This paper investigates the performance of line commutated converter (LCC) based monopolar
HVDC transmission system feeding a weak AC network with hybrid reactive power compensators (RPC’s) at the
inverter AC side. The hybrid compensator is an equal mix of any two of the following compensators:
synchronous compensator (SC); static var compensator (SVC); static synchronous compensator (STATCOM).
The HVDC transmission system model is implemented in the Matlab with the firefly algorithm based optimal
proportional integral (PI) controller for rectifier and inverter control. The transient performances of hybrid
RPC’s (SC+SVC, SVC+STATCOM and SC+STATCOM) are judged under various fault conditions and the
outcomes are compared with the performance of the SC, SVC and STATCOM to highlight the supremacy of the
hybrid compensators. The simulation results validate that the equal mix of SC and STATCOM has a steady and
fastest response. The results also demonstrate the superiority of the firefly algorithm based optimal PI
controller over the conventional PI controller. The harmonic analysis is also carried out under steady state
operation to assure the quality of power supply on the inverter AC side
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Brushless DC motor is a synchronous machine that makes use of electronic commutation instead of mechanical commutator. Brushless DC motors makes use of inverter encompassing static switches for its operation. A simple bridge converter when used for BLDC drive as front end converter makes input source power factor to get reduced which is unacceptable in the power system. To avoid the distortions in the source voltage and source currents, Buck converter which was used as power factor correction (PFC) converter in this paper to improve the power factor. Presence of power electronic converters deteriorates system power factor effecting overall system performance. This paper presents buck converter for power factor correction in brushless DC motor drive system. Buck converter is operated with current control strategy rather to conventional voltage follower control. Simulation model was obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and the brushless DC motor performance characteristics were shown for conditions with different DC link voltages and step variation in DC link voltage. Total harmonic distortion in source current was also presented.
Control of Active And reactive power flow in transmission line and power Osci...AM Publications
the continuous demand in electric power system network has caused the system to be heavily loaded
leading to voltage instability. This paper describe the active approach to series line compensation, in which static
voltage sourced converter, is used to provide controllable series compensation. This compensator is called as Static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC). It injects the compensating voltage in phase quadrature with line current, it
can emulate as inductive or capacitive reactance so as to influence the power flow in the line. With DC power supply it
can also compensate the voltage drop across the resistive component of the line impedance. In addition, the series
reactive compensation can greatly increase the power oscillation damping.
Simulations have been done in MATLAB SIMULINK. Simulation results obtained for selected bus-2 in two machine
power system. From the result we can investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive power as
well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Brushless DC motor is a synchronous machine that makes use of electronic commutation instead of mechanical commutator. Brushless DC motors makes use of inverter encompassing static switches for its operation. A simple bridge converter when used for BLDC drive as front end converter makes input source power factor to get reduced which is unacceptable in the power system. To avoid the distortions in the source voltage and source currents, Buck converter which was used as power factor correction (PFC) converter in this paper to improve the power factor. Presence of power electronic converters deteriorates system power factor effecting overall system performance. This paper presents buck converter for power factor correction in brushless DC motor drive system. Buck converter is operated with current control strategy rather to conventional voltage follower control. Simulation model was obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and the brushless DC motor performance characteristics were shown for conditions with different DC link voltages and step variation in DC link voltage. Total harmonic distortion in source current was also presented.
Control of Active And reactive power flow in transmission line and power Osci...AM Publications
the continuous demand in electric power system network has caused the system to be heavily loaded
leading to voltage instability. This paper describe the active approach to series line compensation, in which static
voltage sourced converter, is used to provide controllable series compensation. This compensator is called as Static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC). It injects the compensating voltage in phase quadrature with line current, it
can emulate as inductive or capacitive reactance so as to influence the power flow in the line. With DC power supply it
can also compensate the voltage drop across the resistive component of the line impedance. In addition, the series
reactive compensation can greatly increase the power oscillation damping.
Simulations have been done in MATLAB SIMULINK. Simulation results obtained for selected bus-2 in two machine
power system. From the result we can investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive power as
well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode.
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
Share with it ur friends & Follow me for more updates.!
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY SSSC AND STATCOM USING PI CONTROLLERJournal For Research
This paper presents the enhancement of voltage stability using Static Synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and Static Synchronous series compensator (SSSC). In recent past years, along with the rapid increasing electrical power requirement has caused system to be heavily loaded leading to voltage instability. Under this condition there may be insufficient reactive power causing voltage to drop at various buses. The result would be the occurrence of voltage collapse which leads to total blackout of the whole system. FACT controllers have been used for solving various stability control problems. In this paper, SSSC and STATCOM are used to investigate the effect of these devices in controlling active and reactive powers to maintain voltage stability. The PI Controller is used to tune the circuit and to provide the zero signal error. Simulation results have been presented in MATLAB/Simulink environment for two machines four buses system.
Augmentation of Real & Reactive Power in Grid by Unified Power Flow ControllerIJERA Editor
In this paper, a Power Flow Control in transmission line with respect to voltage condition (L-G, L-L-G, L-L)
over come by using unified power flow controller. The existing system employs UPFC with transformer less
connection with both series and shunt converter. This converter have been cascaded with multilevel inverters
which is more complicated to enhance the performance of UPFC.A proposed system consist of three terminal
transformer for shunt converter and six terminal transformer for series converter. Shunt converter & series
converter is coupled with common DC capacitor. DC link capacitor voltage is maintained using PID controller
and synchronous reference frame theory (SRF) is used to generate reference voltage & current signal.
