The document discusses future trends and research challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It begins by providing background on WSNs and their applications. Recent advances that have enabled new applications are then described, including in areas like localization, military uses, industrial monitoring, traffic management, structural health, and agriculture. Future trends discussed include cognitive sensing, spectrum management, underwater acoustic sensor systems, and coordination in heterogeneous networks. The document concludes by stating time critical applications are an emerging area for WSNs.
SECURITY AND KEY MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OVER WSN (A SURVEY) IJCSES Journal
This document discusses security and key management challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides an overview of WSNs, their applications, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses open research challenges in WSNs, including interoperability, scalability, energy efficiency, mobility management, deployment, localization and routing. The document outlines security objectives for WSNs including confidentiality, authentication, integrity, freshness and availability. It describes threat models for WSNs and different types of attacks. Finally, it discusses key management operations and goals that are important for security in WSNs.
Wireless Sensor Networks in Chemical Industryjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: When it comes to implementing new technologies such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the chemical industrial community has been cautious for reasons ranging from safety to the high cost of production. WSNs promise significant advantages in terms of flexibility, cost, autonomy, and robustness compared with wired networks. They are poised to become a major enabling technology in many sectors, particularly the chemical industry. This paper briefly describes how the chemical industry can benefit from wireless sensor networks.
KEY WORDS: wireless sensor networks, chemical industry, industrial wireless sensing
Optimal Operating Performances of Wireless Protocols for Intelligent Sensors ...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wire-less technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time con-straints.
Most Cited Survey Article in Computer Science And EngineeringIJCSES Journal
Advances in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has provided the availability of small and low-cost sensor nodes with capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental conditions, data processing, and wireless communication. Variety of sensing capabilities results in profusion of application areas. However, the characteristics of wireless sensor networks require more effective methods for data forwarding and processing. In WSN, the sensor nodes have a limited transmission range, and their processing and storage capabilities as well as their energy resources are also limited. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication under these conditions. In this paper, we give a survey of routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Network and compare their strengths and limitations.
Efficiency Evaluation Metrics for Wireless Intelligent Sensors Applicationschokrio
The metrology field has been progressed with the
appearance of the wireless intelligent sensor systems providing more capabilities such as signal processing, remote multisensing fusion etc. This kind of devices is rapidly making their way into medical and industrial monitoring, collision avoidance, traffic control, automotive and others applications. However, numerous design challenges for wireless intelligent sensors systems are imposed to overcome the physical limitations in data traffic, such as system noise, real time communication,
signal attenuation, response dynamics, power consumption, and effective conversion rates etc, especially for applications requiring specific performances. This paper analyzes the performance metrics of the mentioned sensing devices systems which stands for superior measurement, more accuracy and reliability. Study findings prescribe researchers, developers/ engineers and users to realizing an optimal sensing motes design strategy that offers operational advantages which can offer cost-effective solutions for an application.
Comparative Performance Analysis of Wireless Communication Protocols for Inte...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time constraints.
This document discusses using software defined networks (SDN) for smart grid communication. It begins with an introduction to SDNs and smart grids. It then describes the different communication networks that make up a smart grid: home area networks (HAN), neighborhood area networks (NAN), and wide area networks (WAN). SDNs are presented as a promising solution for managing the large number of devices in smart grids by providing a global view of the network and using open standards to configure elements. Adopting SDNs could reduce management costs for utilities and provide superior network control and bandwidth-on-demand capabilities for smart grids.
