The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Effects of Vegetative Zones on the Nutritional Composition of Vernonia Amygda...AI Publications
The study was carried out to determine the effects of vegetative zones (location) on the nutritional compositions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Across locations (in each vegetative zones), A total land area of 9 m x 18 m was acquired and soil samples were randomly collected to determine the physical and chemical composition of the soils. The growth of Vernonia amygdalina (stem) with a spacing of 1 m x 1 m between rows was determined. Harvested fresh leaves of the plant were analyzed for nutritional composition using standard methods. Nutritional and mineral compositions were observed at different proportions in the leaves of the investigated plant. Higher proximate composition in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was also recorded in terms of Moisture (Efon; 11.34%) and protein (Ikere; 22.46 %,) in the rainforest. However, higher Fat (Otun; 4.58 %), Crude fiber (Omuo; 16.08 %), Ash (Omuo; 14.69%) and Carbohydrate (Otun; 38.68 %) was found in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. Similarly, the Mineral element compositions in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were found to be higher in plant from the rainforest area than the derived savannah area of Ekiti State except sodium and iron, which were higher in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. However, the significant differences recorded between the nutritional components on the studied medicinal plant reveals the potentiality of the influence of soil factor and different climatic conditions of the study areas.
Characterisation of some Lamiaceae Species Distributed in the Rize Province, ...Premier Publishers
The Black Sea region belongs to one of the richest regions of Turkey regarding biological diversity. In total 2239 species are present in the East Black Sea region, 514 of them are endemic and the endemism ratio is ca. 23 %. More than half of the plants distributed at the East Black Sea region are present in the Rize province and almost 70 % of the plants are of medicinal and aromatic value. Four Mentha species, three Origanum species, three Thymus species, two Salvia species, two Stachys species and one Calamintha species were collected from 19 different localities in Rize during 2015. A field nursery was established using collected material. A field nursery was established using collected material. Further, Principal Component Analysis was used to distinguish present genetic diversity based on essential oil composition. The obtained data valued that large diversity could be determined and collected materials can be used as genetic resources in further investigations.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Poster presentation on the research article carried out during Internship period LEE presented in National Horticulture society Seminar Held in Kirtipur.
Hydration Kinetics of Blanched and Unblanched Sword BeansAI Publications
Sword bean, which belongs to the (Fabaceae) family, is an indigenous legume found in several tropical countries in Africa and Asia. During the processing of legumes including sword bean, hydration is initially carried out to prepare the seeds for further operations such as cooking and milling. The absorption of water is determined by the physical and chemical properties of the crop as well as other extrinsic factors such as blanching, temperature, and soaking time. The physical properties of sword bean were determined using the standard method. Arrhenius equation adequately described the temperature dependency of water absorption of sword bean and showed that high soaking temperature reduced the time required to achieve equilibrium moisture. The activation energy for blanched and unblanched sword beans was discovered to be 14.28 KJ/mol and 13.36 KJ/mol respectively. The initial microbial counts on dry beans were minimized by blanching, thus, there was a reduction in risk posed by microbe proliferation during soaking. The quantitative data that characterize soaking conditions is therefore imperative for designing and optimizing food processing equipment, and also predicting the water uptake of the food as a function of time and temperature. The data of hydration kinetics of sword beans will provide information that could be used in solving problems involved in storability conditions, design problems, predict energy requirements in post-harvesting techniques of the product.
Optimization of Storage Methods of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp) Bagged ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The dried leaves of Lippia multiflora were tested for the efficiency on the stored cowpea kernels in PICS bags. A central composite design with five levels represented by two factors affecting the beans storage was used for control the evolution of merchantability (weight loss) and health (AFB1, OTA and Aw) quality during the storage. The factors were: storage time (1 to 8 months) and quantity of biopesticides (0 to 5% of the container mass). Results showed that it is possible to assess ideal conditions to keep the cowpea kernel merchantability and health qualities during storage. The quality of the kernels maintained for a concentration in biopesticide greater than or equal to 1,26% during 8 months. In the planned optimal conditions, the experimental values were 3.50±0.50%, 1.48±0.3 µg/kg, 4.54±0.02 µg/kg and 0.71±0.03 for weight losses, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and water activity (Aw) respectively. These values of weight losses, mycotoxins levels and were substantially equal to those predicted by the experimental model.
Effects of Vegetative Zones on the Nutritional Composition of Vernonia Amygda...AI Publications
The study was carried out to determine the effects of vegetative zones (location) on the nutritional compositions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Across locations (in each vegetative zones), A total land area of 9 m x 18 m was acquired and soil samples were randomly collected to determine the physical and chemical composition of the soils. The growth of Vernonia amygdalina (stem) with a spacing of 1 m x 1 m between rows was determined. Harvested fresh leaves of the plant were analyzed for nutritional composition using standard methods. Nutritional and mineral compositions were observed at different proportions in the leaves of the investigated plant. Higher proximate composition in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was also recorded in terms of Moisture (Efon; 11.34%) and protein (Ikere; 22.46 %,) in the rainforest. However, higher Fat (Otun; 4.58 %), Crude fiber (Omuo; 16.08 %), Ash (Omuo; 14.69%) and Carbohydrate (Otun; 38.68 %) was found in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. Similarly, the Mineral element compositions in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were found to be higher in plant from the rainforest area than the derived savannah area of Ekiti State except sodium and iron, which were higher in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. However, the significant differences recorded between the nutritional components on the studied medicinal plant reveals the potentiality of the influence of soil factor and different climatic conditions of the study areas.
Characterisation of some Lamiaceae Species Distributed in the Rize Province, ...Premier Publishers
The Black Sea region belongs to one of the richest regions of Turkey regarding biological diversity. In total 2239 species are present in the East Black Sea region, 514 of them are endemic and the endemism ratio is ca. 23 %. More than half of the plants distributed at the East Black Sea region are present in the Rize province and almost 70 % of the plants are of medicinal and aromatic value. Four Mentha species, three Origanum species, three Thymus species, two Salvia species, two Stachys species and one Calamintha species were collected from 19 different localities in Rize during 2015. A field nursery was established using collected material. A field nursery was established using collected material. Further, Principal Component Analysis was used to distinguish present genetic diversity based on essential oil composition. The obtained data valued that large diversity could be determined and collected materials can be used as genetic resources in further investigations.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Poster presentation on the research article carried out during Internship period LEE presented in National Horticulture society Seminar Held in Kirtipur.
Hydration Kinetics of Blanched and Unblanched Sword BeansAI Publications
Sword bean, which belongs to the (Fabaceae) family, is an indigenous legume found in several tropical countries in Africa and Asia. During the processing of legumes including sword bean, hydration is initially carried out to prepare the seeds for further operations such as cooking and milling. The absorption of water is determined by the physical and chemical properties of the crop as well as other extrinsic factors such as blanching, temperature, and soaking time. The physical properties of sword bean were determined using the standard method. Arrhenius equation adequately described the temperature dependency of water absorption of sword bean and showed that high soaking temperature reduced the time required to achieve equilibrium moisture. The activation energy for blanched and unblanched sword beans was discovered to be 14.28 KJ/mol and 13.36 KJ/mol respectively. The initial microbial counts on dry beans were minimized by blanching, thus, there was a reduction in risk posed by microbe proliferation during soaking. The quantitative data that characterize soaking conditions is therefore imperative for designing and optimizing food processing equipment, and also predicting the water uptake of the food as a function of time and temperature. The data of hydration kinetics of sword beans will provide information that could be used in solving problems involved in storability conditions, design problems, predict energy requirements in post-harvesting techniques of the product.
