The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document discusses various ways that human activities negatively impact the environment. It describes how increasing population leads to intensification of agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization, which damage habitats, pollute air and water, and cause soil erosion. Specific issues covered include deforestation, monoculture farming, pollution from fossil fuel use and acid rain. Solutions proposed include more sustainable agricultural practices, reducing pollution by using cleaner fuels and technologies, and afforestation.
Soil is composed of rock particles, humus, mineral salts, water, air, and organisms. Humus is a dark brown material made up of decayed plants and animals found in topsoil. It improves soil properties by retaining water, improving texture and structure, and providing mineral salts and air spaces. Different soil types like clay, sandy, and loam soils vary in properties such as water retention, drainage, and aeration depending on the relative proportions of particles like clay, sand, and silt. Fertility can be increased by adding fertilizers, crop rotation to replenish depleted nutrients, practices like ploughing for aeration, and maintaining a neutral pH.
The document discusses oil pollution from spills and strategies for cleanup. It describes how oil spills occur from tankers and drilling rigs, lists some major spill incidents, and explains the effects of spills on marine plants and animals. The strategies section covers natural recovery as well as mechanical, chemical and biological cleanup methods like booms, dispersants, and bioremediation. Land spills are also discussed, along with their effects and methods for recovery including bioremediation and phytoremediation using plants.
An oil spill is the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity. It pollutes the environment and is difficult to clean up, sometimes taking weeks, months or years. Oil spills negatively impact local industries, human health, marine ecosystems, vegetation, beaches, and fragile marine environments. They affect tourism and fishing industries and can cause respiratory issues and health problems for humans. The impacts depend on factors like the area affected, weather and proximity to breeding areas. Oil can smother and poison animals and plants, damaging habitats and food chains. Cleanup methods include booming, burning, spreading chemicals, skimming, using sorbents, and manual labor. Some major oil spills were the
The document discusses oil spills, their causes and effects. It notes that oil spills pollute water and land, harming plants, animals and the environment. Major causes include human activities like oil transportation and extraction. Effects include damage to human health, marine life, industries like fishing and tourism. The document outlines methods to monitor and control oil spills, including booms, skimmers and sorbents to contain spilled oil, as well as preventing spills through practices like double hulling of vessels.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate water bodies directly or indirectly. Various human activities like industries, agriculture, mining, wetland destruction and deforestation can pollute water. Industries release waste that affects water quality, while agriculture increases soil erosion, nutrients and pesticide use. Mining increases minerals and affects pH and clarity. Wetland destruction removes natural filters, and deforestation increases soil erosion, nutrients and disease risk. Accidental pollution from spills can also damage water. Soil pollution reduces soil quality, increases health risks, and contaminates water sources through runoff. It harms soil ecosystems. Various agencies work to prevent water and soil pollution and provide information.
The document provides information about oil spills, including what they are, their causes, effects, and cleanup methods. It defines an oil spill as the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, usually from human activity. Major oil spills discussed include the M/T Haven which spilled 42 million gallons in Italy in 1991, and the Nowruz Oil Field spill of 80 million gallons in the Persian Gulf in 1983 during the Iran-Iraq War. The effects of oil spills are described for local industries, human health, and marine ecosystems. Methods of cleaning up oil spills discussed include booms, burning, dispersants, and skimmers.
The document discusses various ways that human activities negatively impact the environment. It describes how increasing population leads to intensification of agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization, which damage habitats, pollute air and water, and cause soil erosion. Specific issues covered include deforestation, monoculture farming, pollution from fossil fuel use and acid rain. Solutions proposed include more sustainable agricultural practices, reducing pollution by using cleaner fuels and technologies, and afforestation.
Soil is composed of rock particles, humus, mineral salts, water, air, and organisms. Humus is a dark brown material made up of decayed plants and animals found in topsoil. It improves soil properties by retaining water, improving texture and structure, and providing mineral salts and air spaces. Different soil types like clay, sandy, and loam soils vary in properties such as water retention, drainage, and aeration depending on the relative proportions of particles like clay, sand, and silt. Fertility can be increased by adding fertilizers, crop rotation to replenish depleted nutrients, practices like ploughing for aeration, and maintaining a neutral pH.
The document discusses oil pollution from spills and strategies for cleanup. It describes how oil spills occur from tankers and drilling rigs, lists some major spill incidents, and explains the effects of spills on marine plants and animals. The strategies section covers natural recovery as well as mechanical, chemical and biological cleanup methods like booms, dispersants, and bioremediation. Land spills are also discussed, along with their effects and methods for recovery including bioremediation and phytoremediation using plants.
An oil spill is the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity. It pollutes the environment and is difficult to clean up, sometimes taking weeks, months or years. Oil spills negatively impact local industries, human health, marine ecosystems, vegetation, beaches, and fragile marine environments. They affect tourism and fishing industries and can cause respiratory issues and health problems for humans. The impacts depend on factors like the area affected, weather and proximity to breeding areas. Oil can smother and poison animals and plants, damaging habitats and food chains. Cleanup methods include booming, burning, spreading chemicals, skimming, using sorbents, and manual labor. Some major oil spills were the
The document discusses oil spills, their causes and effects. It notes that oil spills pollute water and land, harming plants, animals and the environment. Major causes include human activities like oil transportation and extraction. Effects include damage to human health, marine life, industries like fishing and tourism. The document outlines methods to monitor and control oil spills, including booms, skimmers and sorbents to contain spilled oil, as well as preventing spills through practices like double hulling of vessels.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate water bodies directly or indirectly. Various human activities like industries, agriculture, mining, wetland destruction and deforestation can pollute water. Industries release waste that affects water quality, while agriculture increases soil erosion, nutrients and pesticide use. Mining increases minerals and affects pH and clarity. Wetland destruction removes natural filters, and deforestation increases soil erosion, nutrients and disease risk. Accidental pollution from spills can also damage water. Soil pollution reduces soil quality, increases health risks, and contaminates water sources through runoff. It harms soil ecosystems. Various agencies work to prevent water and soil pollution and provide information.
The document provides information about oil spills, including what they are, their causes, effects, and cleanup methods. It defines an oil spill as the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, usually from human activity. Major oil spills discussed include the M/T Haven which spilled 42 million gallons in Italy in 1991, and the Nowruz Oil Field spill of 80 million gallons in the Persian Gulf in 1983 during the Iran-Iraq War. The effects of oil spills are described for local industries, human health, and marine ecosystems. Methods of cleaning up oil spills discussed include booms, burning, dispersants, and skimmers.
Oil spill (Causes, Control and Prevention)Nitish Prasad
Presentation on Oil Spill presented during my 8th Semester at Department of Petroleum Engineering, Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses sources and consequences of oil pollution. It describes various sources of oil pollution including natural seeps, sea-based sources like oil spills from tankers and pipelines, and land-based sources such as urban and industrial runoff. Sea-based sources are divided into accidental discharges from incidents and operational discharges from regular shipping activities. Land-based sources also include oil in untreated sewage and stormwater. The consequences of oil spills are extensive damage to wildlife from ingestion and coating of feathers/fur, as well as long-term pollution of sediments that can impact burrowing animals for decades. Cleanup and recovery of oil spills is challenging and dependent on various environmental factors.
Sandy beaches are dynamic ecosystems that serve as a buffer between land and sea. They are home to a variety of organisms adapted to changing environmental conditions. Sandy beaches are composed of particles such as quartz and carbonate sands that are transported by water. Beaches support a high density of microorganisms, meiofauna, and macrofauna adapted to periodic submersion and exposure. However, human activities like recreation, pollution, and mining threaten sandy beach ecosystems around the world.
Offshore Response Systems In Reference Of Bioremediation Tech During Oil Spil...Safar Md. Khan
1. The document discusses various offshore response systems and technologies for oil spill cleanup, including surveillance, mechanical containment and recovery, chemical dispersion, in-situ burning, and bioremediation.
2. Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down oil pollutants and is an environmentally friendly approach. Products like Ramsorb contain oil-eating bacteria to clean oil spills.
3. Effective oil spill response requires prevention strategies like leak detection and emergency shutdown systems, as well as response equipment and technologies to contain, recover, and treat oil using methods appropriate to the type and location of the spill.