2 pf implementation of wireless body area network ed iqbal qcIAESIJEECS
Patients in hospitals have issue with health instrumentality that's connected with wires to their body. Wired health instrumentality restricts the quality of the patient. Moreover, health caretaker’s area unit compelled to work the instrumentality and take the measurements. Hence, wireless observance of patient is incredibly effective resolution thereto drawback. The most target of this study was to analysis the present trend and prospect of wireless observance of patients within the hospitals. This study conjointly aims to create the epitome system to implement wireless observance. Additionally to that, this thesis conjointly studies most fitted technique for building the foremost effective wireless observance system. The sensing element nodes and receiver of the epitome were designed. Golem phone was used as entranceway to receive the information from sensing element node and forward the information into receiver. Bluetooth Low energy was wont to communicate between sensing element nodes and golem phone. LAN is employed to speak between golem phone and also the receiver that is connected to laptop. The sensing element readings were initially ascertained in Arduino Serial Monitor so sent to sink node. The sensing element readings of a body were displayed in golem phone and yet as within the web site. Real time information of sensing element was created and with success updated within the web site. The study of results and project showed that wireless observance would be terribly effective by exploitation Interference free, short vary and extremely secure suggests that of communication. Bluetooth low energy that is appropriate choice for the system. Style of sensing element nodes ought to be terribly tiny as a result of it's to be worn round the body. Therefore smaller parts ought to be used.
SECURITY AND KEY MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OVER WSN (A SURVEY) IJCSES Journal
This document discusses security and key management challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides an overview of WSNs, their applications, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses open research challenges in WSNs, including interoperability, scalability, energy efficiency, mobility management, deployment, localization and routing. The document outlines security objectives for WSNs including confidentiality, authentication, integrity, freshness and availability. It describes threat models for WSNs and different types of attacks. Finally, it discusses key management operations and goals that are important for security in WSNs.
Wireless Sensor Networks in Chemical Industryjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: When it comes to implementing new technologies such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the chemical industrial community has been cautious for reasons ranging from safety to the high cost of production. WSNs promise significant advantages in terms of flexibility, cost, autonomy, and robustness compared with wired networks. They are poised to become a major enabling technology in many sectors, particularly the chemical industry. This paper briefly describes how the chemical industry can benefit from wireless sensor networks.
KEY WORDS: wireless sensor networks, chemical industry, industrial wireless sensing
Optimal Operating Performances of Wireless Protocols for Intelligent Sensors ...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wire-less technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time con-straints.
Most Cited Survey Article in Computer Science And EngineeringIJCSES Journal
Advances in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has provided the availability of small and low-cost sensor nodes with capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental conditions, data processing, and wireless communication. Variety of sensing capabilities results in profusion of application areas. However, the characteristics of wireless sensor networks require more effective methods for data forwarding and processing. In WSN, the sensor nodes have a limited transmission range, and their processing and storage capabilities as well as their energy resources are also limited. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication under these conditions. In this paper, we give a survey of routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Network and compare their strengths and limitations.
Efficiency Evaluation Metrics for Wireless Intelligent Sensors Applicationschokrio
The metrology field has been progressed with the
appearance of the wireless intelligent sensor systems providing more capabilities such as signal processing, remote multisensing fusion etc. This kind of devices is rapidly making their way into medical and industrial monitoring, collision avoidance, traffic control, automotive and others applications. However, numerous design challenges for wireless intelligent sensors systems are imposed to overcome the physical limitations in data traffic, such as system noise, real time communication,
signal attenuation, response dynamics, power consumption, and effective conversion rates etc, especially for applications requiring specific performances. This paper analyzes the performance metrics of the mentioned sensing devices systems which stands for superior measurement, more accuracy and reliability. Study findings prescribe researchers, developers/ engineers and users to realizing an optimal sensing motes design strategy that offers operational advantages which can offer cost-effective solutions for an application.
Comparative Performance Analysis of Wireless Communication Protocols for Inte...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time constraints.
This document discusses using software defined networks (SDN) for smart grid communication. It begins with an introduction to SDNs and smart grids. It then describes the different communication networks that make up a smart grid: home area networks (HAN), neighborhood area networks (NAN), and wide area networks (WAN). SDNs are presented as a promising solution for managing the large number of devices in smart grids by providing a global view of the network and using open standards to configure elements. Adopting SDNs could reduce management costs for utilities and provide superior network control and bandwidth-on-demand capabilities for smart grids.