Simulation studies are carried out for (L-G, L-L-G, L-L real & reactive power compensation results will be
shown in this paper)
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Small Signal Modeling Of Controller For Statcom Used In Distribution System F...IJERA Editor
In this paper non-linear model of the STATCOM is linearized and the following strategies have been adopted .
Hence, a small signal model is adopted here. Here, the grid voltage lags the fundamental component of the
STATCOM converter terminal voltage with a phase angle difference
' '
. Small signal modeling of the phase
angle
' '
and modulation index
' m '
is also done. A single PI-controller for the reactive component current of
the STATCOM has been designed. In this model, the DC-link capacitor voltage is held constant without using a
separate controller. The STATCOM are designed using SVPWM technique. Through adjustment of the
modulation index, fast modulation of the STATCOM reactive power output can be achieved due to high
sensitivity of the same with respect to the output voltage of the STATCOM VSC. The model, with PI controllers
has been simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment with variation of the pre-charge voltage on the DClink
capacitor with linear loads (inductive). Improvement of the power factor of the grid current is achieved for
linear loads.
Transients Caused by Switching of 420 kV Three-Phase Variable Shunt ReactorBérengère VIGNAUX
This paper describes transients caused by uncontrolled and controlled switching of three-phase 420 kV variable shunt reactor (VSR).
Inrush currents due to VSR energization and overvoltages due to de-energization were determined at tap positions corresponding to lowest 80 MVAr and highest 150 MVAr reactive power. Based on the calculation results, mitigation measures and operating switching strategy of VSR were proposed.
Analysis of harmonics and resonances in hvdc mmc link connected to AC gridBérengère VIGNAUX
High-frequency responses of HVDC-MMC links are essential to study because harmonic and resonance phenomena may impact the AC grid. In this paper, EMT-type simulations are used to analyze converter station’s frequency response.
This paper analyzes the behaviour of a Voltage Source Converter Based HVDC system under DC pole to ground fault & AC faults for 2-level VSC-HVDC & 12-pulse VSC-HVDC system in order to better understand the system under such faults. DC line faults on HVDC systems utilising Voltage Source Converters (VSC) are a major issue for HVDC systems in which complete isolation of the faulted system is not a viable option. The occurrence of pole-to-ground faults on DC link is the most common fault in HVDC system. It was observed that with the occurrence of DC pole to ground faults leads to substantial over current in the AC grid system which may lead to damage of the converter valve. Simulation of 2-level VSC-HVDC under AC fault is carried out. The fault current magnitude is attempted with the mathematical analysis & which was found to be the same as the simulated result. This paper also compares the performance of the conventional 12-pulse (CSC) HVDC system with the PWM based 2-level VSC-HVDC & 12-pulse VSC-HVDC system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
POWER SYSTEM STABILITY OF MULTI MACHINE BY USING STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES CO...ijiert bestjournal
In this paper the problem of modeling and simulati on of voltage stability is improved using Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). Due t o the continuous demand in electric power system,the system is heavily loaded,this ca uses to voltage instability. In this work,a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is use d to minimize the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive powers as well as d amping power system oscillations in transient mode. The PI controller is used to achiev e the zero signal error. The result is obtained from simulation using MATLAB. In short whe n any disturbances occur in transmission line,if SSSC is connected then distur bance in the system is minimized & system will reach the steady state condition very quickly.
A ZVS Interleaved Boost AC/DC Converter Using Super Capacitor Power for Hybri...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Analysis of multi terminal hvdc transmission system feeding very weak ac netw...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a line commutated converter (LCC) based multi-terminal HVDC transmission (MTDC) system feeding very weak AC networks with hybrid reactive power compensators (RPC’s) at the inverter AC side. The hybrid compensator is accomplished by the equal mixing of any two of the following compensators: synchronous compensator (SC); static var compensator (SVC); static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The four-terminal HVDC transmission system model is implemented in the Matlab with the firefly algorithm based optimal proportional integral (PI) controller for rectifiers and inverters control. The transient performances of hybrid RPC’s (SC+SVC, SVC+STATCOM and SC+STATCOM) are studied under various fault conditions and the results are compared with the performance of the SC, SVC and STATCOM to focus the high quality of the hybrid compensators. The simulation results authorize that the equivalent mixture of SC and STATCOM has a steady and fastest response. The results also reveal the supremacy of the firefly algorithm based optimal PI controller over the conventional PI controller. The harmonic present in the inverter side AC quantities is also calculated under steady state operation to assure the quality of power supply. Keywords: MTDC, Very weak AC system, Hybrid RPC, PI controller, Firefly Algorithm.
VSC BASED HVDC SYTEM DESIGN AND PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGESIJERD Editor
High Voltage Direct Current system based on voltage source converter (VSC-HVDC) is becoming
more effective solution for offshore wind plants and supplying power to remote regions. In this paper, the
control of a VSC-based HVDC system (VSC-HVDC) is described. Based on this control strategy, appropriate
controllers utilizing PI controllers are designed to control the active and reactive power at each end station.The
operation performance of a voltage source converter (VSC) based HVDC (VSC-HVDC system) system is
explained under some characteristic faulted conditions with and without protection measures. A protection
strategy is proposed to enhance the continuous operation performance of the VSC-HVDC system. The strategy
utilizes a voltage chopper to suppress over-voltages on the DC side of the VSC. Digital simulation is done to
verify the validity of the proposed control strategy and protection strategy
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
Share with it ur friends & Follow me for more updates.!