The document discusses the fate and transport of pesticides in the environment. It describes how pesticides can be broken down through processes like photodegradation, microbial breakdown, and chemical breakdown. It also explains how pesticides can be transferred in the environment through processes like volatilization, runoff, spray drift, leaching, uptake, and adsorption. It then discusses the use of computer models to simulate the movement and behavior of pesticides in soils, water, and air.
Bryophytes are a diverse group of land plants.
Have large ecological impact.
23,000 described species world wide.
Largest group of land plants except for the flowering plants.
Integral part of natural environment of forest ecosystems.
Bryophytes are of small size.
Some of them attain a height up to half meter or a little more.
Store large amount of water, nutrients and carbon in their biomass.
In peatlands, bryophytes function as carbon sinks, which is a matter of great concern when considered with the rise of global carbon dioxide level.
Ability to remain alive for a long period without water even
under high temperature, and then resume photosynthesis within seconds after being moistened by rain or dew.
Most bryophytes are ectohydric, i.e., ability to absorb water, inorganic nutrients and mineral elements directly from the atmosphere rather than the soil and substratum.
Bryophytes possess short-lived sporophytic and dominant gametophytic phase.
The Effects of Eichhornia crassipes on the water resourcestheijes
Eichhornia crassipes transfered to Iraq from Egypt in order to use as garnish plants in plantation in military channel region in Baghdad, and transferred to Tigris River, then spread in rivers, streams and irrigation stations in Karbala city and Dhi Qar city. Eichhornia crassipes is the most serious aquatic plants affecting the water resources in most countries , which is one of the most dangerous jungles of the world , widespread and endemic in a region is a disaster of those regional water and cause devastating case and cause significant economic losses due to the quickly spread of this plant. There are three generally methods used to control Eichhornia crassipes invasion (mechanical method, chemical method, biological method). The mechanical method is the oldest method used in treatment this herb, chemical method used in very high spread of herb, while biological method is very effective without any environmental effects.
Sources and effects of oil pollution in marine environmentPramoda Raj
This document discusses sources and effects of oil pollution in the marine environment. It describes several major oil spills that have occurred, including the 1967 Torrey Canyon disaster where 95,000 tons of oil were spilled. It also discusses the 1990 Gulf oil spill and the 1993 Bombay High oil spill. The physical and chemical effects of oil on water and wildlife are explained, such as reduced oxygen levels and light penetration in water and hypothermia and starvation in birds. Sources of oil pollution include cargo tank washing, oil transportation accidents, offshore drilling activities, and oil pipelines near waterways.
This document discusses oil pollution from spills. It begins with an introduction that describes how oil spills harm the environment and are difficult to clean up. It then covers topics like the composition of crude oil, sources of oil pollution such as tanker accidents and pipeline leaks, methods for treating oil spills, the toxicity of petroleum, and the ecological impacts of oil in the environment. Specific case studies of major oil spills are also mentioned such as the Exxon Valdez and some spills that occurred in India.
The document discusses several biogeochemical cycles including the nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, potassium cycle, and sulfur cycle. For each cycle it describes the major processes and transformations that elements undergo as they move through biotic and abiotic components of the Earth system. These include atmospheric, soil, water, and organism components. Key processes discussed are nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, weathering, mineralization, assimilation, and decomposition. The slow movement of phosphorus through soils and oceans is also noted.
BIOREMIDIATION & RECYCLING OF WASTE MATERIAL AND ITS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITYLovnish Thakur
THE WHOLE PRESENTATION DESCRIBE WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF POLLUTION AND A CASE HOW CORAL REEF ARE AFFECTED BY IT .WHAT IS BIOREMEDIATION & PHYTOREMEDIATION.
This document summarizes the impacts of oil spills and methods for responding to them. It discusses how oil spills adversely affect the marine environment, wildlife, human health, tourism and the economy. It then describes common oil spill response equipment like booms, skimmers and storage facilities used for containment, collection and disposal. The document also discusses the use of chemical dispersants and different types. It outlines various effects of oil spills including on marine life, humans and industries like fisheries and tourism. Finally, it provides an overview of remediation methods and common government policies around planning, notification, response and prevention regarding oil spills.
Marine pollution occurs when harmful chemicals, particles, waste, noise or invasive organisms enter the oceans from industrial, agricultural and residential sources. Major pollutants include petroleum hydrocarbons, plastics, pesticides, heavy metals, sewage, radioactive waste and thermal effluents. Each year, pollution is estimated to kill 100,000 marine mammals and 2 million seabirds through ingestion or entanglement in plastic debris. Heavy metals from natural and human sources persist in the environment and bioaccumulate up the food chain. Various pollutants and their impacts, as well as efforts to contain oil spills and remediate contaminated sites are discussed.
Humans contribute to ocean dumping through household waste like detergent and fertilizers that make their way into water systems through drains and landfill runoff. This pollution poisons aquatic life and habitats. Major causes of ocean dumping include industrial waste, farm and city runoff, sewage, and trash from landfills near coasts. Effects on the environment are extensive - it causes dead zones through eutrophication and oxygen depletion, destroys ecosystems, spreads toxins up the food chain, and leads to higher extinction rates of aquatic species. Human health is also impacted as chemicals biomagnify and can lead to poisoning if water is not thoroughly treated. Future impacts may worsen if water quality declines further and demand rises.
The document summarizes the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and methods for cleaning it up. It discusses how over 200 million gallons of oil leaked from a blown out well 1 mile below the surface. Common cleanup methods include dispersants, booms, and skimming. The document proposes using materials like hair, wool, and polymers to absorb oil and reports on an experiment testing wool, recycled cellulose, oil-absorbing polymer, and nonwoven wool blanket on simulated oil.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants into less toxic or non-toxic substances. It became popular in the 21st century after Dr. Anandamohan Chakrobarty discovered that Pseudomonas putida bacteria could degrade oil spills. For effective bioremediation, certain conditions must be met including an adequate microbial population, oxygen levels, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. There are two main types - natural bioremediation which has occurred for millions of years as microbes break down dead organic matter, and managed bioremediation where humans apply the process by controlling soil conditions to degrade contaminants.
Petroleum has many negative environmental impacts. It is toxic to most forms of life and contributes to global warming by releasing greenhouse gases when burned. Extracting and transporting oil also damages marine environments through offshore drilling and the risk of oil spills from tanker accidents. Oil spills are especially damaging to sea life and coastal ecosystems when they spread into thin slicks that can cover large areas, killing birds, fish, and other organisms. While crude oil spills can be more contained on land, offshore oil spills are much harder to clean up and their impacts may spread for hundreds of miles.
Phytoremediation uses plants to remove, detoxify, or immobilize environmental pollutants like metals and organic compounds from soil and water. It works through natural processes of plants like absorption, accumulation, precipitation, volatilization, and stimulation of degrading microbes. Common mechanisms include phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytotransformation, phytostimulation, and rhizofiltration. While cost-effective and environmentally friendly, phytoremediation is slow and not suitable for highly contaminated sites. Plant species are chosen based on their ability to uptake and process contaminants as well as adapt to soil and climate conditions.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Oil spill (Causes, Control and Prevention)Nitish Prasad
Presentation on Oil Spill presented during my 8th Semester at Department of Petroleum Engineering, Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses sources and consequences of oil pollution. It describes various sources of oil pollution including natural seeps, sea-based sources like oil spills from tankers and pipelines, and land-based sources such as urban and industrial runoff. Sea-based sources are divided into accidental discharges from incidents and operational discharges from regular shipping activities. Land-based sources also include oil in untreated sewage and stormwater. The consequences of oil spills are extensive damage to wildlife from ingestion and coating of feathers/fur, as well as long-term pollution of sediments that can impact burrowing animals for decades. Cleanup and recovery of oil spills is challenging and dependent on various environmental factors.
Sandy beaches are dynamic ecosystems that serve as a buffer between land and sea. They are home to a variety of organisms adapted to changing environmental conditions. Sandy beaches are composed of particles such as quartz and carbonate sands that are transported by water. Beaches support a high density of microorganisms, meiofauna, and macrofauna adapted to periodic submersion and exposure. However, human activities like recreation, pollution, and mining threaten sandy beach ecosystems around the world.
Offshore Response Systems In Reference Of Bioremediation Tech During Oil Spil...Safar Md. Khan
1. The document discusses various offshore response systems and technologies for oil spill cleanup, including surveillance, mechanical containment and recovery, chemical dispersion, in-situ burning, and bioremediation.
2. Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down oil pollutants and is an environmentally friendly approach. Products like Ramsorb contain oil-eating bacteria to clean oil spills.
3. Effective oil spill response requires prevention strategies like leak detection and emergency shutdown systems, as well as response equipment and technologies to contain, recover, and treat oil using methods appropriate to the type and location of the spill.
The document discusses the fate and transport of pesticides in the environment. It describes how pesticides can be broken down through processes like photodegradation, microbial breakdown, and chemical breakdown. It also explains how pesticides can be transferred in the environment through processes like volatilization, runoff, spray drift, leaching, uptake, and adsorption. It then discusses the use of computer models to simulate the movement and behavior of pesticides in soils, water, and air.
Bryophytes are a diverse group of land plants.
Have large ecological impact.
23,000 described species world wide.
Largest group of land plants except for the flowering plants.
Integral part of natural environment of forest ecosystems.
Bryophytes are of small size.
Some of them attain a height up to half meter or a little more.
Store large amount of water, nutrients and carbon in their biomass.
In peatlands, bryophytes function as carbon sinks, which is a matter of great concern when considered with the rise of global carbon dioxide level.
Ability to remain alive for a long period without water even
under high temperature, and then resume photosynthesis within seconds after being moistened by rain or dew.
Most bryophytes are ectohydric, i.e., ability to absorb water, inorganic nutrients and mineral elements directly from the atmosphere rather than the soil and substratum.
Bryophytes possess short-lived sporophytic and dominant gametophytic phase.
The Effects of Eichhornia crassipes on the water resourcestheijes
Eichhornia crassipes transfered to Iraq from Egypt in order to use as garnish plants in plantation in military channel region in Baghdad, and transferred to Tigris River, then spread in rivers, streams and irrigation stations in Karbala city and Dhi Qar city. Eichhornia crassipes is the most serious aquatic plants affecting the water resources in most countries , which is one of the most dangerous jungles of the world , widespread and endemic in a region is a disaster of those regional water and cause devastating case and cause significant economic losses due to the quickly spread of this plant. There are three generally methods used to control Eichhornia crassipes invasion (mechanical method, chemical method, biological method). The mechanical method is the oldest method used in treatment this herb, chemical method used in very high spread of herb, while biological method is very effective without any environmental effects.
Sources and effects of oil pollution in marine environmentPramoda Raj
This document discusses sources and effects of oil pollution in the marine environment. It describes several major oil spills that have occurred, including the 1967 Torrey Canyon disaster where 95,000 tons of oil were spilled. It also discusses the 1990 Gulf oil spill and the 1993 Bombay High oil spill. The physical and chemical effects of oil on water and wildlife are explained, such as reduced oxygen levels and light penetration in water and hypothermia and starvation in birds. Sources of oil pollution include cargo tank washing, oil transportation accidents, offshore drilling activities, and oil pipelines near waterways.
This document discusses oil pollution from spills. It begins with an introduction that describes how oil spills harm the environment and are difficult to clean up. It then covers topics like the composition of crude oil, sources of oil pollution such as tanker accidents and pipeline leaks, methods for treating oil spills, the toxicity of petroleum, and the ecological impacts of oil in the environment. Specific case studies of major oil spills are also mentioned such as the Exxon Valdez and some spills that occurred in India.
The document discusses several biogeochemical cycles including the nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, potassium cycle, and sulfur cycle. For each cycle it describes the major processes and transformations that elements undergo as they move through biotic and abiotic components of the Earth system. These include atmospheric, soil, water, and organism components. Key processes discussed are nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, weathering, mineralization, assimilation, and decomposition. The slow movement of phosphorus through soils and oceans is also noted.
BIOREMIDIATION & RECYCLING OF WASTE MATERIAL AND ITS IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITYLovnish Thakur
THE WHOLE PRESENTATION DESCRIBE WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF POLLUTION AND A CASE HOW CORAL REEF ARE AFFECTED BY IT .WHAT IS BIOREMEDIATION & PHYTOREMEDIATION.
This document summarizes the impacts of oil spills and methods for responding to them. It discusses how oil spills adversely affect the marine environment, wildlife, human health, tourism and the economy. It then describes common oil spill response equipment like booms, skimmers and storage facilities used for containment, collection and disposal. The document also discusses the use of chemical dispersants and different types. It outlines various effects of oil spills including on marine life, humans and industries like fisheries and tourism. Finally, it provides an overview of remediation methods and common government policies around planning, notification, response and prevention regarding oil spills.
Marine pollution occurs when harmful chemicals, particles, waste, noise or invasive organisms enter the oceans from industrial, agricultural and residential sources. Major pollutants include petroleum hydrocarbons, plastics, pesticides, heavy metals, sewage, radioactive waste and thermal effluents. Each year, pollution is estimated to kill 100,000 marine mammals and 2 million seabirds through ingestion or entanglement in plastic debris. Heavy metals from natural and human sources persist in the environment and bioaccumulate up the food chain. Various pollutants and their impacts, as well as efforts to contain oil spills and remediate contaminated sites are discussed.
Humans contribute to ocean dumping through household waste like detergent and fertilizers that make their way into water systems through drains and landfill runoff. This pollution poisons aquatic life and habitats. Major causes of ocean dumping include industrial waste, farm and city runoff, sewage, and trash from landfills near coasts. Effects on the environment are extensive - it causes dead zones through eutrophication and oxygen depletion, destroys ecosystems, spreads toxins up the food chain, and leads to higher extinction rates of aquatic species. Human health is also impacted as chemicals biomagnify and can lead to poisoning if water is not thoroughly treated. Future impacts may worsen if water quality declines further and demand rises.
The document summarizes the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and methods for cleaning it up. It discusses how over 200 million gallons of oil leaked from a blown out well 1 mile below the surface. Common cleanup methods include dispersants, booms, and skimming. The document proposes using materials like hair, wool, and polymers to absorb oil and reports on an experiment testing wool, recycled cellulose, oil-absorbing polymer, and nonwoven wool blanket on simulated oil.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants into less toxic or non-toxic substances. It became popular in the 21st century after Dr. Anandamohan Chakrobarty discovered that Pseudomonas putida bacteria could degrade oil spills. For effective bioremediation, certain conditions must be met including an adequate microbial population, oxygen levels, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. There are two main types - natural bioremediation which has occurred for millions of years as microbes break down dead organic matter, and managed bioremediation where humans apply the process by controlling soil conditions to degrade contaminants.
Petroleum has many negative environmental impacts. It is toxic to most forms of life and contributes to global warming by releasing greenhouse gases when burned. Extracting and transporting oil also damages marine environments through offshore drilling and the risk of oil spills from tanker accidents. Oil spills are especially damaging to sea life and coastal ecosystems when they spread into thin slicks that can cover large areas, killing birds, fish, and other organisms. While crude oil spills can be more contained on land, offshore oil spills are much harder to clean up and their impacts may spread for hundreds of miles.
Phytoremediation uses plants to remove, detoxify, or immobilize environmental pollutants like metals and organic compounds from soil and water. It works through natural processes of plants like absorption, accumulation, precipitation, volatilization, and stimulation of degrading microbes. Common mechanisms include phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytotransformation, phytostimulation, and rhizofiltration. While cost-effective and environmentally friendly, phytoremediation is slow and not suitable for highly contaminated sites. Plant species are chosen based on their ability to uptake and process contaminants as well as adapt to soil and climate conditions.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
China has been pursuing its national interests through economic and soft power engagement with emerging countries in a non-aggressive manner. China uses soft power tools like investment, exchange programs, public diplomacy, humanitarian aid, and contributions to multilateral institutions to increase its influence abroad. While China has made progress in utilizing soft power, it still faces limitations and lags behind the United States in some areas like foreign direct investment and foreign aid. China's soft power growth is often exaggerated and it still lacks a coordinated national soft power strategy.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Development of a power factor model for power sysytem loadstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Developing Accident Avoidance Program for Occupational Safety and Healththeijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Using the Physicochemical Properties and the Thermo-oxidation Degradation Pro...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Implementing a Robust Network-Based Intrusion Detection Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Determination of the Cost of Production from the Raw Dung to the Final Outpu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Bioremediation of Aquifers and Marine Oil SpillsAsma Hossain
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for cleaning up aquifers and marine oil spills. It defines bioremediation and oil spills, describes causes and impacts of spills. Techniques discussed include using nutrient enrichment or microorganisms like Alcanivorax borkumensis bacteria to break down oil, and developing "superbugs" with multiple degradation gene plasmids. While bioremediation is more natural and cost effective than physical/chemical methods, it works slowly and requires site-specific approaches.