2 pf implementation of wireless body area network ed iqbal qcIAESIJEECS
Patients in hospitals have issue with health instrumentality that's connected with wires to their body. Wired health instrumentality restricts the quality of the patient. Moreover, health caretaker’s area unit compelled to work the instrumentality and take the measurements. Hence, wireless observance of patient is incredibly effective resolution thereto drawback. The most target of this study was to analysis the present trend and prospect of wireless observance of patients within the hospitals. This study conjointly aims to create the epitome system to implement wireless observance. Additionally to that, this thesis conjointly studies most fitted technique for building the foremost effective wireless observance system. The sensing element nodes and receiver of the epitome were designed. Golem phone was used as entranceway to receive the information from sensing element node and forward the information into receiver. Bluetooth Low energy was wont to communicate between sensing element nodes and golem phone. LAN is employed to speak between golem phone and also the receiver that is connected to laptop. The sensing element readings were initially ascertained in Arduino Serial Monitor so sent to sink node. The sensing element readings of a body were displayed in golem phone and yet as within the web site. Real time information of sensing element was created and with success updated within the web site. The study of results and project showed that wireless observance would be terribly effective by exploitation Interference free, short vary and extremely secure suggests that of communication. Bluetooth low energy that is appropriate choice for the system. Style of sensing element nodes ought to be terribly tiny as a result of it's to be worn round the body. Therefore smaller parts ought to be used.
SURVEY OF TRUST MODELS IN DIFFERENT NETWORK DOMAINSijasuc
This paper introduces the security and trust concepts in wireless sensor networks and explains the
difference between them, stating that even though both terms are used interchangeably when defining a
secure system, they are not the same. The difference between reputation and trust is also explained,
highlighting that reputation partially affects trust. A survey of trust and reputation systems in various
domains is conducted, with more details given to models in ad-hoc and sensor networks as they are closely
related to each other and to our research interests. The methodologies used to model trust and their
references are presented. The factors affecting trust updating are summarised and some examples of the
systems in which these factors have been implemented are given. The survey states that, even though
researchers have started to explore the issue of trust in wireless sensor networks, they are still examining
the trust associated with routing messages between nodes (binary events). However, wireless sensor
networks are mainly deployed to monitor events and report data, both continuous and discrete. This leads
to the development of new trust models addressing the continuous data issue and also to combine the data
trust and the communication trust to infer the total trust.
IRJET- Future of Wireless Mobile Communication with Nanotechnology and Applic...IRJET Journal
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology in mobile and wireless communication systems. It begins by defining nanotechnology and noting that future communication systems are expected to be built using nanotechnology devices. It then discusses several specific applications of nanotechnology, including using carbon nanotubes to build nano transistors that can reduce short channel effects in devices. Molecular communication networks that transmit information via encoded molecules rather than electromagnetic waves are also discussed. The document concludes by suggesting nanotechnology will lead to integrated circuit chips that can revolutionize fields like telecommunications, biomedical engineering, and more.
An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets Implementation for Key Distribution in Hybrid Me...IJAAS Team
This document presents a new model for securing key distribution in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The model determines the appropriate length of an intermediate encryption key based on network parameters like node count, node authentication history, trusted neighbor count, key change frequency, and desired key length. An intuitionistic fuzzy sets implementation assigns membership and non-membership values to each parameter. Based on the combinations of parameter values, intuitionistic rules output a session key scale and corresponding key length ranging from very low to very high security. The model was experimentally shown to efficiently create and distribute keys compared to other models.
This document describes an IoT-based environmental monitoring system using a wireless sensor network. It discusses key components of the system including sensor nodes, a Raspberry Pi gateway, and an application server. The sensor nodes collect data from temperature, light, and moisture sensors. The Raspberry Pi processes and transmits the sensor data via a wireless network. An application server receives the data, stores it, and provides access to users and other IoT applications. The system aims to enable long-term, low-cost environmental monitoring for various IoT applications.
TOP 10 MOBILE AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING PAPERS:: RECOMMENDED READING – COMPUTE...IJCSES Journal
Advances in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has provided the availability of small
and low-costsensor nodes with capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental
conditions, data processing, and wireless communication. Variety of sensing capabilities results
in profusion of application areas. However, the characteristics of wireless sensor networks
require more effective methods for data forwarding and processing. In WSN, the sensor nodes
have a limited transmission range, and their processing and storage capabilities , as well as their
energy resources, are also limited. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are
responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop
communication under these conditions. In this paper, we give a survey of routing protocols for
Wireless Sensor Network and compare their strengths and limitations.