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY SSSC AND STATCOM USING PI CONTROLLERJournal For Research
This paper presents the enhancement of voltage stability using Static Synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and Static Synchronous series compensator (SSSC). In recent past years, along with the rapid increasing electrical power requirement has caused system to be heavily loaded leading to voltage instability. Under this condition there may be insufficient reactive power causing voltage to drop at various buses. The result would be the occurrence of voltage collapse which leads to total blackout of the whole system. FACT controllers have been used for solving various stability control problems. In this paper, SSSC and STATCOM are used to investigate the effect of these devices in controlling active and reactive powers to maintain voltage stability. The PI Controller is used to tune the circuit and to provide the zero signal error. Simulation results have been presented in MATLAB/Simulink environment for two machines four buses system.
Augmentation of Real & Reactive Power in Grid by Unified Power Flow ControllerIJERA Editor
In this paper, a Power Flow Control in transmission line with respect to voltage condition (L-G, L-L-G, L-L)
over come by using unified power flow controller. The existing system employs UPFC with transformer less
connection with both series and shunt converter. This converter have been cascaded with multilevel inverters
which is more complicated to enhance the performance of UPFC.A proposed system consist of three terminal
transformer for shunt converter and six terminal transformer for series converter. Shunt converter & series
converter is coupled with common DC capacitor. DC link capacitor voltage is maintained using PID controller
and synchronous reference frame theory (SRF) is used to generate reference voltage & current signal.
Simulation studies are carried out for (L-G, L-L-G, L-L real & reactive power compensation results will be
shown in this paper)
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Small Signal Modeling Of Controller For Statcom Used In Distribution System F...IJERA Editor
In this paper non-linear model of the STATCOM is linearized and the following strategies have been adopted .
Hence, a small signal model is adopted here. Here, the grid voltage lags the fundamental component of the
STATCOM converter terminal voltage with a phase angle difference
' '
. Small signal modeling of the phase
angle
' '
and modulation index
' m '
is also done. A single PI-controller for the reactive component current of
the STATCOM has been designed. In this model, the DC-link capacitor voltage is held constant without using a
separate controller. The STATCOM are designed using SVPWM technique. Through adjustment of the
modulation index, fast modulation of the STATCOM reactive power output can be achieved due to high
sensitivity of the same with respect to the output voltage of the STATCOM VSC. The model, with PI controllers
has been simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment with variation of the pre-charge voltage on the DClink
capacitor with linear loads (inductive). Improvement of the power factor of the grid current is achieved for
linear loads.
Transients Caused by Switching of 420 kV Three-Phase Variable Shunt ReactorBérengère VIGNAUX
This paper describes transients caused by uncontrolled and controlled switching of three-phase 420 kV variable shunt reactor (VSR).
Inrush currents due to VSR energization and overvoltages due to de-energization were determined at tap positions corresponding to lowest 80 MVAr and highest 150 MVAr reactive power. Based on the calculation results, mitigation measures and operating switching strategy of VSR were proposed.
Analysis of harmonics and resonances in hvdc mmc link connected to AC gridBérengère VIGNAUX
High-frequency responses of HVDC-MMC links are essential to study because harmonic and resonance phenomena may impact the AC grid. In this paper, EMT-type simulations are used to analyze converter station’s frequency response.
This paper analyzes the behaviour of a Voltage Source Converter Based HVDC system under DC pole to ground fault & AC faults for 2-level VSC-HVDC & 12-pulse VSC-HVDC system in order to better understand the system under such faults. DC line faults on HVDC systems utilising Voltage Source Converters (VSC) are a major issue for HVDC systems in which complete isolation of the faulted system is not a viable option. The occurrence of pole-to-ground faults on DC link is the most common fault in HVDC system. It was observed that with the occurrence of DC pole to ground faults leads to substantial over current in the AC grid system which may lead to damage of the converter valve. Simulation of 2-level VSC-HVDC under AC fault is carried out. The fault current magnitude is attempted with the mathematical analysis & which was found to be the same as the simulated result. This paper also compares the performance of the conventional 12-pulse (CSC) HVDC system with the PWM based 2-level VSC-HVDC & 12-pulse VSC-HVDC system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
POWER SYSTEM STABILITY OF MULTI MACHINE BY USING STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES CO...ijiert bestjournal
In this paper the problem of modeling and simulati on of voltage stability is improved using Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). Due t o the continuous demand in electric power system,the system is heavily loaded,this ca uses to voltage instability. In this work,a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is use d to minimize the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive powers as well as d amping power system oscillations in transient mode. The PI controller is used to achiev e the zero signal error. The result is obtained from simulation using MATLAB. In short whe n any disturbances occur in transmission line,if SSSC is connected then distur bance in the system is minimized & system will reach the steady state condition very quickly.
A ZVS Interleaved Boost AC/DC Converter Using Super Capacitor Power for Hybri...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Analysis of multi terminal hvdc transmission system feeding very weak ac netw...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a line commutated converter (LCC) based multi-terminal HVDC transmission (MTDC) system feeding very weak AC networks with hybrid reactive power compensators (RPC’s) at the inverter AC side. The hybrid compensator is accomplished by the equal mixing of any two of the following compensators: synchronous compensator (SC); static var compensator (SVC); static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The four-terminal HVDC transmission system model is implemented in the Matlab with the firefly algorithm based optimal proportional integral (PI) controller for rectifiers and inverters control. The transient performances of hybrid RPC’s (SC+SVC, SVC+STATCOM and SC+STATCOM) are studied under various fault conditions and the results are compared with the performance of the SC, SVC and STATCOM to focus the high quality of the hybrid compensators. The simulation results authorize that the equivalent mixture of SC and STATCOM has a steady and fastest response. The results also reveal the supremacy of the firefly algorithm based optimal PI controller over the conventional PI controller. The harmonic present in the inverter side AC quantities is also calculated under steady state operation to assure the quality of power supply. Keywords: MTDC, Very weak AC system, Hybrid RPC, PI controller, Firefly Algorithm.