Optimization of Storage Methods of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp) Bagged ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The dried leaves of Lippia multiflora were tested for the efficiency on the stored cowpea kernels in PICS bags. A central composite design with five levels represented by two factors affecting the beans storage was used for control the evolution of merchantability (weight loss) and health (AFB1, OTA and Aw) quality during the storage. The factors were: storage time (1 to 8 months) and quantity of biopesticides (0 to 5% of the container mass). Results showed that it is possible to assess ideal conditions to keep the cowpea kernel merchantability and health qualities during storage. The quality of the kernels maintained for a concentration in biopesticide greater than or equal to 1,26% during 8 months. In the planned optimal conditions, the experimental values were 3.50±0.50%, 1.48±0.3 µg/kg, 4.54±0.02 µg/kg and 0.71±0.03 for weight losses, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and water activity (Aw) respectively. These values of weight losses, mycotoxins levels and were substantially equal to those predicted by the experimental model.
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED ...ijabjournal
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical Screening, Proximate and Elemental Analyses of Senna siamea (La...Premier Publishers
Senna siamea has been used by various ethnicities in Nigeria for the treatment of various ailments including syphilis, herpes, swine fever, typhoid fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, menstrual pain, among others. In this study, the leaves of Senna siamea were collected and made to undergo proximate, phytochemical and elemental analyses. Result for the proximate analysis revealed 7.43 % moisture content, 20.62 % ash content, 3.00 % lipid content, 21.88 % protein content, 13.00 % crude fibre content and 34.07 % carbohydrate content. Phytochemical screening results indicated high presence of terpenoids, tannins and volatile oils; moderate presence of alkaloids and cardiac glycosides; low presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids and general glycosides. Quantitative elemental analysis revealed the presence of iron, magnesium and calcium in appreciable amounts of 11.03 %, 10.83 % and 3.08 % respectively. The secondary metabolites contained in S. siamea leaves are hugely responsible for its use in the afore-mentioned treatments and the appreciable amounts of vital minerals suggest they could be processed and inculcated in animal feeds.
Impact of Environmental Conservation Status on Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge...ijtsrd
Survival of indigenous medicinal knowledge is threatened due to environmental degradation. The later is partly caused by loss of natural vegetation, land transformation and diminishing use of socio-cultural conservation measures. The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the level of environmental conservation and the existing indigenous medicinal knowledge in Imenti South District of Meru County with the following objectives; 1. Assessment of the approaches and strategies used in conservation of Indigenous Medicinal Resources, 2. Assessment of the zonal environmental conservation status of the Indigenous medical knowledge, and 3. Establish a framework for identifying priority medicinal materials for immediate domestication and conservation. Data was collected from 453 respondents using questionnaires, interview schedules and field observations. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 17 was used for analysis. Acceptance of indigenous medicine (IM) and the consequential overharvesting of indigenous medicinal materials (IMMs) was found to be on the rise.On farm growing, preservation and conservational harvesting through community-based development programme were recommended to revitalize indigenous medicinal resources. Jafford Rithaa | Antonina Mugambi"Impact of Environmental Conservation Status on Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge (IMK) Survival: Case of South Imenti in Meru County" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14120.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/14120/impact-of-environmental-conservation-status-on-indigenous-medicinal-knowledge-imk-survival-case-of-south-imenti-in-meru-county/jafford-rithaa
Egg quality characteristics of pullet chickens fed Neem (AzdirachtaIndica) le...IJEAB
A study was carried out with 180 dominant black strain pullet birds to evaluate the effect of neem and housing types on egg quality characteristics of pullets at point of lay. The birds were randomly assigned to two housing types (deep litter with run and deep litter housing) of 6 treatment groups comprising of 30 birds and 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial layout in a completely randomized design. Diets containing neem leaf meal (NLM) at 0, 0.5 and 1.0% was administered to birds. Data were collected egg external and internal characteristic at point of lay. Highest egg weight (45.53 g) was obtained in birds fed 0.5% NLM. Bright yellow yolks were obtained from birds managed on deep litter housing with run. It was concluded that up to 1.0% NLM could be included in the diets of laying pullets to trigger early egg production and improve egg yolk colour.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Potential Distribution and Conservation of Endangered Bird Anthus sokokensis ...AI Publications
Ruvu-South Coastal Forest Reserve forms one of the most important coastal forests in Eastern Africa coastal belt. It provides important ecological habitat for most endemic and endangered fauna and flora species including endangered Sokoke pipit bird (Anthussokokensis). The study evaluated the potential distribution and conservation of globally endangered Sokoke pipit bird in Ruvu Coastal Forest Reserve in Tanzania. Specifically the project assessed the current population size, distribution, and habitat conditions of Sokoke pipit bird in the study area. Using National Forest Inventory protocol, a total of 9 tagged line transects were established 900m from each other and sample plots of 50m x 30m were laid at every 400m along tagged transects. In each sample plot, information about forest floor conditions, forest gaps and signs for forest disturbances were assessed.Study recorded a total of 201 disturbance events along all 13 transects. Tree cutting events were observed at highest frequency rate with 71 incidences compared to others; followed by fire damage incidences. Also the study recorded 28 Sokoke pipit birds distributed in 5 sample plots among all 39 plots surveyed.The mean density ofS.pipit bird found is0.02 birds/ha, with a projected overall bird population estimated at 611 individuals in the entire forest. The study recommends further studies to other parts of the forest reserve so as to identify other fundamental niche, endangered and endemic species. Also to enhance of forest management by local authority and raise conservation awareness to address human-mediated forest destruction.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Partitioning in Chato Afromontane Forest: Its Cl...IJEAB
Forests trap carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, store in the form of carbon (C) and regulate climate change. In this study, C storage and climate change mitigation potential of Chato Afromontane forest was assessed from measurement of the major pools including the aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, dead tree biomass, plant litter and soil organic carbon (SOC). The result showed that biomass accumulation was comparatively larger for natural forest than plantations due to maturity, intactness and species diversity. The total C storage capacity of the forest ranged from 107.12 Mg ha-1 for acacia plantation to 453.21 Mg ha-1 for the intact natural forest. The mean C storage capacity by major pools ranged from 1.36 Mg ha-1 for the dead tree C to 157.95 Mg ha-1 for the aboveground C pool. The forest ecosystem accumulated a total of nearly 6371.30 Gg C in the vegetation plus soil to a depth of 60 cm. Conservation of the sacred forest will have an imperative implication to net positive C addition and regulation of climate change.