Oil or Crude oil is the remains of antiquated plants and animals, compressed profound within the soil into fluid strings of hydrogen and carbon.
Ancient Greeks gave it the title petroleum, from the Greek "petra" meaning rock, and "oleum" meaning oil. crude oil and petroleum fossil fuels because they are mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms) that lived millions of years ago in a marine environment before the existence of dinosaurs
Over millions of years, the remains of these animals and plants were covered by layers of sand, silt, and rock. Heat and pressure from these layers turned the remains into.
Oil is an ancient fossil fuel that we use to heat our homes, generate electricity, and power large sectors of our economy. But
when oil accidentally spills into the ocean, it can cause big problems. Oil spills can harm sea creatures, ruin a day at the beach, and make seafood unsafe to eat. It takes sound science to clean up the oil, measure the impacts of pollution, and help the ocean recover.
Inhalation of vapor, touching oil slicks and consuming contaminated sea food
Exposure may cause neurological, acute toxic effects, ocular (eye) and also problems of respiratory system.
People living in effected areas showed nausea, throat infections, nose and eye irritations etc along with migraines and headaches.
Ingestion of oil produces in sea food is
dangerous as oil products having
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH). These are human carcinogens.
This paper provides an overview of oil spills, their causes and environmental effects. It discusses how oil spills occur mainly as a result of human activities like oil exploration and transport. The paper outlines several methods used to control oil spills, such as using oil booms, sorbents, and dispersal agents to clean up affected areas. It also discusses the environmental and economic impacts of oil spills, which can be devastating and take a long time to remediate.
Heavy metals and toxic compounds from industrial waste pollute nearby water bodies, harming aquatic life and disrupting food chains. Microbial pollutants from sewage cause infectious diseases in aquatic and terrestrial life. Excess nutrients from sewage and fertilizer runoff lead to algal blooms that deplete oxygen and suffocate fish. Atmospheric deposition and global warming raise water temperatures, damaging marine habitats. Case studies on bottled water in India found pesticide residues from contaminated groundwater sources, and oil spills from tanker accidents cause long-lasting damage by coating and killing wildlife.
Oil spillage,current scenario,cause and human impact.pptxPrashantRaj100
The document discusses oil spillage, including causes such as accidents involving tankers and drilling rigs. It outlines various human and environmental impacts of oil spills, such as threats to wildlife and air and water pollution. Methods for controlling and cleaning up oil spills are described, like using oil booms, skimmers, and dispersants. Regulations around oil spills and the agencies that oversee prevention and response efforts are also summarized.
Peer Review of Exposure to Water Soluble Fractions of DieselAfonte4
The study investigated the suppressive growth effects of various water soluble fractions of diesel on the marine diatom Chaetoceros calcitrans. The results showed that the 96-hour EC50 of diesel oil was approximately 36.56-38.02 mg/L, as determined by graphical interpolation. Water soluble fractions did not appear toxic below 40% concentration, but growth was suppressed at concentrations greater than 40% and well over 80%. The main factors contributing to diesel oil toxicity were effects from organism coating reducing gas/light exchange, and effects from uptake of low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons disrupting cellular metabolism.
Oil is a necessity in the industrial society and a major element of our lifestyle. In fact, production and consumption of oil and petroleum products are increasing, and the risk of oil pollution is increasing accordingly.
Assessing The Impact Of Oil Spills On Marine OrganismsTracy Hill
This document discusses the impacts of oil spills on marine organisms. It begins by providing background on the frequency and sizes of oil spills and notes that even small spills can have harmful impacts. It then reviews the toxic effects of crude oil, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), on various marine vertebrates and invertebrates. Key impacts include increased mortality, impaired physiological functions, reduced growth and development, and long-term health effects. Finally, it summarizes that oil spills can cause lasting damage to marine life and ecosystems, with some species never fully recovering.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies from various sources such as factories, sewage treatment plants, agricultural and livestock farms, and urban settlements. Major causes of water pollution include improper disposal of sewage and industrial waste, oil spills, seepage from landfills, excess fertilizers and pesticides, and littering. Water pollution has wide-ranging negative impacts like endangering plant and animal species, causing eutrophication, contaminating food sources, and affecting human health. It also leads to significant economic losses for industries like fishing and tourism.
ArticlesOil Impacts on Coastal WetlandsImplications for.docxfredharris32
Articles
Oil Impacts on Coastal Wetlands:
Implications for the Mississippi
River Delta Ecosystem after the
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spiii
IRVING A. MENDELSSOHN, GARY L. ANDERSEN, DONALD M. BALTZ, REX H. CAFFEY, KEVIN R. CARMAN,
JOHN W. FLEEGER, SAMANTHA B. JOYE, QIANXIN LIN, EDWARD MALTBY, EDWARD B. OVERTON, AND
LAWRENCE R ROZAS
On 20 April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon explosion, which released a US government-estimated 4.9 million barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of
Mexico, was responsible for the death of 11 oil workers and, possibly, for an environmental disaster unparalleled in US history. For 87 consecutive
days, the Macondo well continuously released crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Many kilometers of shoreline in the northern Gulf of Mexico were
affected, including the fragile and ecologically important wetlands of Louisiana's Mississippi River Delta ecosystem. These wetlands are responsible
for a third of the nation's fish production and, ironically, help to protect an energy infrastructure that provides a third of the nation's oil and gas
supply. Here, we provide a basic overview of the chemistry and biology of oil spills in coastal wetlands and an assessment of the potential and
realized effects on the ecological condition of the Mississippi River Delta and its associated flora and fauna.
Keywords: wetlands, environmental science, ecology, coastal ecosystems, microbiology
The uncontrolled blowout of the Macondo wellhead, locatedat Mississippi Canyon Block 252, which occurred on
20 April 2010 during the completion of drilling by the
Deepwater Horizon (DWH) drilling platform, is potentially
one of the largest environmental disasters ever experienced
in the United States, and, without question, the largest
marine oil discharge. The release of a US government-
estimated 4.9 million barrels of oil exposed the nation's
largest and most productive wetland-estuarine environ-
ment to an unprecedented level of environmental impact
(National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil
Spill and Offshore Drilling 2011). The coastal wetlands of
the Mississippi River Delta ecosystem, which constitute
almost 40% of the coastal wetlands of the 48 conterminous
United States, is of special concern because of the multitude
of environmentally and economically important services
that they supply to the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and
to the entire United States. These wetlands provide the base
for such ecosystem services as storm protection, water qual-
ity enhancement, faunal support, and carbon sequestration.
Approximately 30% of the United States' commercial fishery
production is dependent on these wetlands, and ironically,
they protect an oil and gas infrastructure that provides
one-third of the nation's oil and gas supply and 50% of the
nation's refining capacity.
Of course, the DWH spill is not the first to affect coastal
wetlands. In the United States alone, multiple smaller
spills occur each year. However, large spills that resul ...
Effect of Hydrocarbons extraction on flora faunasatyamYadav50
1. The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill in California released an estimated 3 million gallons of crude oil into the ocean, creating a 35-mile oil slick along the coastline that killed thousands of birds, fish, and sea mammals.
2. The spill drew intense media coverage and turned public opinion strongly against offshore drilling in California. It led to significant new conservation efforts in the state.
3. While some marine life like fish populations recovered, the spill had immediate environmental effects including the death of at least 3,686 birds and some sea lions and elephant seals. Intertidal organisms like barnacles suffered 80-90% mortality in some areas.
instructions1. a brief cover letter (1-2 pages) explaining ho.docxaryan532920
instructions
1. a brief cover letter (1-2 pages) explaining how you addressed ALL of the concerns of your reviewers’ in your final manuscript, make sure you describe where you made each change in the final manuscript (e.g., I changed figure 1 as the reviewer requested by altering the font and adding additional details to make the figure more descriptive) Word Document (.doc or .docx)
2. author
3. author affiliation
4. title
5. article preview/teaser
6. full article text (1,000 - 1,250 words)
7. search/glossary words
8. figure captions
9. references
10. glossary
11. figures (4-6 total figures/tables/maps/diagrams)
review from other student
reviewer1
A.
1. This article clearly explains the effects of crude oil spills on phytoplankton. The language is not cluttered thus easy to follow.