VSC BASED HVDC SYTEM DESIGN AND PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGESIJERD Editor
High Voltage Direct Current system based on voltage source converter (VSC-HVDC) is becoming
more effective solution for offshore wind plants and supplying power to remote regions. In this paper, the
control of a VSC-based HVDC system (VSC-HVDC) is described. Based on this control strategy, appropriate
controllers utilizing PI controllers are designed to control the active and reactive power at each end station.The
operation performance of a voltage source converter (VSC) based HVDC (VSC-HVDC system) system is
explained under some characteristic faulted conditions with and without protection measures. A protection
strategy is proposed to enhance the continuous operation performance of the VSC-HVDC system. The strategy
utilizes a voltage chopper to suppress over-voltages on the DC side of the VSC. Digital simulation is done to
verify the validity of the proposed control strategy and protection strategy
Performance of PWM Rectifier with Different Types of Loadijsrd.com
The paper presents the decoupled vector control of the PWM rectifier with the nonlinear DC-link voltage regulation and the load compensating feed forward. The concept of the proposed control system is based on Voltage Oriented Control with Space-Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SV-PWM). For the high-performance operation of the PWM rectifier and the satisfactory current tracing the decoupled current control has been introduced. The performance of the linear PI controller of the DC-link voltage is strictly dependent on its settings and it may introduce a disadvantageous voltage overshoot under a heavy load impact. In order to improve the transient response of the DC-link voltage control loop a load compensation has been proposed. The different approach to the control of the DC-link voltage based on the regulation of the square power of the DC voltage has been introduced.
Voltage-current Double Loop Control Strategy for Magnetically Controllable Re...Kashif Mehmood
Voltage regulation depending on reactive power
compensation is the main feature of the AC power supply
system. Magnetically controllable reactors (MCR) are
becoming a growing demand for this purpose. The structure
and working principles of MCR are analysed in this paper
while a simulation model is established. The reactive power
compensation strategy based on a single loop voltage control
system (SLVCS) is presented and a double loop
voltage-current control system (DLVCCS) is proposed. A
comprehensive scenario is developed to mitigate reactive power
compensation by using the proposed controls. Simulation
results substantiate that proposed controls of MCR has a faster
response in comparison to the traditional control, and it
provides the least voltage variation at the line end. It also
shows that the proposed control on MCR meet the desired
objective of the voltage regulation and provides flexibility to ac
transmission system
Low voltage ride through control of modular multilevel converter based hvdc s...Ghazal Falahi
Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) is an important grid requirement for Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based HVDC links. This paper studies the performance of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) VSC based HVDC systems during faults or voltage dips and proposes a new control strategy to improve the LVRT performance. The proposed algorithm controls the system to generate the required active and reactive powers that are calculated mathematically based on the ratings of the MMC-HVDC system and LVRT requirements. The injected active and reactive power values obey the LVRT guidelines and are adaptable to different grid codes. The mathematical calculations are presented and EMTDC/PSCAD simulation evaluates the performance of the proposed method.
A High Performance PWM Voltage Source Inverter Used for VAR Compensation and ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Control and Analysis of VSC Based High Voltage DC Transmissionijsrd.com
High Voltage Direct Current system based on Voltage Source Converters (VSC-HVDC) is becoming a more effective, solution for long distance power transmission especially for off-shore wind plants and supplying power to remote regions Confronting with an increasing demand of power, there is a need to explore the most efficient and reliable bulk power transmission system. Rapid development in the field of power electronics devices especially Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) has led to the High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission based on Voltage Source Converters (VSCs).Since VSCs do not require commutating voltage from the connected ac grid, they are effective in supplying power to isolated and remote loads. Due to its advantages, it is possible that VSC-HVDC will be one of the most important components of power systems in the future. The VSC based HVDC transmission system mainly consists of two converter stations connected by a DC cable. This paper presents the performance analysis of VCS based HVDC transmission system. In this paper a 75kM long VSC HVDC system is simulated for various faults on the ACSide of the receiving station using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The data has been analyzed and a method is proposed to classify the faults by using back propagation algorithm. The simulated results presented in this paper are in good agreement with the published work.
Voltage Sag Mitigation in Utility Connected System Using Current Source Conve...IDES Editor
This paper discusses the implementation of current
source converter based distribution type static synchronous
compensator. For eliminating the lower order harmonics, the
power semiconductors are switched by pulse width modulation
technique. Current source converter, input filter, dc link
reactor are combined to design the proposed CSC based
STATCOM. Since the STATCOM is a current injection
device, the performance of the device is improved by a currentsource
converter (CSC) combination. So a controllable current
is generated at the output terminals of the device. Filter circuit
at the input terminal is designed to eliminate the higher order
harmonics. The proposed D- STATCOM is simulated and the
results are validated using MATLAB.
Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM) is a shunt compensating device which is used
to improve current profile by exchanging of reactive power with unbalanced and nonlinear load. DSTATCOM is a
shunt compensating device used for power quality improvement in distribution systems. Relevant solutions are
applied for harmonics, fluctuation of voltage, voltage deviation, unbalance of three phase voltage and current and
frequency deviation. Different controlling schemes such as Phase Control Method (PCM), Fryze Power Theory
(FPT), Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRFT) and Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT) are used
for reactive power compensation with the help of Voltage source Inverter (VSI). In this project we are going to
balance the source current using different control schemes. The results of different source currents are compared
with a different control schemes in terms of active and reactive power and in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD) for nonlinear load using Fryze Power Theory (FPT) and Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT).
Reference currents are generated by the different control schemes have been dynamically traced in a hysteresis
current controller. The performance of DSTATCOM for different control schemes is validated for load balancing
and harmonic elimination by using simulation models in MATLAB/SIMULINK
Fuzzy Logic Controller Based on Voltage Source Converter-HVDC with MMC TopologyIJMTST Journal
This paper presents Modular Multi Level Converters (MMC) are used for high voltage high power DC to AC conversion. The MMCs with increased number of levels offer close to sine wave operation with reduced THD on the AC side. This is a new type of voltage source converter (VSC) topology. The use of this converter in a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system is called by a MMC-HVDC system. The MMC-HVDC has the advantage in terms of scalability, performance, and efficiency over two-and three-level VSC-HVDC. The proposed HVDC system offers the operational flexibility of VSC based systems in terms of active and reactive power control, in addition to improved ac fault ride-through capability and the unique feature of current-limiting capability during dc side faults. The proposed VSC-HVDC system, in this project assesses its dynamic performance during steady-state and network alternations, including its response to AC and DC side faults. In this project using a fuzzy controller and the proposed topology is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and the simulation results are observed.
This paper presented single DC bus single phase seven level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter for multi-panel photovoltaic grid-connected applications. A single DC bus supplying flyback converters to produce DC link voltages for CHB cells is suggested. A balanced operation of CHB inverter cells is obtained irrespective to power unbalance occurred by individual maximum power point tracking boost converter of photovoltaic (PV) panels due to the non-uniform irradiation and partial shading. A DC bus voltage control system with addition of estimated DC bus ripple voltage to the reference is proposed to eliminate the second order harmonic contained in the feedback voltage of DC bus enabling to design high bandwidth of DC voltage control loop. This produces fast dynamic response, low total harmonic distortion (THD) of grid current and smaller DC bus capacitance. Mathematical modeling of bus voltage control system is presented. PSIM simulation program is used and the simulation results are obtained to validate the proposed control system.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Performance Investigation of a Monopolar HVDC Transmission System Feeding a Weak AC Network
1. International Journal of Engineering Inventions
e-ISSN: 2278-7461, p-ISSN: 2319-6491
Volume 4, Issue 5 (October 2014) PP: 01-10
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 1
Performance Investigation of a Monopolar HVDC Transmission System Feeding a Weak AC Network
S. Seenivasan1, S. Singaravelu2
1, 2Department of Electrical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract: This paper investigates the performance of line commutated converter (LCC) based monopolar HVDC transmission system feeding a weak AC network with hybrid reactive power compensators (RPC’s) at the inverter AC side. The hybrid compensator is an equal mix of any two of the following compensators: synchronous compensator (SC); static var compensator (SVC); static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The HVDC transmission system model is implemented in the Matlab with the firefly algorithm based optimal proportional integral (PI) controller for rectifier and inverter control. The transient performances of hybrid RPC’s (SC+SVC, SVC+STATCOM and SC+STATCOM) are judged under various fault conditions and the outcomes are compared with the performance of the SC, SVC and STATCOM to highlight the supremacy of the hybrid compensators. The simulation results validate that the equal mix of SC and STATCOM has a steady and fastest response. The results also demonstrate the superiority of the firefly algorithm based optimal PI controller over the conventional PI controller. The harmonic analysis is also carried out under steady state operation to assure the quality of power supply on the inverter AC side. Keywords: Firefly algorithm, Hybrid RPC’s, Monopolar HVDC, PI controller, Weak AC network.
I. INTRODUCTION
The HVDC power transmission technology is undergoing rapid upturns in the voltage, power carrying capacity and length of transmission lines [1]. The behavior of the HVDC system plays ever greater roles in the performance of entire AC/DC power systems. It is essential to understand the mechanisms of the interactions between an HVDC system and an AC network so the HVDC system can be operated in a manner that enhances the stability of the entire power grid. The significance of this interaction largely depends on the strength of the AC system at the converter bus [2], which is generally expressed by the short circuit ratio (SCR). The following SCR values [3] can be used to classify AC systems: a) For a strong system SCR >3, b) For a weak system 2 ≤ SCR < 3, c) For a very weak system SCR < 2.
Enormous amount of work has been carried out so far to know the interaction between AC network and HVDC system. The voltage stability associated phenomena [4] at HVDC terminals feeding weak AC network and solutions for eradicating the risks of voltage collapse and for evading control-induced oscillations were discussed. An analysis of the Nelson River HVDC system with new synchronous compensators [5] is presented and also highlighted planning requirements and specification of the synchronous compensators to optimize power delivery by the DC links. The dynamic performance of HVDC systems [6] connected to a weak AC system is analyzed for various exciter characteristics of synchronous machines connected to the converter bus. The direct transient stability margin (TSM) prediction method using the extended equal area criterion [7] is used for the incorporation of SVC and HVDC transmission system into the power system. The use of STATCOM at the inverter end of a conventional HVDC system for the reactive power support is discussed in [8]. An evaluation of the coordination between STATCOM and HVDC classic link feeding a weak AC network is done in [9] with two different control technique during various fault conditions.