Manet mobile ad hoc network – challenges, security and protocols-2prjpublications
This document discusses mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and related security challenges. It provides an overview of MANETs, including their evolution, characteristics, and architecture. The document then examines key security issues for MANETs, such as vulnerabilities to different types of attacks, including active attacks like packet dropping, modification, and denial of service attacks. It emphasizes that MANETs require new security solutions due to their lack of infrastructure, dynamic topology, and other distinguishing features compared to traditional wired networks. Overall, the document serves to introduce MANETs and outline important security considerations for further research on this topic.
Cyber Physical System: Architecture, Applicationsand Research ChallengesSyed Hassan Ahmed
This document discusses cyber physical systems (CPS), including key applications like healthcare, transportation, and infrastructure. It proposes an architecture for CPS with modules for sensing, data management, next generation internet connectivity, service awareness, application functions, and actuation. It also discusses security and privacy challenges for CPS given their integration of physical and computational systems. Open research challenges are presented in areas like QoS-aware communication protocols, resource management, power management, simulation tools, and testbed implementations.
This document summarizes a study on existing wireless sensor networks that can be used for structural health monitoring. It discusses three main wireless sensor network platforms: Sensor Andrew Architecture, a structural health monitoring system using smart sensors, and Snowfort, a new wireless sensor network platform designed for infrastructure monitoring. The document outlines the key components, advantages, and limitations of each wireless sensor network platform for structural health monitoring applications.
IRJET- A Review on Cluster-based Routing for Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document reviews cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It discusses the challenges facing routing in WSNs such as limited energy, hardware constraints, and dynamic network topologies. It then categorizes cluster-based routing protocols into chain-based, tree-based, grid-based, and block-based approaches. A popular chain-based protocol called PEGASIS is described which forms sensor nodes into a chain to reduce data transmissions to the base station. The document aims to compare different cluster-based routing protocols to improve energy efficiency, network lifetime, and quality of service in WSNs.
Intrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems Using NICE ...IJERA Editor
The cloud computing has increased in many organizations. It provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data. Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage providers but these providers may be untrusted. In this project we propose anIntrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems mechanism called NICE to prevent vulnerable virtual machines from being compromised in the cloud. NICE detects and mitigates collaborative attacks in the cloud virtual networking environment. The system performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of NICE and shows that the proposed solution can significantly reduce the risk of the cloud system from being exploited and abused by internal and external attackers.
International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of ubiquitous computing. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Ubiquitous Computing presents a rather arduous requirement of robustness, reliability and availability to the end user. Ubiquitous computing has received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life. The aim of the journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks including their topologies, architectures, and challenges. It discusses common topologies like bus, tree, star, ring, mesh, and grid. Sensor nodes typically consist of microcontrollers, transceivers, memory, power sources, and one or more sensors. Wireless sensor networks can be used for applications in fields like military, healthcare, environment, and industries. However, challenges exist due to limited battery power of sensor nodes, requiring energy-efficient techniques.
A Study on the ZigBee Wireless Communication for IAQ Monitoring of Undergroun...ijtsrd
In this paper, the 424MHz ZigBee module, which uses a relatively lower frequency for wireless transmission and reception, is found to have a much higher data transfer rate than that of the 2.4GHz XBee PRO in the presence of obstacles such as subway waiting rooms, platform like stairs, complicated structures, and crowded passengers. This indicates that low frequency radio waves have better diffraction characteristics and thus better performance in face of obstacles. Therefore, it was found that low frequency Zigbee modules are advantageous in areas with complex structures such as subways. Tae-In Hyon | Gyu-Sik Kim "A Study on the ZigBee Wireless Communication for IAQ Monitoring of Underground Subway Stations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26820.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26820/a-study-on-the-zigbee-wireless-communication-for-iaq-monitoring-of-underground-subway-stations/tae-in-hyon
Trends in mobile network communication and telematics in 2020ijmnct
International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics (IJMNCT) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of mobile communications and telematics. The journal also aims to focus on various areas such as ecommerce, e-governance, Telematics, Telelearning nomadic computing, data management, related software and hardware technologies, and mobile user services. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of mobile communication technologies.