1 ijfaf oct-2017-4-the characteristics of rumenAI Publications
The ruminant animal feed ingredients consisting of forage with the combination of grass and legume which were almost limited in availability, the cocoa leaves as agricultural wastes or wastes containing low nutrient plantation low used as alternative feed ingredients. To overcome these problems required a simple technology that is fermentation using microorganisms indigenus so that the effluent quality cocoa can be improved. Indigenus microorganisms were microbes that exist in individuals without disturbing the activities. The purpose of this research was to improve the quality of rumen fluid characteristics and digestibility of cocoa leaves fermented by microorganisms indigenus. The method used in this study was completely randomized design factorial with three replications, treatment factors consist of A as the level of microbes (A1 = 5%, A2 = 10%, A3 = 15%) and factor B as the duration of fermentation (B1 = 2 day, B2 = 4 days, B3 = 6 days) and the variables; the nutrient content and digestibility of cocoa leaves before and after being fermented and the characteristics of rumen fluid in vitro methods. The results showed that the increasing levels of use of microbes and fermentation time can enhance the quality of cocoa leaves that reduce the content of dry material from 31.389 to 25.488% and increase the protein content of the coarse 6.153 to 7.483%. Dry Material digestibility increased from 27.379 to 32.942% and 27.432% Protein 21,435- rough. Rumen fluid characteristics were rumen fluid pH ranges from 7.427 to 7.603, NH3 production ranges from 16.820 - 19,975mg / 100ml, and Volatyl Fatty Acid production from 83.667 to 101.000 mM. The conclusion that increasing the digestibility quality cocoa fruit leather could be made by fermentation by microorganisms indigenus.
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forest...Innspub Net
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-1-january-2015-jbes/
Biometric characterization of local chicken “Gallus gallus domesticus” accord...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A study having for objective the biometric characterization of the local chicken according to the sex and the type of feathering was conducted in the department of Dabakala. A sample of 116 local reared chickens (39 cocks and 77 hens) from traditional breeding was the object of a description by observation, weighing and physical measurement. This study has shown a sexual dimorphism between the cock and the hen. Thus cock’s average weight was 1571.79 ± 60.69 g against 1120.78 ± 29.70 g for the hen. The whole population of chicken weight average was 1272.41 ± 34. 51 g. The eight (8) biometric traits studied were distributed in five (5) phenotypes and three (3) subgroups according to the number of common traits. The biometric parameter that could best serve the determination of body weight of a chicken without actually weighing it, was thoracic perimeter with better correlation with weight.
Phytochemical screening and proximate composition of the sea grasses Enhalus ...Innspub Net
Knowledge of the chemical composition of seagrass is important both for the assessment of the nutritional value of marine invertebrate or vertebrate herbivores and for the evaluation of potential sources of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids for commercial use or for possible human consumption. While phytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicinal importance of the plant extract and are lead compound for drug discoveries. Proximate composition and phytochemical analyses were determined on the seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii using standard methods on a dry basis. The result of the proximate composition showed that Enhalus acoroides contained 9.35% crude protein, 0.07% crude lipid, 54.94% carbohydrate contents and 35.64% ash. While Thalassia hemprichii contained 14.98% crude protein, 0.17% crude lipid, 52.87% carbohydrate contents and 31.98% ash. The phytochemicals detected in the methanolic extracts of Enhalus acoroides were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, and steroids. While for Thalassia hemprichii were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. The results indicate that seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii are good potential sources of highly nutritious feed stuff and the different active secondary metabolites along with significant bioactive potential might be helpful for the future pharmaceutical applications.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED ...ijabjournal
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical Screening, Proximate and Elemental Analyses of Senna siamea (La...Premier Publishers
Senna siamea has been used by various ethnicities in Nigeria for the treatment of various ailments including syphilis, herpes, swine fever, typhoid fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, menstrual pain, among others. In this study, the leaves of Senna siamea were collected and made to undergo proximate, phytochemical and elemental analyses. Result for the proximate analysis revealed 7.43 % moisture content, 20.62 % ash content, 3.00 % lipid content, 21.88 % protein content, 13.00 % crude fibre content and 34.07 % carbohydrate content. Phytochemical screening results indicated high presence of terpenoids, tannins and volatile oils; moderate presence of alkaloids and cardiac glycosides; low presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids and general glycosides. Quantitative elemental analysis revealed the presence of iron, magnesium and calcium in appreciable amounts of 11.03 %, 10.83 % and 3.08 % respectively. The secondary metabolites contained in S. siamea leaves are hugely responsible for its use in the afore-mentioned treatments and the appreciable amounts of vital minerals suggest they could be processed and inculcated in animal feeds.
Impact of Environmental Conservation Status on Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge...ijtsrd
Survival of indigenous medicinal knowledge is threatened due to environmental degradation. The later is partly caused by loss of natural vegetation, land transformation and diminishing use of socio-cultural conservation measures. The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the level of environmental conservation and the existing indigenous medicinal knowledge in Imenti South District of Meru County with the following objectives; 1. Assessment of the approaches and strategies used in conservation of Indigenous Medicinal Resources, 2. Assessment of the zonal environmental conservation status of the Indigenous medical knowledge, and 3. Establish a framework for identifying priority medicinal materials for immediate domestication and conservation. Data was collected from 453 respondents using questionnaires, interview schedules and field observations. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 17 was used for analysis. Acceptance of indigenous medicine (IM) and the consequential overharvesting of indigenous medicinal materials (IMMs) was found to be on the rise.On farm growing, preservation and conservational harvesting through community-based development programme were recommended to revitalize indigenous medicinal resources. Jafford Rithaa | Antonina Mugambi"Impact of Environmental Conservation Status on Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge (IMK) Survival: Case of South Imenti in Meru County" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14120.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/14120/impact-of-environmental-conservation-status-on-indigenous-medicinal-knowledge-imk-survival-case-of-south-imenti-in-meru-county/jafford-rithaa
Egg quality characteristics of pullet chickens fed Neem (AzdirachtaIndica) le...IJEAB
A study was carried out with 180 dominant black strain pullet birds to evaluate the effect of neem and housing types on egg quality characteristics of pullets at point of lay. The birds were randomly assigned to two housing types (deep litter with run and deep litter housing) of 6 treatment groups comprising of 30 birds and 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial layout in a completely randomized design. Diets containing neem leaf meal (NLM) at 0, 0.5 and 1.0% was administered to birds. Data were collected egg external and internal characteristic at point of lay. Highest egg weight (45.53 g) was obtained in birds fed 0.5% NLM. Bright yellow yolks were obtained from birds managed on deep litter housing with run. It was concluded that up to 1.0% NLM could be included in the diets of laying pullets to trigger early egg production and improve egg yolk colour.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Potential Distribution and Conservation of Endangered Bird Anthus sokokensis ...AI Publications
Ruvu-South Coastal Forest Reserve forms one of the most important coastal forests in Eastern Africa coastal belt. It provides important ecological habitat for most endemic and endangered fauna and flora species including endangered Sokoke pipit bird (Anthussokokensis). The study evaluated the potential distribution and conservation of globally endangered Sokoke pipit bird in Ruvu Coastal Forest Reserve in Tanzania. Specifically the project assessed the current population size, distribution, and habitat conditions of Sokoke pipit bird in the study area. Using National Forest Inventory protocol, a total of 9 tagged line transects were established 900m from each other and sample plots of 50m x 30m were laid at every 400m along tagged transects. In each sample plot, information about forest floor conditions, forest gaps and signs for forest disturbances were assessed.Study recorded a total of 201 disturbance events along all 13 transects. Tree cutting events were observed at highest frequency rate with 71 incidences compared to others; followed by fire damage incidences. Also the study recorded 28 Sokoke pipit birds distributed in 5 sample plots among all 39 plots surveyed.The mean density ofS.pipit bird found is0.02 birds/ha, with a projected overall bird population estimated at 611 individuals in the entire forest. The study recommends further studies to other parts of the forest reserve so as to identify other fundamental niche, endangered and endemic species. Also to enhance of forest management by local authority and raise conservation awareness to address human-mediated forest destruction.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Partitioning in Chato Afromontane Forest: Its Cl...IJEAB
Forests trap carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, store in the form of carbon (C) and regulate climate change. In this study, C storage and climate change mitigation potential of Chato Afromontane forest was assessed from measurement of the major pools including the aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, dead tree biomass, plant litter and soil organic carbon (SOC). The result showed that biomass accumulation was comparatively larger for natural forest than plantations due to maturity, intactness and species diversity. The total C storage capacity of the forest ranged from 107.12 Mg ha-1 for acacia plantation to 453.21 Mg ha-1 for the intact natural forest. The mean C storage capacity by major pools ranged from 1.36 Mg ha-1 for the dead tree C to 157.95 Mg ha-1 for the aboveground C pool. The forest ecosystem accumulated a total of nearly 6371.30 Gg C in the vegetation plus soil to a depth of 60 cm. Conservation of the sacred forest will have an imperative implication to net positive C addition and regulation of climate change.