The fault recovery and suppression of dynamic overvoltage (DOV) criterion of an HVDC system feeding a weak AC network have been discussed in [10] with a fixed capacitor (FC), SC, Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR), Thyristor switched capacitor (TSC), Metal oxide varistor (MOV), Series capacitor device (SCD). The DC power recovery and suppression of temporary overvoltage (TOV) of an HVDC system feeding a very weak AC network have been discussed in [11] [12]. To make the analysis complete, it is highly necessary to consider the suppression of TOV and fault recovery for an HVDC system feeding a weak AC network. Therefore, in this simulation work both the fault recovery performance as well as suppression of TOV during various transient fault conditions has been carried out for an HVDC transmission system connected to a weak AC network with the hybrid RPC‟s: SC+SVC, SVC+STATCOM and SC+STATCOM. These results are compared with the performance of SC, SVC and STATCOM. The harmonics investigation is also carried out under steady state to assure the quality of power supply on the inverter AC side.
The simple fixed gain PI controller used for the rectifier and the inverter controllers of HVDC system causes instability due to inadequacy in tuning its gain for various abnormal operating conditions. To overcome this drawback intelligent technique has been introduced [13]-[16] for proper tuning of the PI controller
2. Performance Investigation of a Monopolar HVDC Transmission System Feeding a Weak AC Network
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 2
parameters. However, in all those tuning methods the principal signals used to fix the PI gains of the rectifier
and the inverter current controllers are current error and its derivative. On the other hand, for the inverter
gamma controller, the gamma error and its derivative are used. In this paper, minimization of the rectifier and
the inverter DC power errors are considered as an objective function which is achieved by the firefly
optimization algorithm, to fix the PI gains of the respective PI controller. To demonstrate the effectiveness of
the firefly algorithm based optimal PI controller on transient performance of HVDC system, it has been
compared with conventional PI controller.
II. MODELLING OF MONOPOLAR HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
A line commutated converter based monopolar HVDC system of 500kV, 2kA, 1000MW feeding a
strong AC network [17], in which inverter side AC network is replaced by a weak AC network as shown in the
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1: Monopolar HVDC transmission system model feeding a weak AC network
The rectifier side AC system of 500kV, 5000MVA, 60Hz is connected to the inverter side AC system
of 345kV, 2500MVA, 50Hz through an HVDC network. Generally, the AC system is represented by damped
LLR equivalents. The Passive filters of 450MVAr are connected on the source side to eliminate the 11th and
13th (the double tuned type) order and above 24th (second order high pass filter) order current harmonics and
the synchronous and/or the static compensator is used (150MVAr) for reactive power compensation. The
rectifier and the inverter are 12-pulse converters. The DC network model consists of a smoothing reactor for the
rectifier and the inverter bridges, a passive filter of double tuned type to mitigate the 12th and 24th order DC
voltage harmonics and the DC line. The DC link of 1500 km is modelled as a distributed parameter line model
with lumped losses. The rectifier is equipped with a current controller to maintain the DC system current
constant. The inverter is provided with a current controller to maintain the DC system current constant and a
constant extinction angle or gamma controller. The reference current for the current controllers is obtained from
the master controller output through the voltage dependent current order limiter (VDCOL). In order to protect
the rectifier and the inverter DC protection functions are implemented in each converter. In the inverter side
AC network, the following six reactive power compensator options is studied.
Vf m
Excitation
To AC Network
Pm 0
3 Phase
Transformer
Synchronous
Condenser
To AC Network
3 Phase
Transformer
Control
TCR TSC
To AC Network
CONTROL
Vdc
VSC
3 Phase
Transformer
(a) SC (b) SVC (c) STATCOM
Fig. 2: Schematic of RPC„s
2.1 SC
The SC model of 150MVAr shown in Fig. 2 (a) is represented with the simplified synchronous
machine block which models, both the electrical and mechanical characteristics of a simple synchronous
machine. The SC uses the solid static excitation system.
3. Performance Investigation of a Monopolar HVDC Transmission System Feeding a Weak AC Network
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 3
2.2 SVC
A 150MVAr SVC is shown in Fig. 2 (b) regulates voltage on a 345kV system. The SVC consists of a 345kV/16kV, 168MVA coupling transformer, one 60MVAr TCR bank and one 180MVAr TSC connected to the secondary side of the transformer. Switching the TSC in and out allows a continuous variation of the secondary reactive power from zero to 180MVAr capacitive, whereas phase control of the TCR allows a continuous variation from zero to 60MVAr inductive.
2.3 STATCOM
The STATCOM) shown in Fig. 2 (c) is located at the inverter side of the HVDC link and has a rating of ±150MVAr. This STATCOM is a typical simple PWM voltage source converter (VSC). It consists of a 6 pulse VSC inverter and a series connected Capacitors which act as a variable DC voltage source. Based on a VSC, the STATCOM regulates system voltage by absorbing or generating reactive power.
2.4 An Equal Mix of SC and SVC
The SC and SVC (-90MVAr, +30MVAr) are connected to the inverter bus in this scheme with the rating of the SC halved to 75Mvar. In steady state the SC and SVC each supply 75MVAr.