2. This article seems to be scientifically accurate.
3. This article flows very well and is organized in a reasonable way that is conducive to learning.
B.
1. This article functions well as a teaching piece. It states many facts that show the author did sufficient research on the topic.
2. The author seemed to include all the necessary components to successfully tell the story. Although, it could have been more focused on just phytoplankton as the teaser suggests.
C.
1. Yes, the article includes ten references.
2. The author did include 4 figures that successfully add to the telling of the story. These 4 figures each have their own description.
3. The author did cite their references throughout the article using the authors last name.
4. The article is over 1,000 words.
D.
2. The article is very good but I would suggest making the article more pointed at the phytoplankton.
2016年3月25日 下午12:09
reviewer 2
A
1. The Article has a good point of view for us to understand Crude oil spillage are and how they affect use as americans.
2.This is an article that is scientifically accurate
3.if people read this article and they dont understand Crude oil spillage this article encourages them to learn learn about it .
B.
1.this article function as a piece of teaching us what . Crude oil spillage it is and the affects on whart its doing to us in America and how we can resolve it
this article tells a story in my reading this article i learned that our own Ohio stadium zero waste pretty interesting.
2.this article is ready to tell a story. about what Crude oil spillage is and why its a part of our life today In my reading I don’t see anything that needs to be added to this article expect maybe talk about what can we do to slove this problem
C
1. yes this article has at least 10 references
2. Yes this author included at least 4 high-quality figures and/or tables. Each one has a description describing the figure
3.no they did not display figures properly thought the article
D.
looking over this article I can make a final say is that this author did a good job on this article well thought out . great point need to be impoved ...
This document reviews the potential uses of water hyacinth, an invasive aquatic plant. It discusses how water hyacinth can be used in aquaculture by providing shade and habitat for young fish. It can also be used to treat wastewater by absorbing nutrients and heavy metals. Water hyacinth is a viable raw material for biogas production and fertilizer. While water hyacinth poses problems by clogging waterways, harnessing its benefits through local industries could generate income and alleviate poverty in affected communities.
This document summarizes a research study that tested different materials as potential oil spill absorbents. Coconut husk, unground corn cobs, and ground corn cobs were tested to see which absorbed the most oil from a water-oil mixture. The coconut husk absorbed the most oil due to its fibrous nature. While all absorbents removed only a small amount of water as expected, coconut husk was the most effective at oil removal and is therefore recommended for use in oil spill cleanup devices.
1. The study compared the oil absorption capabilities of coconut husk, grounded corn cob, and ungrounded corn cob. It found that coconut husk was the most effective absorber, absorbing virtually all the oil from the water.
2. The larger surface area of materials like the grounded corn cob allowed it to absorb more oil than the ungrounded corn cob. Coconut husk, with its fibrous nature, proved to be the best absorber.
3. While the absorbers removed only small amounts of water as expected, coconut husk achieved the highest ratio of remaining water to remaining oil. Given its effectiveness and low cost, the study recommends coconut husk be used in devices for offshore oil spill
This document contains information about various types of pollution:
1. It defines environmental pollution and describes the types as air, water, soil, noise, and marine pollution.
2. For air pollution, it discusses the sources, effects on human health, plants, and materials. It also provides ways to control air pollution such as using low sulfur coal, vehicle emission control, and planting trees.
3. For water pollution, it defines it and provides sources such as sewage, waste heat, agrochemicals, and industrial effluents. It lists ways to control water pollution like judicious use of agrochemicals and planting trees.
4. It discusses noise pollution, its sources from transportation
Effects of crude oil pollution in the tropical rainforest biodiversity of Ecu...Innspub Net
The interconnectivity among the aquatic ecosystems of Ecuadorian Amazon makes them highly sensitive to broad range of anthropogenic activities like oil pollution. Ecuadorian Amazon biodiversity is in great threats because of the large scale oil pollution by the Chevron-Texaco which systematically dumped 18.5 billion gallons of highly carcinogenic toxic waste into unlined pits, swamps, streams, and rivers into the rainforest from 1964 to 1992. Vast number of ecologically important animals and plants populations is in great threats after this massive oil pollution. The spread of oil and its biological effects is documented immediately. Forest plants, river grasses, algae, and associated invertebrates were badly covered by oil and soon after they are died regularly. The death of Dolphins, Otter and several species of birds has been reported because of oil pollution. The secondary effects of oil pollution are always much greater than the primary effects. So, proper initiatives should be taken in the long run to protect the biological communities of Amazon.
1. Hydrocarbon pollution from sources like petroleum is a serious environmental problem and can be toxic to all living organisms. Crude oil contains a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and heavy metals that are difficult to remediate when co-contaminated.
2. The toxicity of hydrocarbons depends on their chemical properties and exposure levels, and can damage human organ systems and cause diseases. Long term exposure to compounds in crude oil like aromatics and polyaromatics can lead to cancer and nervous system effects.
3. Living organisms can be exposed to more volatile light hydrocarbon fractions through inhalation and ingestion of contaminated air and water, while heavier fractions persist in soils and can be absorbed through skin contact
Oil pollution occurs when liquid petroleum hydrocarbons are released into the environment due to human activity. This can happen from oil tankers, drilling rigs, and offshore platforms. Crude oil and natural gas were formed from marine plants and animals millions of years ago. When an oil spill occurs, the oil mixes with seawater and forms an emulsion on the surface. Over time, oil droplets weather and break down due to bacteria. Oil spills have harmful environmental effects like killing animals and coastal vegetation. Cleanup methods include using oil booms, sorbents, skimming, and in-situ burning.
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Statics, Pressure MeasurementIndrajeet sahu
Properties of Fluids: Density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility, and specific gravity define fluid behavior.
Fluid Statics: Studies pressure, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and fluid forces on surfaces.
Pressure at a Point: In a static fluid, the pressure at any point is the same in all directions. This is known as Pascal's principle. The pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above.
Hydrostatic Pressure: The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It can be calculated using the formula P=ρghP=ρgh, where PP is the pressure, ρρ is the fluid density, gg is the acceleration due to gravity, and hh is the height of the fluid column above the point in question.
Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or partially submerged object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, as described by Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy explains why objects float or sink in fluids.
Fluid Pressure on Surfaces: The analysis of pressure forces on surfaces submerged in fluids. This includes calculating the total force and the center of pressure, which is the point where the resultant pressure force acts.
Pressure Measurement: Manometers, barometers, pressure gauges, and differential pressure transducers measure fluid pressure.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)GiselleginaGloria
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 6 || Pages || 30-40 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 30
Effects Of Crude Oil Spill In Germination And Growth
Of Hibiscus Esculentus (Okra) Inbayelsa State
Niger Delta Region Of Nigeria
1
Cara FiriAppah ,2
D. C. Okujagu, 3
S. E.Bassey
1,3
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amasoma,
Bayelsa State, Nigeria
2,
Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
-------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------
The effects of crude oil in plant germination and growth were investigated using Hibiscus esculentus. A total of
15 pots having 2 viable. Hibiscus esculentus seeds each; containing 20 kg of loamy soil were investigated. Pots
were used as control experiment, 5 had crude oil applied before planting seeds at levels of 100ml 150ml, 200ml,
250ml and 300ml and 5 had crude oil applied in soil after germination of seeds. It was observed that seeds in
the control pots had normal growth, where as in the crude oil applied soil before planting, seeds had no
germination and those in crude oil applied soil after planting, the plants had stunted growth.