1 ijfaf oct-2017-4-the characteristics of rumenAI Publications
The ruminant animal feed ingredients consisting of forage with the combination of grass and legume which were almost limited in availability, the cocoa leaves as agricultural wastes or wastes containing low nutrient plantation low used as alternative feed ingredients. To overcome these problems required a simple technology that is fermentation using microorganisms indigenus so that the effluent quality cocoa can be improved. Indigenus microorganisms were microbes that exist in individuals without disturbing the activities. The purpose of this research was to improve the quality of rumen fluid characteristics and digestibility of cocoa leaves fermented by microorganisms indigenus. The method used in this study was completely randomized design factorial with three replications, treatment factors consist of A as the level of microbes (A1 = 5%, A2 = 10%, A3 = 15%) and factor B as the duration of fermentation (B1 = 2 day, B2 = 4 days, B3 = 6 days) and the variables; the nutrient content and digestibility of cocoa leaves before and after being fermented and the characteristics of rumen fluid in vitro methods. The results showed that the increasing levels of use of microbes and fermentation time can enhance the quality of cocoa leaves that reduce the content of dry material from 31.389 to 25.488% and increase the protein content of the coarse 6.153 to 7.483%. Dry Material digestibility increased from 27.379 to 32.942% and 27.432% Protein 21,435- rough. Rumen fluid characteristics were rumen fluid pH ranges from 7.427 to 7.603, NH3 production ranges from 16.820 - 19,975mg / 100ml, and Volatyl Fatty Acid production from 83.667 to 101.000 mM. The conclusion that increasing the digestibility quality cocoa fruit leather could be made by fermentation by microorganisms indigenus.
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forest...Innspub Net
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-1-january-2015-jbes/
Biometric characterization of local chicken “Gallus gallus domesticus” accord...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A study having for objective the biometric characterization of the local chicken according to the sex and the type of feathering was conducted in the department of Dabakala. A sample of 116 local reared chickens (39 cocks and 77 hens) from traditional breeding was the object of a description by observation, weighing and physical measurement. This study has shown a sexual dimorphism between the cock and the hen. Thus cock’s average weight was 1571.79 ± 60.69 g against 1120.78 ± 29.70 g for the hen. The whole population of chicken weight average was 1272.41 ± 34. 51 g. The eight (8) biometric traits studied were distributed in five (5) phenotypes and three (3) subgroups according to the number of common traits. The biometric parameter that could best serve the determination of body weight of a chicken without actually weighing it, was thoracic perimeter with better correlation with weight.
Phytochemical screening and proximate composition of the sea grasses Enhalus ...Innspub Net
Knowledge of the chemical composition of seagrass is important both for the assessment of the nutritional value of marine invertebrate or vertebrate herbivores and for the evaluation of potential sources of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids for commercial use or for possible human consumption. While phytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicinal importance of the plant extract and are lead compound for drug discoveries. Proximate composition and phytochemical analyses were determined on the seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii using standard methods on a dry basis. The result of the proximate composition showed that Enhalus acoroides contained 9.35% crude protein, 0.07% crude lipid, 54.94% carbohydrate contents and 35.64% ash. While Thalassia hemprichii contained 14.98% crude protein, 0.17% crude lipid, 52.87% carbohydrate contents and 31.98% ash. The phytochemicals detected in the methanolic extracts of Enhalus acoroides were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, and steroids. While for Thalassia hemprichii were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. The results indicate that seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii are good potential sources of highly nutritious feed stuff and the different active secondary metabolites along with significant bioactive potential might be helpful for the future pharmaceutical applications.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Developing Accident Avoidance Program for Occupational Safety and Healththeijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Development of a power factor model for power sysytem loadstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Implementing a Robust Network-Based Intrusion Detection Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Determination of the Cost of Production from the Raw Dung to the Final Outpu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Using the Physicochemical Properties and the Thermo-oxidation Degradation Pro...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The anti-nutritional composition of white, brown, spotted and black coat coloured African yam
bean varieties that are cultivated in the Afikpo town of Ebonyi State in Nigeria was determined in this study. The
oxalate, trypsin, inhibitor phytate, and tannin contents were determined. The results of the oxalate composition
showed that the white variety was lowest with the value of 0.949 mg/100, while the brown variety was highest
with the value of 5.973 mg/100. The trypsin, phytate and tannin contents ranged from 0.689 mg/l to 0.981 mg/l,
0.002 mg/100 to 0.003 mg/100 and 0.005 % to 0.008 %. There were no significant differences in the
compositions of inhibitor phytate and tannin in the four varieties of the African yam bean. The findings suggest
that the intake of the brown African yam bean should be minimized to avoid hindrance to calcium and
magnesium metabolism because of the high oxalate content.
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food WastesPremier Publishers
The current research investigated the proximate, mineral content and phytochemical constituents of five (5) food wastes, namely: Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) seed peels and pod; Artocarpus camansi (breadnut) seed peels and creamy pulp and Mucuna urens (horse eye bean) seed peels. The results of the proximate analysis of the food wastes revealed that the samples have varying percentage range of 51.70-70.25 for carbohydrate, 7.35-11.90 for protein, 1.90-6.20 for fat, 2.80-11.60 for fiber, 3.40-15.25 for ash and 4.40-18.15 for moisture. The percentage carbohydrate content showed that pumpkin seed peel had the lowest yield while pumpkin pod peel had the highest. The result of the mineral analysis revealed that the five food wastes analysed contain Zn, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Na, however, the levels of Fe, Ca, P and Mg were significantly higher (p<0.05) relative to the other minerals. The phytochemical estimation of the samples showed that the food wastes contain several bioactive compounds in different concentrations. Some of the phytochemicals found in the food wastes are spartein, phytate, anthocyanin, tannin, lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, oxalate, epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin. This study revealed that these food wastes possess some nutritive and medicinal potential.