2.5 An Equal Mix of SC and STATCOM
The SC and STATCOM (±75MVAr) are connected to the inverter bus in this scheme with the rating of the SC halved to 75Mvar. In steady state the SC and STATCOM each supply 75MVAr.
2.6 An Equal Mix of SVC and STATCOM
The SVC (-90MVAr, +30MVAr) and STATCOM (±75MVAr) are connected to the inverter bus in this scheme. In steady state the SVC and STATCOM each supply 75MVAr.
III. APPLICATION OF FIREFLY ALGORITHM FOR OBTAINING OPTIMAL GAIN VALUES FOR PI CONTROLLERS
In this paper, optimization of the rectifier and the inverter side DC power error is picked as a prime objective function which has to be minimized. To achieve the same DC power (PDCMEA) and its reference (PDCREF) is compared to get the error signal. The integral square error of the rectifier DC power error and inverter DC power error are processed by the firefly algorithm [18] to fix the gain of the rectifier current PI controller and to fix the gain of the both inverter current PI controller and the gamma PI controller respectively. This approach ensures the reduced computational procedure, faster recovery and reduced TOV. The schematic diagram of the firefly algorithm based tuning technique is shown in Fig. 3. The general flow chart for minimization of the rectifier/ the inverter DC power error function using firefly algorithm is shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 3: Schematic diagram of the firefly algorithm based tuning technique
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In order to know the interaction between AC network and HVDC systems, MATLAB simulation model is implemented based on the data [19]. At the inverter AC side the following RPC‟s are considered for analysis: SC, SVC, STATCOM, SC+SVC, SC+STATCOM and SVC+STATCOM. In all the cases simulated steady state AC voltage and current waveforms at the inverter AC side and their harmonic spectrums are observed to assure the quality of the AC supply. The transient performance of the HVDC system is analyzed in the presence of various RPC‟S for a duration of two seconds under different fault conditions to study the suppression of TOV and fault recovery. For the purposes of comparison, identical fault duration of 0.05seconds was used for all types of faults. The inverter side RMS AC voltage waveforms are observed during various AC faults and DC fault on the rectifier side to study the TOV suppression capability of the proposed firefly algorithm based PI controller. For analyzing the fault recovery capability with the proposed firefly algorithm based PI controller, the inverter DC power is observed, under various AC faults and DC faults at rectifier and inverter side. In all the cases, the TOV suppression and fault clearance capability of the firefly algorithm based PI controller are compared with conventional PI controller of an HVDC transmission system.
4. Performance Investigation of a Monopolar HVDC Transmission System Feeding a Weak AC Network
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 4
Fig. 4: Flowchart for minimization of the rectifier/the inverter DC power error function using firefly algorithm
4.1 Inverter Side AC Harmonics
The inverter side AC voltage and current waveforms and their harmonic spectrums during steady state operation are shown in Fig. 5 and 6 and the results are listed in table I. From the inverter side AC waveforms and their harmonic spectrum, it is found that in all the cases the voltage and current are equal to 1p.u and the harmonics are within tolerable limit. The 11th and 13th current harmonics are the foremost harmonics on the inverter AC side.
4.2 Temporary overvoltage
When disturbances occur on the DC line or at the rectifier side, commonly temporary over voltage happens. It is usual practice a large number RLC based filters are provided in the inverter side of the HVDC system, in order to supply the part of necessary reactive power. During rectifier side AC or DC faults (the inverter side has no faults), the DC is blocked, and hence the reactive power of those filters will flow into the AC system, which often causes TOV. In order to suppress the TOV, the reactive power compensator and DC system PI controllers should respond quickly otherwise the TOV could be very high and could damage the insulation of the equipment. The ability of TOV suppression of various RPC's is demonstrated with the proposed firefly algorithm based PI controller and also compared to a conventional PI controller. From the inverter side RMS AC voltage waveforms shown in Fig. 7 and 8 and the results listed in table II, the occurrence of TOV with the presence of a conventional PI controller for various RPC‟s can be understood. The hybrid RPC‟s (SC+SVC, SC+STATCOM and SVC+STATCOM) has improved TOV controlling capability, than their individual performance (SC, SVC, and STATCOM). In particular, SC+STATCOM have very less TOV among the various RPC‟s. The TOV values further reduced due to the application firefly algorithm based PI controller compared to conventional PI controller.
4.3 Fault Recovery
The time taken by the HVDC system to recover the 80% of the pre-fault power after the fault clearance is known as DC power recovery time. The DC power recovery time is often desired the recovery ability of a DC system PI controller and the capability of the RPC‟s during system disturbances.
5. Performance Investigation of a Monopolar HVDC Transmission System Feeding a Weak AC Network
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 5
Fig. 5: Inverter side AC waveforms and their harmonic spectrums during steady state operation
- with SC (left), - with SVC (middle), -with STATCOM (right).
Fig. 6: Inverter side AC waveforms and their harmonic spectrums during steady state operation
-with SC+SVC (Left), - with SC+STATCOM (Middle), -with SVC+STATCOM (Right).
6. Performance Investigation of a Monopolar HVDC Transmission System Feeding a Weak AC Network
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 6
Fig. 7: Inverter AC bus RMS voltage when disturbances occur on the DC line or at the rectifier side - with SC (left), - with SVC (middle), - with STATCOM (right).
Fig. 8: Inverter AC bus RMS voltage when disturbances occur on the DC line or at the rectifier side -with SC+ SVC (Left), - with SC+STATCOM (Middle), -with SVC+STATCOM (Right).