KEY WORDS:Crude oil, hibiscus esculentus, seeds, growth, and germination
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 10 February 2014 Date of Publication: 05 July 2014
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The increasing rate of crude oil pollution on farm lands in particular and generally to our environment
is one, which is a disturbing reality to the inhabitants of areas that are affected and also to the companies that are
involved in the oil prospecting and exploration.Crude oil is a natural inheritance present in the beds of ancient
seas. It is a complex and varied mixture of a number of hydrocarbons with small amounts of sulfur, nitrogen and
oxygen. It is believed to be of organic origin, which occurs, naturally in the upper strata of the earth in various
parts of the world. There are different types of crude oil and this is a function of the different amount of
different hydrocarbons and other sub molecules.Crude oil especially from different field varies widely in
physical and chemical properties.As mentioned, crude oils are essential mixtures of hydrocarbons, but not all
hydrocarbons are present in every crude oil and in situations where the same hydrocarbons are present they are
usually not present in the same proportion. This gives the basis for the formation of different types of crude. The
character ofcrude oil is determined by the kind of hydrocarbons it contains and the proportions in which they are
mixed.Nearly all crude are lighter (less dense) then water and flow quite readily, but some are heavy and do not
flow freely. Crude from one field may be almost colourless; that form another black, but usually the colour
varies from light amber to light and dark green and brown.Small amounts of sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen are
mixed with the hydrocarbons. Some crude have high sulfur content; those are called sour crude because of their
odour. Those with low sulfur content are called sweet crude.The hydrocarbon molecules in petroleum vary in
the number of hydrogen and carbon atoms and in the pattern in which the atoms are arranged. Those with a large
number of carbon atom make up the thicker and heavier parts or fractions of crude oil such as asphalt.Other
molecules with small number of atoms make up the lighter and more volatile fraction such as gasoline. With the
knowledge that crude is found beneath the earth surface we may ask how one can access crude and this is done
by drilling. After crude has been drilled, it has to be refined to suit human needs.
Crude is usually transported to the refineries and this is the part that is of great disturbance because in
the process of transportation a lot of spillage occurs - such as spillage from tankers, leakage from of shore wells,
leakage from pipelines and trucks and even from underground storage tanks. After crude has being refined an
amount of waste is produced and some times this waste is discharged into oceans which may flow to land, later
causing pollution on farm lands.When pollution of land occurs (farmland) most times research is carried out on
such land in other to know the level of damage caused so that compensation and treatment of the land can
commence.Hibiscus esculentus (okra) is a garden plant closely related to the hibiscus. This plant is popularly
used in Nigeria by more than 60% of the country‘s human population.It produces pods eaten in soups arid stews
and as a Fried or boiled vegetable. It is grown as a fruit vegetable in most of the West African countries. The
plant grows up to 3 meters or more with the dwarf variety reaching 1 to 1. 5 meter in height.
2. Effects Of Crude Oil Spill In Germination…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 31
It has a hairy wooden stem and a tap root system. The leaves are hairy broad, large and bright yellows.
The pods grow up to 5-10cm in length.Hisbiscus esculentus is a source of carbohydrate, some protein and
mainly vitamin A and this gives the plant medicinalimportance since vitamin A promotes the formation of
visual purple, an eye pigment that is destroyed by light. The vitamin A present in this plant also is very
necessary in keeping the skin and mucous membranes healthy and is necessary for the normal formation and
growth of bones and teeth. Okra also has some economical importance as it has been exported as food to other
countries. The effect of crude oil pollution on plant growth and germination varies according to the type and
amount of oil spillage involved. The degree of its weathering, the time of year and the specie and age of the
plant or plants concerned. The effects that have been observed include the oil-trapping ability of vegetation, the
yellowing and death of oiled leaves, a great reduction of seedling and of annual species, differing susceptibilities
and recovery rates of perennials, a competitive advantage to some species, and growth stimulation. Chronic
pollution may completely eliminate germination hence no vegetation.
Pollution, whether it is acute (the result of one accidental spillage or intentional dumping) or chronic
(arising from continuous or regular discharge) has deleterious effects upon the ecosphere. This is clearly borne
out by the evidence accumulating from a number of previous works done in temperate countries. [1]
demonstrated the penetration of crude oil through stomata into plants. Plants with heavy cuticles and few
stomata permit little penetration of oils e.g. some xerophytes, are resistant after 8 hours exposure.[2] studied the
penetration of refined petroleum (0.0ls) into the tissues of plants and noted high penetration of emulsified oils-
showing that viscosity and surface tension influences the rate at which an oil will spread over and penetrate into
a plant.After penetrating the surface of a leaf, the oil moves into the intercellular spaces.[3]; [4]; [5]; [6]; [7] and
may then travel within the plant. The toxic effects of crude oil on contact with and upon penetration into plant
tissues have also been the subject of considerable work as early as 17th
century. [8]were the first to make the
distinction between rapid or acute injury caused by light oils and slow or chronic injury resulting from heavy
oils. This was later elaborated by [9] who classified injury into 3 categories:
1. Acute injury from volatile unsaturated compound.
2. Acute injury from volatile acidic compounds.
3. Chronic injury from high boiling unsaturated upon exposure to light and air.
There is agreement that phytotoxicity increases along the series: paraffin, naphthalene and olefins aromatic [9];
[10]; [11]. Within each series of hydrocarbons, the smaller molecules are more toxic, while duodecane and
higher paraffin are nearly non-toxic. However 12- carbon atom olefins are quite toxic and 12-carbon atoms
aromatics are more so [12].[13]tested barley and carrot with hydrocarbon vapors and found that toxicity
increased along the hexane- hexene- cyclohexene- benzene series.
[13] had reported an increase in toxicity along the series: benzene - toluene - Xylene - trimethylbenzene, and
had concluded that the increase in number of methyl groups promoted penetration and toxicity could be
inversely correlated with water solubility Considerable work has also been carried out using simulated or
experimental crude oil spills to study effects of crude oil pollution on natural or cultivated plant communities
Most of these researches, especially pertaining to arctic, terrestrial and aquatic communities have been reported
or summarized in a number of more resent publications, notably [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20],[21], [22], [23].
In one experimental crude oil spill made by (Hutchinson and Freedmen (1978) on two sub artic boreal forest
plant communities near Norman wells, spray, spills of fresh Un- weathered crude oil at an intensity of 9.1 1/2
had a general herbicidal effect and caused death of any green tissue coming in direct contact with the oil. Death
of lichens and mosses was rapid arid and complete. For some higher plants a considerable lag period occurred
between the time of the spill and the time of death. [18]also determined that an intensive (8,500 liter) spill made
at one point is less damaging than dispersed spray spills per unit of oil applied to the plant community, with
severe detrimental effects being largely limited to areas of direct contamination.
[24]investigated the effects of number 2 fuel oil, Nigerian crude oil and used crankcase oil. They reported an
acute and chronic toxicity of their water—soluble constituents.Due to the frequency of petroleum spill damage
to turf grass areas, a field study was conducted on ‗Tif green‘ Bermuda grass (cynodon I species) by [19] to
determine the injuries, symptoms and subsequent recovery rates from petroleum spill damage. Injury symptoms
were documented and Bermuda grass was found to recover rapidly (3-4 weeks) from gasoline spills without
corrective procedures.[25]investigated the effects of crude and diesel oil spills on plant communities at Prudhoe
bay, Alaska. Spilling crude oil on six of the major Prudhoe bay plant communities at an intensity of 121/rn2.
They found that sedges and willows showed substantial recovery from crude oil spills, mosses and lichens and
most dicots showed little or no recovery on a wet plot withstanding water, the vegetation showed total recovery
one year following the spill. Dry plots on the other hand showed very poor recovery Dryasintergrzfoha, the
most important vascular specie on dry sties was killed.
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II. EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL ON SOIL
The effect of crude oil pollution in plant growth and germination seem to depend on the level of
pollution and the period the oil has remained in the soil.If oil is sprayed on vegetation, it penetrates into the
plant tissues, through the sensitive stomata, the thin cuticle and also through the epidermis. These penetrations
are made possible by its transfer through the vascular system of the plant [26].According to [27], crude oil
spillage on soil makes it unsatisfactory for plant growth. This is due to insufficient aeration of the soil because
of displacement of air form the pore space between the soil particles by crude oil.
Similar reports have been made by [28], [20], [29] and [30].
[21]reported that waste oil causes a break down of soil texture, followed by soil dispersion. However, [21]
continues by saying that the presence of fresh crude oil has coagulatory effects on the soil, binding the soil
particles into a water impregnable soil block, which seriously impair water drainage and oxygen diffusion. He
further stated that seeds sown in such soil failed to germinate.It is obvious that a soil already contaminated with
crude oil has deleterious effects as: killing of plant on contact, or retard the growth as well as inhibit
germination and this is already established. This is due to the fact that it enhances the inhibition of activities of
the soil micro-organisms by delimiting free water supply and aeration [31]. Though crude oil may be toxic, [32]
reported that crop growth could be stimulatedby soil contaminated of the order of one percent. Similar results
were also obtained in a simulated pollution study by [33] using different levels of crude oil.[34]found that a
pollution level as low as 10% crude oil in the soil suppressed the growth of Okra plant. While [35] found that at
zero level of crude oil, 90% grains planted germinated, but as the level of crude oil increased, the percentage of
germination decreased. It is often obtained that were there is fresh engine oil pollution on soil, especially in
mechanic workshop, nothing grows there, and this may be due to fixation of nitrogen or addition of nutrients
from oil killed organisms or possibly due to an increase in humus content of the soil [32].
EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL ON PLANT
Seed germinations seem to be affected by oil at least in two ways. At high level of crude oil pollution,
seed germination is prevented probably by oil soaking through the outer integument of the seeds. At low level of
crude oil pollution, seed germination is retarded by the presence of oil [36]. This seems to be varied between
different plant species in their ability to germinate in the presence of crude oil (stress).[27]germinated seeds in
repeatedly polluted soil that were moist to field capacity. He found that the germination of sorghum was poor,
whereas that of rye grass was not affected when compared to that of the control. The effect of crude oil on plant
is one that is of great concern as it causes damage to different parts of the plant that are vital for its well being
and survival and hence obstructs development and growth.[34]showed that the leaves of plants affected by oil
tended to dehydrate and show a general sign of chiorosis, indicating water deficiency.The reduction of leaf area
may be due to dehydration. The study agreed with the work of [37] who found that reduction in photosynthetic
rate resulted in the decreased rate of growth, which led to the reduction of leaf sizes.[38]observed that the
volatile fraction of oil had a high wetting capacity and penetrating power and when in contact with seed, the oil
would enter the seed coat and kill the embryo readily, which will in turn, cause reduction in percent
germination. [36]found that the significant reduction in final germination percentage of all the species may be
due to toxic effects of the crude oil on the seed and poor aeration of the soil.
From various experiments, it has been elucidated that crude oil spillage would affect plants in the
following ways:
[1] Inhibit the germination of plants.
[2] Delay germination by inducing stress, which prolongs lag phase.
[3] Inhibit the uptake of water and nutrients by the root of the plant, hence causing deficiency to other parts
as the leaves.
[4] Affects regeneration of stumps.
[5] Affects anatomical features of leaves.
[6] Causes cellular and stomatal abnormalities.
[7] Disruption of the plant water balance, which indirectly influences plant metabolism.
[8] Causes root stress, which reduces leaf growth via stomata conductance.
[9] Causes ‗chlorosis‘ of leaves.
[10] Enlargement of cells in various‘ tissues due to oxygen starvation were cells coalesce forming large cells
in tissues.
Causes considerable reduction in plant height, plant girth and even leaf area.
The ultimate effect of crude oil on plant is in its resultant death. The works of [15], [39] put together with many
more works support these facts on the effects of crude oil on plant growth.
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This study is to determine the effect of oil spillage on hisbscusesculentus (Okra) and thereby elucidate the harm
done by oil exploration to the economic mainstay of the people of the Niger Delta.
STUDY AREA : AgudamaEpie has a humid type of climate, which is peculiar to the tropics with a short dry
season from December to February, and long wet season, which starts from March to November. The area,
Agudama-Epie, has an average rainfall of between 759mm to 1,500mm, with an average temperature of 18°C to
30°C
VEGETATION : Agudama-Epie is in the rain forest, swampy in nature, and has trees and grasses of luxuriant
vegetation of the tropical rain forest type e.g. Mangiferaindica (Mango), Milicia excel (Palm tree) are found in
the experimental area.
III. MATERLALS AND METHODS
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed of a short stem variety was obtained from Agudama-Epie market in Bayelsa
State, Nigeria.
SOIL PREPARATION
Sandy loam soil was collected from the Department of Agricultural Science School farm, Bayelsa college of
Arts andScience, and weighed. Fifteen (15) planting pots of 20kgcategory were used.Other materials were crude
oil, which was gotten from the Nigerian Agip Oil Company, a cylinder and beaker for measurements. Soil
samples were collected from BayelsaState College of Arts and Science the Department of Agricultural Science
Schoolfarm. It was dried and broken into small particles. It was then sieved to remove stones and sand. An
amount of soil weighed out into each planting pot.
TREATMENT
The experiment involved (3) different groups. Which consisted of (5) planting pots in each group
containing Loam soil. Group A was the control and contained absolutely no amount of crude oil. It was left
under normal conditions of temperature, sunlight and water.
Group B: a test group that contained (5) different planting pots, but with the soil treated with crude oil before
planting, in increasing amounts of crude in the different pots as follows:
1st Bucket: l00 ml of crude oil
2nd Bucket: 150ml of crude oil
3rd Bucket: 200ml of crude oil
4th Bucket: 250ml of crude oil
5th Bucket: 300ml of crude oil
The third group. That is group (c) had (5) buckets in which the soil was not treated before planting rather. Crude
oil was introduced into the bucket containing soil after planting and seeds had germinated. The crude oil was
introduced 2 weeks after planting in the manner described below:
1st Bucket: l00mI of crude oil
2nd Bucket: 150ml of crude oil
3rd Bucket: 200ml of crude oil
4th Bucket: 250ml of crude oil
5th Bucket: 300ml of crude oil
CRUDE OIL APPLICATION
Crude oil application was done on separate days for the (2)different test groups. Group (B), which is
treatment before planting, was done to commence the experiment. Group(C) which is treatment after
germination was done 2 weeks after.
IV. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
Plant Height: Plant heights were measured weekly starting from a week after planting. For collection of
height data, the plants were randomly tagged in each experiment until their heights were measured from ground
level to tip of the terminal, bud, using a meter rule on the 1st and 2nd week after planting. The data that was
collected (obtained) from the measurement were computed and the height of plant for each treatment was
determined and recorded.
Leaf Area: Leaf length and leaf area index was taken on the 1st and 2nd week after planting.
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Plant Girth: Stem circumference was taken at the 1st and 2nd week after planting and this was done using a
thread and meter rule.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results are presented in graphs, tables and plates as shown below.
Figure1: Comparison of Plant Height between Different Treated Pots of Group C
WAT = week after treatment, PL = plant death
Figure 2: Comparison of Leaf Area between Different Treated Pots of Group C
WAT = week after treatment, PL = plant death
Figure 3: Comparison of Stem Girth between Different Treated Pots of Group C
WAT = week after treatment, PL = plant death
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Figure 4: Comparison of Plant Height between Control (Group A) and treated pots (Group C)
WAP = week after planting, WAT = week after treatment, LSD = least significant difference
Figure 5: Comparison of Leaf Area between Control (Group A) and treated pots (Group C)
WAP = week after planting, WAT = week after treatment, LSD = least significant difference
Figure 6: Comparison of Stem Girth between Control (Group A) and treated pots (Group C)
WAP = week after planting, WAT = week after treatment, LSD = least significant difference
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Table 1: ANOVA TABLE FOR PLANT HEIGHT
Variance Df S.S M.S F.cal F.tab
Treatment 2 69.53 34.77 1.09 1%
0.01
5%
0.05
Error 7 285.65 31.74 99.50 19.50
Total 11 31.74
ANOVA (Analysis of variance)
Hi: There is significant effect of crude oil on plant height.
Ho: There is no significant effect on plant height
Decisions rule: Fcal>Ftab at 1% and 5%, we accept Hi and reject Ho.
F cal = 1.09
F tab at 0.01 = 99.50
F tab at 0.05 = 19.50
Since F cal> F tab, at 1% and 5%. We accept Hi and reject Ho.
Conclusion: crude oil has effect on plant height
Table 2: ANOVA TABLE FOR PLANT LEAF
Variance Df S.S M.S F.cal F.tab
Treatment 2 12.25 6.12 1.09 1%
0.01
5%
0.05
Error 7 50.56 5.62 99.50 19.50
Total 11
ANOVA (Analysis of variance)
Hi: There is significant effect of crude oil on leaf area
Ho: There is no significant effect on leaf area
Decisions rule: Fcal>Ftab at 1% and 5%, we accept Hi and reject Ho.
F cal = 1.09
F tab at 0.01 = 99.50
F tab at 0.05 = 19.50
Since F cal> F tab, at 1% and 5%. We accept Hi and reject Ho.
Conclusion: crude oil has effect on leaf area.
Table 3: ANOVA TABLE FOR PLANT GIRTH
Variance Df S.S M.S F.cal F.tab
Treatment 2 3.099 1.549 0.88 1%
0.01
5%
0.05
Error 7 15.835 1.759 99.50 19.50
Total 11
ANOVA (Analysis of variance)
Hi: There is significant effect of crude oil on plant grith
Ho: There is no significant effect on plant grith
Decisions rule: Fcal>Ftab at 1% and 5%, we accept Hi and reject Ho.