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ± 0.04 to 777 ± 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ± 3.17 to 653.5 ± 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21± 0.014 to 195.54± 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Carcass, Organ Weights and Histo-morphology of Internal Organs of Sows Fed Fe...Premier Publishers
Fresh cassava peels were subjected to submerged fermentation, sundried for 3-5 days and also subjected to proximate analysis. Fermentation reduced cyanide and improved crude protein. A group of 27 weaner gilts (Largewhite x Duroc), aged 8-9 weeks and weighed 10.61±0.27kg were fed fermented cassava-peels-based-diets. They were allotted to three treatments comprising T1 (control), T2 (fermented CPM) and T3 (fermented CPM + enzyme) in a completely randomized design and fed for 22 weeks. Data on carcass and some visceral organs weights were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Histo-morphology on the organs was conducted. The dressing percentages were 66.53, 60.25 and 64.11% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively whereas the head, heart, lungs and kidney were the weightiest for T1, the stomach/intestine for T2 and the liver and spleen for T3 while the histo-morphology of T1 sows were all normal except for mild architectural deviation in the duodenum and ileum. Histo-morphological changes were observed in the ileum and duodenum of T2 and T3. It is therefore recommended that fermented peels be supplemented with enzyme for improvement in dressing percentage and watch-out for pathological lesions in the visceral organs.
Toxicity Studies on Methanolic Leaf Extract of Rothmannia Longiflora: Biochem...paperpublications3
Abstract: Aqueous decoction of leaves of Rothmannia longiflora is consumed by many people in the management of pain and inflammation in Nigeria and other African countries without considering its safety. The effects of the extract on functions of the kidney and the liver were investigated in 40 wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 rats per group. The first group was the control and the other 3 groups were the study groups. The oral lethal dose of the extract was determined and was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg indicating its safety. Different doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg were administered daily to the study groups for the periods of 30 days (sub-chronic toxicity studies) and 90 days (chronic toxicity study). Kidney and Liver function tests were assessed using standard techniques. There was no statistically significant change in the hepatic profile with the extract treated groups and control. Similarly, the extract produced no significant change in the kidney function parameters. This result showed that extract did not produce a change in the kidney function following sub-chronic and chronic administration. However, the extract produced significant change in the liver function parameters at high dose after 90 days administration.
Characterization of the Volatile Components and Antimicrobial Properties of t...Premier Publishers
The characterization of the ethanol leaf extract of Uvaria chamae was carried out with the aim of identifying and determining the chemical compounds present in the extract. Initial phytochemical results showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins. Phenols, steroids and alkaloids. Interpreted spectrum obtained from the GC-MS revealed twelve absorption peaks. Peak 1 was identified as Benzene carboxylic acid with molecular weight of 122g and molecular formula C7H6O2. Similarly, peaks 2-12 were identified as, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, 11-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, phytol, 6-octadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, tetradecanamide. hexadecanoic acid-2,3-dihydroxpropyl ester, 9-octadecenamide, 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride and 13-octadecanal with corresponding molecular formulas of C17H34O2, C16H36O2, C19H36O2, C20H40O, C18H34O2, C18H36O2, C14H29NO, C19H38O4, C18H35NO, C18H31ClO and C18H34O respectively. The extract inhibited the growth of some selected human pathogen; Pseudomonas aureginosa by 6mm with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50mg/cm3. Similar results were also obtained for Candida albicans 8mm with MIC 50mg/cm3 and Trichophyton spp 4mm with MIC OF 100mg/cm3
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
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Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
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1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Elizabeth Buie - Older adults: Are we really designing for our future selves?
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1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 6 || Pages || 18-24 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 18
Nutritional and Anti Nutritional Characteristics of Some
Dominant Fungi Species in South Western Nigeria.
Adeduntan , Sunday Adeniyi
Department of Forestry and Wood Technology,
Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria.
--------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------------
This study was carried out in three forest reserves of the southwest, Nigeria (Akure forest reserve, Omo forest
reserve, Eda forest reserve), examining the nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics of six dominant fungi
species (i. e. Trametes vesicolor, Pleurotus sajor cajor, Xylaria polymorpha, Xylaria hypoxylon, Auricularia-
auricularia judae and Coltricia perennis). The proximate analysis, the crude fibre, the crude protein, the fat
content and the ash content were determined. For the anti-nutrient composition, oxalate, phytate, tannin and the
flavonoid content were also determined. The mushroom contained 0.855-0.225mg/g of oxalate, 11.535-
3.705mg/g of phytate, 0.116-0.035mg/g of tannin, 4.795-0.925mg/g of flavonoid. The mushroom species also
contained 7.645-0.610 of the ash content, 17.500-3.720 of crude protein, 36.805-2.490 of crude fibre and 5.875-
0.345 of the fat content. The mushroom species contained 0.235-0.29 of calcium, 0.264-0.515 of magnesium and
45.81-137.72 of phosphorus.
KEY WORDS: Nutrition, anti nutrients, minerals, dominant, mushrooms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 14 November 2013 Date of Publication: 05 July 2014
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Fungi are diverse and numerous with more than a million species of fungi known. Fungi are unicellular
or multi cellular organisms (plant like) with thread like hyphae but with the absence of chlorophyll which plants
use in the production of food for themselves. With the absence of this (i.e. chlorophyll), they don’t produce
chlorophyll food, they get their food from absorption of nutrients from others therefore, Nutrition in fungi is
heterotrophic and absorptive. They secrete enzymes that break down organic matters and then absorb soluble
products (Chang, 1991) Fruiting bodies of fungi (mushroom) are very important food components in major parts
of Nigeria, Africa and even the world in entirety. Apart from food component, in Nigeria, mushrooms also
serve as medicinal purposes (Alofe et al, 1998). During the rainy season, different species of both edible and
non edible species usually grow and various factors usually influence the nutritional natural substrates such as
garden soil, decaying wood, leaf litters, under the shade provided by trees. Mushrooms grown in the forest have
been found to be more nutritious and important for medicinal purposes (Manzi et al, 1999). Mushrooms are rich
in nutrients containing necessary and important materials like protein, sugars, glycogen, lipids, vitamins, amino
acids fibers, and every necessary nutrient important for the proper functioning of the body.
Several conditions affects the nutritional composition of these mushrooms such as the growing site, the
type of substrate, the mushroom type, developmental stages and part of the fungal samples analyzed. Apart from
these nutritional value of some mushrooms, there are a lot of mushroom that are not edible due to the presence
of some anti nutritional factors that are detrimental to normal health functioning. Anti-nutritional factors are
those substances generated in natural feed stuffs by the normal metabolism of species and by different
mechanism (e.g. inactivation of some nutrients, diminution of digestive process or metabolic utilization of feed)
which causes effects contrary to optimum nutrition (Okolie and Gbuji, 2002). On most cases, these anti-
nutrients are commonly synthesized by plants to serve as a protective measure for them. It serves as protection
against attack by herbivores, insects and so on and also as a means to survive harsh growing conditions. If such
plants are consumed, it leads to adverse health problems. Some of the anti nutrients to be considered in this
research are tannin, flavonoid, oxalate and phytate.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was carried out at the rainforest vegetation zone of Ondo state (Akure forest reserve), Ekiti
state (Eda forest reserve), Ogun state (Omo forest reserve).
