefore, in this paper, it is
proposed to emulate the resonant component of the capacitor currents with the help of signatures in the capacitor
voltages when the inverter switching frequency is more than 2 kHz.
II. DESCRIPTION OF CONTROL TOPOLOGY
Exact and noise free, resonant-frequency capacitor voltages are essential for the control. In Section III-
A describes the proposed resonant-frequency signal extraction. III-B describes the procedure to generate
compensating signals for the proposed AD technique.
3. Active damping of output LC filter resonance for vector controlled VSI- fed AC motor drive
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A. Signal extraction at resonant frequency
Fig2 signal extraction
At the steady state, the machine terminal voltages contain fundamental- (ωf ) and resonant-frequency
(ωn) signals. When the switching frequency of the inverter is high (> 2 kHz), the switching-frequency
component in the capacitor voltages are comparatively lower in magnitude than the resonant frequency
components. Machine-per-phase voltages vsr, vsy, and vsb are sensed to extract resonant capacitor voltages.
The sensed voltages are transformed into the d–q domain. In the transformed d–q voltages, both the fundamental
components and the resonant components are present. These sensed voltages are filtered using low-pass filters
with cutoff frequencies at around 10 Hz. The outputs of the low-pass filters are are subtracted from vsd and vsq
to extract ˜vsd and ˜vsq. The extracted resonant-frequency components ˜vsd and ˜vsq have frequency (ωn − ωf )
due to the d–q transformation. The frequency of ˜vsd and ˜vsq varies with the variation of ωf . To get rid of this
variation of ωf in ˜vsd and ˜vsq, they are transformed back to the three-phase domain. The outputs of the reverse
transform are ˜vsr, ˜vsy, and ˜vsb. Due to the reverse transformation, the extracted-per-phase resonant frequency
capacitor voltages ˜vsr, ˜vsy, and ˜vsb are exactly at ωn.
Fig 3.capacitor voltage at resonant frequency
B. LC filter control block
A series LC circuit excited by a sinusoidal voltage source at the resonant frequency does not offer any
impedance to the circuit. When a resistance is added in this LC circuit, then the current magnitude at the
resonant frequency is damped by this resistance. The resistance can be placed in series or in parallel with the
capacitor. However, this solution causes power loss in the circuit and reduces efficiency of the drive. Therefore,
the AD technique is adopted to damp out the oscillation in lossless fashion without physically connecting any
resistance in the circuit. In the proposed method of AD, a series resistance in the LC circuit is emulated in the
control.
4. Active damping of output LC filter resonance for vector controlled VSI- fed AC motor drive
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Fig 4. LC filter block
The extracted resonant capacitor voltages ˜Vsr, ˜Vsy, and ˜Vsb mainly contain the resonant-frequency
components and they lag by 90◦ from the resonating capacitor currents. The extracted resonant capacitor
voltages ˜vsr, ˜vsy, and ˜vsb are integrated to obtain ˜vsr_int, ˜vsy_int, and ˜vsb_int signals (see Fig. 5). Instead
of a pure integrator, a low-pass filter is used to generate ˜vsr_int, ˜vsy_int, and ˜vsb_int signals to avoid dc drift
problems. The cutoff frequencies of these low-pass filters are kept at around 50 Hz, which are far below the
resonant frequency ωn. Therefore, these low-pass filters do not cause any phase shift to the ˜vsr_int, ˜vsy_int,
and ˜vsb_int signals. These signals lag by 180◦ out of phase from the resonant capacitor currents. ˜vsr_int lags
by 90◦ from ˜vsr In below Fig5. phasor relationships for ˜vsr, ˜vsr_int, and vr_comp are elaborated for an
induction motor drive with the inverter switching frequency kept at 4.9 kHz.
TABLE1
Obtained output waveform of integrated signal, compensating signal and resonant inverter voltage are
shown below
Fig5.capacitor voltage, integrated voltage and compensated signal
5. Active damping of output LC filter resonance for vector controlled VSI- fed AC motor drive
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When the inverter switching frequency is close to the resonant frequency, the inverter introduces a
considerable amount of phase delay to the compensating signals ˜vsr_int, ˜vsy_int, and ˜vsb_int. Therefore, it is
essential to advance the phase of ˜vsr_int, ˜vsy_int, and ˜vsb_int to compensate the inverter phase lag. Table I
elaborates the phase delay (ωnTs/2) generatedby the inverter for the experiments carried out in this paper. The
phase delay is predicted from the system resonance and switching frequencies of the inverter.