F cal = 0.88
F tab at 0.01 = 99.50
F tab at 0.05 =19.50
Since F cal> F tab, at 1% and 5%. We accept Hi and reject Ho
Conclusion: crude oil has effect on plant girth.
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Plate1: Photograph showing hibiscus esculentus under norm conditions (control experiment without the
application of crude oil)
Plate2: Photograph showing soil with crude oil before planting of hibiscus esculentus.
Plate3: Photograph showing effects of crude oil application on hibiscus esculentus after two weeks of planting.
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VI. EFFECT ON GERWMINATION
Group A - Control - All seeds germinated. Plant showed luxuriant leaves, sterns and growth was normal as
shown in plate 1, figure 4, 5 and 6.
Group B- No seed germinated as shown in plate 2, the entire experiment had been concluded.
Group C-All seeds germinated but progressively deteriorated after application of crude oil showing signs of
stress, wilting decoloration and stunting as shown in plate 3, figure 1, 2 and 3.
EFFECT ON PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
a) Plant Height: There was a significant difference between the control (group A) and the treated plants in
group C as shown in plates 1 and 2, table1 and figure 4. This phenomenon was more visible during the 3rd and
4th weeks after planting, during which periods; crude oil had been introduced in the pots.
b) Leaf Area: There was a significant difference between the control (group A) and the treated plants in
group C as shown in plates 1 and 2, table 2 and figure 5. Mean leaf area decreased during the period the plants
were treated with cruder oil.
c) Plant Girth: The largest stem girth was in the control during the 4th week of planting. There was a decline
in girth size in the treated plants as the weeks increased as shown in plate 3, table 3 and figure 6.
The longer lag phase preceding germination and the absolute germination percentage were obviously
due to some inhibition of germination in pot treated with crude oil before planting.This inhibitory effect could
be attributed principally to physical constraints as well as biological harm on the seed resulting from the
physical and chemical characteristics of crude oil.Crude oil or its distillates are potent contact herbicides
(Hutchinson and Freedman 1978). The embryo of a seed could be injured or killed if it comes in contact with
crude oil. Crude oil may enter seeds via the micropular end of dicotyledonous seeds or simply through a crack
or any injury. Whichever way, penetration of crude oil would certainly endanger the life and growth activities of
the embryo, which are vital to germination. This agrees with the view of [40] who suggested that delay in
germination of seeds of Salicornia spp. And S. maritime on Milford Haven salt march, which had been polluted
by fresh Kuwait crude oil, could be clue of oil entering the seed and killing the embryo.Injury to the embryo if
not fatal could result in delayed germination longer lag phases. Hence the complete inhibition of germination in
this experiment simply indicates that crude oil levels of l00ml and above cause sever injury to H. esculentus
seeds and therefore, inhibited germination completely.Outright killing of the embryo of some seeds due to
penetration by the crude oil would certainly result in lower absolute percentage germination. This contention is
plausible bearing in mind the reported toxic effects of crude oil on the biota.
The work of [41]; [9]; [10]; [11] as well as works of [21], [20], have provided a basis for agreementon
the toxicity of crude oil to living tissue.Another possible reason for the inhibition of germination by crude oil is
its physical water repellant (or hydrophobic) property. The persistent film of oil around the seeds may act as a
physicalbarrier, preventing both water and oxygen uptake which re essential for germination. This would
impose considerable stress on the physiology of the germinating -seed and when there is an increased amount of
crude oil, stress is increased and so germination is completely inhibited.It is in the agreement with the
submission of [42] that the first process which occurs during germination is uptake of water by the seed and this
uptake is due to the process of inhibition. The extent to whichinhibition occurs is determined by the
permeability of the seed or fruit coat to water, seed composition and availability of water in liquid or gaseous
form. Clearly, the permeability of the seed coat to water is rendered almost zero by the hydrophobic film of
oilcovering the seed, a physical barrier which precludes the available moisture in the soil from getting imbibed
into the seedfor the mobilization of the essential molecules whose activities would stimulate the dormant seed
into germination.
The fact that germination is a process related to living cells and requires an expenditure of energy is
well known. Energyexpenditure in germinating seeds as in all living systems depends on the process of
oxidation, which may require gaseous exchange.The taking in of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide [43].
It is therefore, possible that the inhibition of germination of soil treated with crude oil (now containing oiled
seeds) is partly due to the preclusion of this vital gaseous exchange by the oil film covering the seeds.Thus a
delay in the inhibition of the required volume of water and an uneasy gaseous exchange together with an
inadequate amount of the essentials reaching the seed may have caused the seeds not germinating. The total
preclusion of water and oxygen from the seeds with thick oil coat would result in no germination (remaining
dormant until the seed rot away). Another factor that may have contributed to the inhibitory effects of crude oil
on germination is the increased microbial activity in treated soil, which may have further depleted available
oxygen.
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This factor, however, appeared to have played no major role in inhibiting germination since the
microbia growth around the seeds was not visually observable until after 4 — 7 days when germination
undernormal conditions should have taken place.However, [34]attributed poor growth of someplants in oil-
polluted fields to suffocation of the plants by exclusion of air or exhaustion of oxygen by increased microbial
activity.Stunted growth was observed in treatment C, this result agreeswith the findings of [44] who reported the
delay of growth with small amount of crude oil and no growth with large amounts of crude oil It also agrees
with previous reports of [21], [20] and [28] Furthermore, the control (A) has a better performancethan treatment
(C) showing the effect of crude oil on plants This also agrees with [36] who reported that oil hasadverse effects
on plant growth The study gave similar results where there were significant differences in growth between
theuntreated and treated plants. A positive relationship has been observed between the extent ofretardation in
growth and concentration of crude oil applied to the soil. These findings are in accordance with previous reports
of [21], [20] and [28].
Hence, we can say that the significant reduction in the final growth of okra may be due to toxic effects
of the crude oil on the needs and poor aeration of the soil and this agrees with the work [34] The biggest leaf
area was obtained m treatment A. Treatment C was found to be thin and smaller leaf area.This statement agrees
with [26] who said that the increase of leaf area was due to interference of crude oil with photosynthesis and
transpiration by clogging the stomata, which suits in the reduction of photosynthetic rates.However, [34]
showed that the leaves of plants affected by crude oil tended to dehydrate and show a general sign of chiorosis,
indicating water deficiency. The reduction of leaf area may be due to dehydration. This agrees with the work of
Boyd and Murray (1982), who found that thereduction in the photosynthetic rate resulted in the decrease of the
rate of growth and development in leaf size.
Results of this study show that leaf stomata were grossly affected by crude oil. The effect may have
been manifested either in the distortion or reduction in the number of stomata per unit area of the leaf. A strong
relationship between degree of disruption and concentration of crude oil in the soil was noticed. This further
confirms earlier report of [45].Since the uptake of water and salts (ions) is carried out by the roots, they are
being transported to the leaf, presence of oil in the soil will inhibit uptake since crude oil is hydrophobic and this
cause lack of water transport to leaves which in turn cause dehydration resulting in shrinking of leaf giving
smaller leaf area in plants in soil that are treated. Similar findings have been reported by [46].
VII. CONCLUSION
Application of l00ml and above amount of crude oil soil inhibited germination. In plants that have
already germinated the exposure of plants to crude oil at levels of l00ml and above had adverse effects on
growth and development as it reduces stem circumferences, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area of the plant. The
stem became thinner in size and most of the leaf became yellowish in colour compared with the control,
whichhad no level of crude oil in it.Environmental pollution has been shown to have adverse effects on plant
growth, especially crude oil spillage.The effect of crude oil will be determined by the concentration to which the
particular plant is exposed to it, its persistence in the environment as well as the tolerance of the plant to crude
oil and itsconstituent.This suggests that crude oil exposure, even at low concentrations can cause deleterious
effects, whether lethal or sub-lethal, to organisms, population or community depending on the time of presences
in the environment as well as the tolerance level of the environment and organisms subjected. It is therefore
recommended that concentration of crude oil at levels of l00ml and above be avoided to have contact with farm
lands and where this fails, immediate cleanup of affected areas be made, to avoid contamination of soil, as well
as penetration and uptake of crude oil into already growing plants.
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