2. Nutritional And Anti Nutritional Characteristics…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 19
Ogun State is a state in South-western Nigeria which borders Lagos State to the South, Oyo and Osun states to
the North, Ondo State to the east and the republic of Benin to the west. The state lies between latitude 7°
00’N
and longitude 3°
35’E. Ekiti State is mainly an upland zone, rising over 250 meters above sea level. It lies on an
area underlain by metamorphic rock. It is generally undulating country with a characteristic landscape that
consists of old plains broken by step-sided out-crops that may occur singularly or in groups or ridges, the state is
also dotted with rugged hills. It lies between latitude 7°40’N and longitude 5°15’E. Ondo state is located in the
southwestern zone of Nigeria. The state is made up of 18 Local Government Areas, and is bounded in the north
by Ekiti and Kogi States, in the east by Edo State, in the west by Osun and Ogun states and in the south by the
Atlantic Ocean. Ondo State is located entirely within the tropics. It is located between latitude 7°15’0’’N and
longitude 5°11’42’’E.
Laying of plots: In each of the forest, one hectare (100 × 100 m) was mapped out and sub-divided into plots of
25 m × 25 m. Five plots were randomly selected using the simple random sampling and on each plots, every
fungi seen was handpicked, stored and five of the dominant ones were brought to the laboratory for necessary
analysis.
Proximate analysis: This was determined by examine moisture content, crude protein, fat, ash content and
crude fibre according to the standard methods (AOAC, 2000). The protein content was obtained by multiplying
the nitrogen content by 6.25 and the carbohydrate content was obtained by difference. Calorific values was
obtained by multiplying the values of the crude protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents (except crude fibre) by
their physiological fuel values of 4, 9, and 4 kcal/100 g respectively taking the sum of the products.
Mineral analysis: Tannin: Gravimetric determination of tannin was done to determine the tannin of the
sample. 0.2 g of the defatted samples was weighed into test tubes and tannin was extracted in 10 ml 70%
acetone. It was then placed in iced water bath for 10 minute to allow for complete extraction of tannin. 0.2 ml of
the filtrate were placed in test tubes and made up to 1ml with distill water. 2.5 ml of 20% Na2CO3 and 0.3 ml
folin’s reagent diluted with distilled water were added and the content was mixed properly. The solution was
incubated for 45min at room temperature to develop color (blue color).
1ml standard tannic acid solution ranging from 0.01-0.05 mg/ml was also prepared, followed by the addition of
2.5 ml Na2CO3 and 0.5 ml folin’s reagent. The absorbent of each samples were read at wave length 700 mm
using a corning colorimeter 253, corning Ltd, Essex, England, against a reagent blank. The tannin content in
each sample was deduced from the standard tannin curve.
Phytate: For phytate determination, 4 g of the samples were soaked in 100 ml of 2% HCL for 3 hours and then
filtered. 25 ml of the filtrate was placed in a conical flask. 5 ml of 0.3% ammonium thiocyanate solution was
added as indicator and 53.3 ml of distilled water was added to give it proper acidity. This was titrated with
standard Fe2O solution until a brownish yellow color persists for 5 minutes.
Oxalate: The determination was done according to Day and Underwood (1986). 1 g of the samples were put
into a separate plastic bottles followed by the addition of 75 ml of 1.5N H2SO4. The content was mixed properly
and allowed to extract for 1 hour with constant agitation using a mechanical shaker. This was then filtered and
25 ml of the filtrate was titrated with 0.1 ml KMnO4 while hot (80-90o
C) until a purple color is observed at end
point. The titre value was then multiplied by 0.9004 to give the result expressed as mg/g.
Oxalate mg/g = Titre value × 0.9004
Flavonoid: Three methods were used to determine the presence of flavonoid in the sample. 5 ml of dilute
ammonia solution were added to a portion of the aqueous filtrate of each sample extract followed by addition of
concentration H2SO4. A yellow coloration observed in each extract indicated the presence of flavonoids. The
yellow coloration disappears on standing.
Few drops of 1% aluminum solution were added to a portion of each filtrate. A yellow coloration was observed
indicating the presence of flavonoids. A portion of the sample was in each case heated with 10 ml of ethyl
acetate over a steam bath for 3 min. The mixture was filtered and 4 ml of the filtrate was shaken with 1 ml of
dilute ammonia solution. A yellow coloration was observed indicating a positive test for flavonoids.
Method of data analysis: Data from this research was analyzed with the use of the Statistical Package for
Social Scientist (SPSS) and the acquired data was subjected to the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Means
separation was done by Duncan Multiple Range Test (Duncan 1955).
3. Nutritional And Anti Nutritional Characteristics…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 20
III. RESULTS:
The result from table 1 shows that the proximate analysis is statically significant (P ≤ 0.05) (Ash
content, crude protein, crude fibre, fat) of the six mushroom species. Table 1: ANOVA table showing the
proximate composition of six dominant mushroom species obtained from the forest reserves.
Proximate
content
Source of
variation
Sum of
squares
df Mean square F-value sig
Ash content Treatment 65.273 5 13.055 151.197 0
Error 0.518 6 0.086
Total 65.791 11
Crude protein Treatment 221.019 5 44.204 962.173 0
Error 0.276 6 0.046
Total 221.295 11
Crude fibre Treatment 1522.634 5 304.527 2146.570 0
Error 0.851 6 0.142
Total 1523.485
True fat Treatment 33.043 5 6.609 160.466 0
Error 0.247 6 0.041
Total. 33.290 11
The ANOVA result for the Antinutrient composition in table 2 implies that there is also a significant (P ≤ 0.05)
difference in the Antinutrient composition (tannin, phytate, flavonoid, and oxalate) of the six dominant
mushroom species.
Table 2: ANOVA table for the anti-nutrient composition of six dominant mushroom species in the forest
reserves.