Fig6 shows the phasor relationships of important signals at the resonant frequency. The inverter source
voltage vres and the resonant capacitor current ires are in the same phase. The capacitor voltage ˜vsr lags them
by 90◦. ˜vsr_int, ˜vsy_int, and ˜vsb_int are at the opposite phase with ires. ˜vsr_int, ˜vsy_int, and ˜vsb_int signals
are phase advanced by ωnTs/2 to construct the per-phase compensating signals vr_comp, vy_comp, and
vb_comp. This phase advancement compensates the delay of ωnTs/2 introduced by the inverter.
Fig6. Phasor diagram
The inverter switching frequency is fs, and the inverter time constant is Ts/2, whereTs = 1/fs. vr_comp is
obtained from
vrcomp=˜vsr_intcos(ωnTs/2)+˜vsrsin (ωnTs/2)
As cos (ωnTs/2) and sin (ωnTs/2) are fixed numbers, the compensation for the inverter delay can be easily and
accurately introduced. For the proposed AD, vr_comp, vy_comp, and vb_comp signals are multiplied by the
scaling factor Kdamp to emulate the resistance drop, i.e., vinvr_res = Kdamp × vr_comp.
vinvr_res, vinvy_res, and vinvb_res signals are directly added to the inverter voltage references V*invr, v*invy,
and v*invb generated from the standard vector control block. The corrective action is instantaneous as the
correcting signals are directly added to the inverter voltage references. Moreover, the proposed AD technique
does not hamper the main vector control loops.
Kdamp can be expressed in terms of the damping factor ξ, i.e.,
Kdamp = Rfvir |ires(t)/vr_comp| = 2ξ
Where ξ = (Rfvir/2) q
It is experimentally observed that, for ξ varying from 0.2 to 0.4, the system most effectively works. For the
lower damping factor, the damping effect is not prominent, and for the higher damping factor, the compensating
signals cause distortion to the actual voltage signals.
The complete block diagram of the proposed AD technique is shown in Fig 7. The block diagram is valid for
both induction and synchronous machines.
Fig7complete block diagram
6. Active damping of output LC filter resonance for vector controlled VSI- fed AC motor drive
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Simulation result at the 4.9-kHz Switching Frequency:
Fig 8 shows R-phase capacitor voltage and machine current at 5hz with zeta value 0.3 with active
damping at time o.5.
Fig 9 shows R-phase capacitor voltage and machine current at 43hz with zeta value 0.3 with active
damping at time 0.5.
Experimental Results at the 2.4-kHz Switching Frequency:
Fig10. R-phase capacitor voltage and machine current at 43hz with zeta value 0.4 with active damping at
time 0.5.
7. Active damping of output LC filter resonance for vector controlled VSI- fed AC motor drive
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Fig. 11 demonstrates the capacitor voltage and machine current waveform for a sudden speed change of
the machine from 2.5 to 43 Hz with AD.
CONCLUSION
An Active Damping technique has been proposed for vector-controlled VSI-fed ac machine drives with
output LC filters. This technique uses virtual resistor concept which significantly reduces resonant-frequency
oscillation in motor terminal voltages and line currents. The proposed technique independently works from the
vector control loops. The AD technique uses capacitor voltages to construct compensating signals. It acts on a
per phase basis for better accuracy of the control. This active damping technique can be extended to any three-
phase LC-filter-based system, namely, LCL-filter-based front-end converters or shunt active filters, and Active
damping can also be done by using State-space based method.
APPENDIX
1. Induction Machine Details
1.1. Machine details: 1.5-kW 220-V 11-A
1440-r/min four-pole Y-connected 50-Hz
induction machine;
1.2. Machine parameters: Rs = 0.66 Ω Rr= 0.21 Ω ,Llr =1.62 mH, Lls = 1.62 mH, Lm = 38.8 mH;
1.3. Filter parameters: Lf = 2 mH, Cf = 30μF,
and fn =828 Hz.
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