7. Performance Investigation of a Monopolar HVDC Transmission System Feeding a Weak AC Network
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 7
Fig. 9: Inverter DC power when AC and DC disturbances occur on the rectifier side/ the inverter side -with SC (left), -with SVC (middle), – with STATCOM (right).
8. Performance Investigation of a Monopolar HVDC Transmission System Feeding a Weak AC Network
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 8
Fig. 10: Inverter DC power when AC and DC disturbances occur on the rectifier side /the inverter side -with SC+SVC (Left), - with SC+STATCOM (Middle), -with SVC+STATCOM (Right).
9. Performance Investigation of a Monopolar HVDC Transmission System Feeding a Weak AC Network
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 9
Table I
Harmonic Measurement of the Inverter Side AC Quantities
%AC Harmonics
for Various RPC’s
SC
SVC
STATCOM
SC
+
SVC
SC
+
STATCOM
SVC
+
STATCOM
Voltage
0.51
1.41
1.35
1.03
0.50
0.85
Current
8.53
8.58
8.53
8.56
8.72
8.62
Table II
Temporary Over Voltage Level When Disturbances Occur on the DC Line or at the Rectifier AC Side
TOV
for Various RPC’s in p.u
Rectifier Side 3Φ AC fault
Rectifier Side 2Φ AC fault
Rectifier Side 1Φ AC fault
Rectifier DC fault
SC
PI
1.1821
1.1641
1.1451
1.1421
FFPI
1.1583
1.1322
1.1147
1.1208
SVC
PI
1.1994
1.1740
1.1497
1.1558
FFPI
1.1785
1.1466
1.1201
1.1311
STATCOM
PI
1.0962
1.0852
1.0641
1.0937
FFPI
1.0693
1.0614
1.0411
1.0683
SC+SVC
PI
1.1521
1.1379
1.1124
1.1132
FFPI
1.1245
1.1103
1.0886
1.0904
SC+
STATCOM
PI
1.0541
1.0496
1.0393
1.0566
FFPI
1.0294
1.0272
1.0147
1.0331
SVC+
STATCOM
PI
1.1424
1.1253
1.0932
1.1036
FFPI
1.1128
1.1011
1.0720
1.0899
Table III
The Fault Recovery Time When AC and DC Disturbances Occur on the Rectifier and the Inverter Side
Fault Recovery Time
for Various RPC’s in seconds
Rectifier Side 3Φ AC fault
Rectifier Side 2Φ AC fault
Rectifier Side 1Φ AC fault
Rectifier DC fault
Inverter DC fault
Inverter Side 3Φ AC fault
Inverter Side 2Φ AC fault
Inverter Side 1Φ AC fault
SC
PI
0.034
0.022
0.013
0.364
0.365
0.169
0.163
0.151
FFPI
0.032
0.021
0.012
0.243
0.242
0.058
0.053
0.049
SVC
PI
0.035
0.023
0.014
0.382
0.384
0.173
0.165
0.156
FFPI
0.033
0.022
0.013
0.253
0.254
0.065
0.060
0.055
STATCOM
PI
0.032
0.021
0.012
0.350
0.353
0.163
0.159
0.147
FFPI
0.030
0.020
0.011
0.230
0.231
0.051
0.047
0.043
SC+SVC
PI
0.029
0.019
0.010
0.329
0.330
0.155
0.152
0.141
FFPI
0.027
0.018
0.009
0.216
0.218
0.044
0.040
0.036
SC+
STATCOM
PI
0.026
0.016
0.008
0.311
0.313
0.149
0.144
0.137
FFPI
0.024
0.015
0.007
0.197
0.198
0.039
0.034
0.029
SVC+
STATCOM
PI
0.028
0.018
0.009
0.326
0.327
0.154
0.152
0.140
FFPI
0.026
0.017
0.008
0.212
0.214
0.043
0.039
0.036
From the inverter DC power recovery simulation results (Fig. 9 and 10 and Table III), it is observed that in all the cases during rectifier side AC system faults, the system recovery with the firefly algorithm based PI controller is slightly faster than the conventional PI controller. On the other hand, for the faults in the rectifier DC side and inverter AC and DC side, the hybrid RPC‟s (SC+SVC, SC+STATCOM and SVC+STATCOM) has reduced fault clearing time than their individual performance (SC, SVC, and STATCOM). In particular, the combination of SC and STATCOM is taking very lesser time to clear the fault among the various RPC‟s. Further, the firefly algorithm based PI controller makes the system recovery much faster than the conventional PI controller.
10. Performance Investigation of a Monopolar HVDC Transmission System Feeding a Weak AC Network
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 10
III. CONCLUSION
In this paper, performance investigation of hybrid RPC's in a monopolar HVDC system feeding a weak AC network was carried out in detail with firefly algorithm based optimal PI controller for the rectifier and the inverter control. The different hybrid RPC‟s analyzed were SC+SVC, SC+STATCOM and SVC+STATCOM. This involvement can be very useful for designing and safeguarding persons, for analyzing the interaction between AC networks and HVDC systems under different operating environment. The HVDC transmission system model was developed in the Matlab environment. The transient performances of the hybrid RPC's in an HVDC system were compared with SC, SVC, STATCOM, under different fault condition to study the suppression of TOV and fault recovery. The simulation results validate that the equal mix of SC+STATCOM has the steady and fastest response and display the superiority of firefly algorithm based PI controller over the conventional fixed gain PI controller. The harmonic analysis outcome also assures the quality of power supply on inverter AC side.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support and facilities provided by the authorities of the Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India to carry out this research work.
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