Antinutrient
content
Source of
variation
Sum of
squares
Df Mean square F-value Sig
Oxalate Treatment 0.527 5 0.10 19.4954 0
Error 0.032 6 0.005
Total 0.559 11
Phytate Treatment 102.322 5 20.464 51.454 0
Error 2.386 6 0.398
Total 104.708 6 0.002
Tannin Treatment 0.009 6 1.15E-007 16480.777 0
Error 6.90E-007 11
Total 0.009
Flavonoids Treatment 19.982 5 3.996 167.274 0
Error 0.143 6 0.024
Total. 20.126 11
The mean value and the standard error for the anti-nutrients are presented in table 3. The oxalate content ranges
from 0.855 to 0.225 with Pleurotus sajor cajor recording the highest value while Auricularia judae recorded the
least value.The Phytate content ranges from 11.535 mg/g to 3.705 mg/g with Pleurotus sajor cajor having the
highest and Auricularia judae having the least. Tannin content ranges from 0.116 to 0.035 with Trametes
vesicolor having the highest and Xylaria hypoxylon having the least. Flavonoid ranges from 4.795 to 0.925 with
Pleurotus sajor cajor having the highest and Auricularia judae possessing the lowest. The table shows that
Pleurotus sajor cajor is significantly higher in oxalate content and Xylaria hypoxylon is significantly lower in
oxalate content. However, there is no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference between the oxalate composition of
Auricularia judae and Xylaria hypoxylon, also a significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference between the oxalate
composition of Xylaria polymorpha and Trametes vesicolor. There is no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference
between
4. Nutritional And Anti Nutritional Characteristics…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 21
Trametes vesicolor and Coltricia perennis, there is also no significant difference between Coltricia
perennis and Xylaria polymorpha. There is a significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference between Xylaria hypoxylon and
Pleurotus sajor cajor. Pleurotus sajor cajor is significantly higher in phytate content while Auricularia judae is
significantly lower in phytate content. There is however no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference between the phytate
composition Auricularia judae and Xylaria hypoxylon, no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference between Xylaria
hypoxylon and Coltricia perennis, no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference Coltricia perennis and Trametes
vesicolor. There is a significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference in the phytate content between Trametes vesicolor and
Xylaria polymorpha and also Xylaria polymorpha and Pleurotus sajor cajor. Of these six species, Pleurotus
sajor cajor also has the highest level of tannin and Xylaria hypoxylon having the lowest. However, there is a
significant difference in the tannin content of the six mushroom species. Pleurotus sajor cajor is significantly
(p≤0.05) higher in flavonoids content while phytate content is significantly lower in Auricularia judae. Table 3
show that there is no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference in the flavonoid composition between Auricularia judae
and Xylaria polymorpha, between Xylaria polymorpha and Xylaria hypoxylon. The flavonoid content between
Trametes vesicolor and Xylaria hypoxylon is significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different. However, there is no significant
(P ≥ 0.05) difference between Trametes vesicolor and Coltricia perennis. There is a significant difference
between Coltricia perennis and Pleurotus sajor cajor.
Table 3: Mean value table showing mean and S.E for the anti-nutrient analysis.
Treatment Oxalate Phytate Tannin Flavonoids
Pleurotus sajor-cajor 0.855±0.52d
11.535±0.446e
0.080±0.00e
4.795±0.109d
Auricularia judae 0.225±0.52a
3.705±0.446a
0.037±0.00b
0.925±0.109a
Xylaria hypoxylon 0.315±0.52a
4.120±0.446ab
0.035±0.00a
1.690±0.109b
Coltricia perennis 0.540±0.52bc
5.350±0.446bc
0.052±0.00c
2.770±0.109c
Xylaria polymorpha 0.630±0.52c
9.880±0.446d
0.073±0.00d
1.175±0.109ab
Trametes vesicolor 0.405±0.52ab
6.175±0.446c
0.116±0.00f
2.430±0.109c
The mean value and the standard error for the proximate analysis are presented in table 4. Ash content ranges
from 7.645 to 0.610 with Pleurotus sajor cajor having the highest and Auricularia judae having the least value.
Crude fibre ranges from 36.805 to 2.490 with Xylaria hypoxylon recording the highest and Auricularia judae
having the least value. The fat content ranges from 5. 85 to 0.345, Pleurotus sajor cajor have the highest value
and Auricularia judae having the least.
The result of table shows that ash content is significantly (P≤ 0.05) higher in Pleurotus sajor cajor while it is
significantly (P≤ 0.05) lower in Auricularia judae. However, there is no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference in the
ash content of Auricularia judae and Trametes vesicolor, also there is no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference
between that of Trametes vesicolor and Xylaria polymorpha, but there is a significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference
between Xylaria polymorpha and Coltricia perennis. There is no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference between
Coltricia perennis and Xylaria hypoxylon. There is a significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference between Xylaria
hypoxylon and Pleurotus sajor cajor.
Protein content is significantly higher in Pleurotus sajor cajor while it is significantly lower in Trametes
vesicolor. However there are significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences in between all the fungi considered except
Coltricia perennis and Pleurotus sajor cajor. There is no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference between Xylaria
polymorpha and Coltricia perennis. There is also a significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference between Coltricia perennis
and Pleurotus sajor cajor.
Xylaria hypoxylon is significantly higher in crude fibre content and Auricularia judae is significantly lower in
crude fibre. However, there is a significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference in the crude fibre content of all the six fungi
species considered.
Pleurotus sajor cajor is significantly higher in true fat content and Auricularia judae is significantly lower in the
fat content. There is a significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference in the fat content of all the fungi species considered
except for Trametes vesicolor and Coltricia perennis that has no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference. There is a
significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference between Coltricia perennis and Pleurotus sajor cajor.
Table 4: Mean value table showing mean and S.E for the proximate analysis.
Treatment Ash content Crude protein Crude fibre True fat
Pleurotus sajorcajor 7.645±0.208d
17.500±0.152e
11.525±0.266b
5.875±0.143e
Auricularia judae 0.610±0.208a
3.720±0.152a
2.490±0.266a
0.345±0.143a
Xylaria hypoxylon 3.260±0.208c
6.445±0.152b
36.805±0.266f
2.455±0.143c
Coltricia perennis 3.050±0.208c
7.960±0.152d
22.540±0.266c
2.985±0.143d
Xylaria polymorpha 1.520±0.208b
7.770±0.152d
29.155±0.266e
1.865±0.143c
Trametes vesicolor 1.220±0.208ab
7.220±0.152c
24.215±0.266d
2.965±0.143d
5. Nutritional And Anti Nutritional Characteristics…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 22
The ANOVA result for the mineral composition in table 5 implies that there is also no significant (P ≥ 0.05)
difference in the calcium composition of the six mushroom species. There is a significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference
in the magnesium and phosphorus composition of the six mushroom species.
Table 5: ANOVA table for the mineral composition of six dominant mushroom species in the forest reserves.
Mineral
content
Source of
variation
Sum of
squares
df Mean square f. value Sig.
Calcium Treatment
Error
total
0.004
0.002
0.007
5
5
5
0.01
0
2.129 0.192
magnesium Treatment
Error
total
0.095
0.002
0.098
6
6
6
0.019
0
45.970 0.000
phosphorus Treatment
Error
total
12627.110
26.006
12653.116
11
11
11
2525.422
4.334
582.656 0.000
The result in table 6 shows that Trametes vesicolor is significantly higher in calcium composition and Xylaria
polymorpha is significantly lower in calcium content. However, there is a significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference
between the calcium compositions of Xylaria polymorpha and Trametes vesicolor. There is no significant (P ≤
0.05) difference in the calcium composition of Xylaria polymorpha, Xylaria hypoxylon and Coltricia perennis.
There is also no significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference in the calcium composition of Pleurotus sajor cajor and
Trametes vesicolor. The result also shows that Xylaria polymorpha is significantly (p≤0.05) higher in
magnesium content and Xylaria hypoxylon is significantly (p≤0.05) lower in the magnesium content. However,
there is a significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference between the magnesium content of Xylaria hypoxylon and Coltricia
perennis. There is no significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference between the magnesium compositions of Coltricia
perennis and Auricularia judae and also no significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference between the magnesium
compositions of Pleurotus sajor cajor and Xylaria polymorpha.The result also shows that Xylaria polymorpha is
significantly higher in phosphorus composition and Xylaria hypoxylon is significantly lower. However, there is
no significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference in phosphorus compositions of Xylaria hypoxylon, Auricularia judae and
Coltricia perennis. There is a significant difference between the phosphorus compositions of Pleurotus sajor
cajor, Trametes vesicolor and Xylaria polymorpha.
Table 6: Mean value table showing mean and S.E for the mineral compositions.
Treatment calcium magnesium Phosphorus
P. sajor cajor
Auricularia judae
Xylaria hypoxylon
Coltricia perennis
Xylaria polymorpha
Trametes vesicolor
0.2900±0.014b
0.2790±0.014ab
0.2745±0.014ab
0.2710±0.014ab
0.2350±0.014a
0.2930±0.014b
0.46850±0.014cd
0.35750±0.014b
0.26400±0.014a
0.31400±0.014b
0.51500±0.014d
0.44750±0.014c
64.80500±1.472b
45.81000±1.472a
45.39000±1.472a
47.32500±1.472a
137.7200±1.472d
71.94500±1.472c
IV. DISCUSSION
This study revealed that the phytate level of Pleurotus sajor cajor to be 11.535 mg/g, This can be
related to the study of Nolovu and Afolayan in 2008 who consider the nutrient level and phytate contents of
leaves, fruits and stem of Corhorus olitorius. It was discovered that the phytate level in Corhorus olitorius is
11.71 mg/g which can be compared with this present study that is 11.535000 mg/g. This study can also be
related to that of Adeduntan (2005), who studied the nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics of some
insects foraging in Akure forest reserves, Ondo State, Nigeria. He reported that the phytate composition of Ant
is 2030 mg/100g, termite 2482.084mg/100g, Anaphe venata 1917.971mg/g and winged termite
1128.227mg/100g. The Phytate content for the winged termite can be related to that of Pleurotus sajor cajor
11.535000mg/g of this present study. This implies that Pleurotus sajor cajor can be regarded as less toxic and
edible because of its low phytate content. It was stated by Fasidi and Kadiri, (1995). That phytate could affect
mineral bioavailability when it is 1% or more in diet. The study of phytate needs to be known because high
concentration of phytate can cause adverse effect of digestibility and also binds metal ions like calcium, zinc,
6. Nutritional And Anti Nutritional Characteristics…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 23
iron and other minerals, thereby reducing their availability in the body (FAO, 1990). High level of this can
however, be reduced by a number of processing methods like soaking, boiling and fermentation (FAO, 1990).
The oxalate content of Pleurotus sajor cajor is 0.855mg/g. This result is closely followed by that of Rathod and
Valvi (2011) who studied the anti-nutritional factors of some wild edible fruits from Kolhapur district. It was
observed that Grewia tillifolia has an oxalate content of 1.01 which can be compared with that of this present
study of 0.855mg/g. The low oxalate content of Pleurotus sajor cajor implies that it is less toxic and can be
regarded as good food supplement.
This present study observed that the tannin composition of Trametes vesicolor is 0.116 mg/g and can
be related to that of Chrysophylum africanum 0.29 mg/100g studied by Christopher and Dosunmu (2011) who
studied the chemical evaluation of proximate composition, Ascorbic acid and anti-nutrient content of African
star apple (Chrysophylum africanum) fruit. This level of oxalate is quite low in the mushroom species. Aletor
(1995) noted that high level of tannin intake usually forms insoluble complexes with protein affecting their
bioavailability. The tannin content of the mushroom species considered in this study are significantly low
ranging from 0.116mg/g to 0.035mg/g, which is lower than the 15.15 of melon husk as reported by Ogbe and
George (2012).The ash content of Xylaria hypoxylon according to this study is 3.26. This is far more lower than
that of Laccaria amethysta (32.37), Macrolepiotata procera (33.11) and Laccaria lacata (33.60)
studied by Egwim et al. (2011) through the study on the proximate composition, phyto-chemical screening and
anti-oxidant activity of ten selected wild edible Nigerian mushroom. This implies that this species cannot be
adjudged a good source of mineral food as seen in table 7. The fat content observed for Pleurotus ostreatus is
4.89 and is similar to that Pleurotus sajor cajor of this present study which is 5.875.
According to table 7, Pleurotus sajor cajor has a protein level of 17.50. This higher than that of
Auricularia polytricha (9.3) as observed by Gbolagade et al.(2006). The highest level of crude protein in
Pleurotus sajor cajor implies that it could be of high protein supply to man and also replace the higher animal
protein usually not affordable by the rural community dwellers. Food with high level of protein also helps in
rejuvenating or building body tissues, also fighting infections and also transportation of oxygen from the lungs
to the rest of the body. can be included in diets to aid protein supply and performs these functions.The crude
fibre content of Xylaria hypoxylon is 36.525 which is far higher than that of Auricularia polytricha which is 9.3.
According to this study, The fungi species considered for this study ranges from 36.805 to 2.490 with Xylaria
hypoxylon being significantly (P ≥ 0.05) higher in the level of crude fibre and Auricularia judae being
significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower. Considerable fibre content in any food helps the digestive system to function
properly and healthy because fibre helps in speeding up the passage of faeces from the body preventing them
from sitting in the bowel for too long which could lead to several diseases like colon cancer, coronary heart
disease, diabetes, obesity and several digestive disorders (SACH, 2008). Therefore according to this study,
Xylaria hypoxylon with the highest level of crude fibre could be of good fibre source to help in these health
issues.
The calcium content of Pleurotus sajor cajor, Auricularia judae, Xylaria hypoxylon is 0.29, 0.279, and
0.274 consecutively. These results are higher than that of grasshopper which is 0.0126 done by Adeduntan
(2005). This implies that these mushroom species can serve the calcium needed by man. They can either be
consumed alone or combined. They can either be used to compound mineral supplement to supply minerals to
man. Calcium helps in the formation of bones and teeth, normal blood clothing, muscle contraction and so on.
The magnesium content of Xylaria polymorpha, Pleurotus sajor cajor and Trametes vesicolor is 0.515, 0.468
and 0.447. These results are higher than that of tree hopper which is 0.0074 (Adeduntan 2005). The high
composition of magnesium in these mushroom species means that they are good supply of magnesium which is
necessary for muscle contraction and good nerve function. The phosphorus composition of Xylaria polymorpha
is 137.72, Pleurotus sajor cajor 64.805, Trametes vesicolor 71.94, Auricularia judae 45.81, Xylaria hypoxylon
45.39 and Coltricia perennis 47.32. These results are lower compared to that of tree hopper 1224.67, Anaphe
venata 500 and termite 631.67 (Adeduntan 2005) but they are of considerable amount and they can be combined
to food fortified with phosphorus. Phosphorus also helps in the formation of bone and teeth, regulates the release
and use of body energy, helps to maintain normal acid/base balance in the body etc.
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