EVOLVING TRENDS FOR ENHANCING THE ACCURACY OF FAULT LOCATION IN POWER DISTRIB...paperpublications3
Abstract: Fault location has been the subject of considerable interest to electric power utility engineers and
researchers for many years. Quantum of research done has been more on locating faults on transmission lines.
This is more justified, for the impact of transmission line faults on the power systems is greater, than that of
distribution lines. However, fault location on distribution lines is gaining attention in many utilities, especially
operating in deregulated power markets attempting to increase availability of power supply to the customers. So,
there is a need for more accurate and efficient methods for fault location, which lead to high-quality of customer
service and reduced overall cost. Fast and accurate identification of the faulted section in distribution networks
leads to least inconvenience to the connected customers. The research work on this issue has an interesting
emergence over the years. It would not be an exaggeration, if one states that still to this day there is a greater scope
for improving the accuracy. This paper reviews the work and presents a comprehensive content demonstrating the
evolution of various tools and techniques, which are ruling the research domain of fault location over a timestretch
of 10 years to this day.
Keywords: Power distribution networks, fault location, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm,
impedance-based algorithm.
Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCSs) are spatially distributed systems in which sensors, actuators, and controllers connect through a wireless network instead of traditional point-to-point links. WNCSs have a tremendous potential to improve the efficiency of many large-scale distributed systems in industrial automation, building automation, automated highway, air transportation, and smart grid. Transmitting sensor measurements and control commands over wireless links provide many benefits such as the ease of installation and maintenance, low complexity and cost, and large flexibility to accommodate the modification and upgrade of the components in many control applications. Several industrial organizations, such as International Society of Automation (ISA), Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART), and Wireless In- dustrial Networking Alliance (WINA), have been actively pushing the application of wireless technologies in the control applications. Building a WNCS is very challenging since control systems often have stringent requirements on timing and reliability, which are difficult to attain by wireless sensor networks due to the adverse properties of the wireless communication and limited battery resources of the nodes. We provide a framework for the joint optimization of controller and communication systems encompassing efficient abstractions of both systems.
This document discusses the history, challenges, and applications of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It describes how MANETs evolved from early packet radio networks developed in the 1970s. Key challenges for MANETs include dynamic topology changes, asymmetric wireless links, and lack of a centralized administration. However, MANETs also enable applications for military communications, disaster recovery, device networking, internet sharing, and wireless sensor networks by allowing devices to self-configure into a network without any infrastructure. While progress has been made, many technical challenges remain in fully realizing the vision of seamlessly integrating MANETs with other networks.
Security Requirements in IoT Architecture Vrince Vimal
Security Requirements in IoT Architecture - Security in Enabling Technologies - Security Concerns in IoT Applications. Security Architecture in the Internet of Things - Security Requirements in IoT - Insufficient Authentication/Authorization - Insecure Access Control - Threats to Access Control, Privacy, and Availability - Attacks Specific to IoT. Vulnerabilities – Secrecy and Secret-Key Capacity - Authentication/Authorization for Smart Devices - Transport Encryption
The document provides updates from the Wesley J. Howe School of Technology Management. In 3 sentences:
The Dean discusses the progress on the new Babbio Center building, which will provide space for undergraduate and graduate students to study and do research. Several new programs are being introduced, including an on-campus MBA in technology management and an online master's in telecommunications management. The Dean challenges readers to identify the most important new management skills needed and says the Howe School may already offer courses related to the skills identified.
As part of Digital Design Career Camp, Liz Danzico discussed how to ask good questions in the face of career changes—whether those changes are in the pursuit of learning within your own company or a significant career changes. She sought out the advice of a number of digital designers and designer conspirers far and wide, to ask them to respond to one question.
Mark Yashar's curriculum vitae provides information about his education and employment history. He holds a Ph.D. in Physics from UC Davis and has worked on various research projects involving astrophysics, cosmology, climate modeling, and radio astronomy. His skills include programming languages like Python, C++, and Fortran. He has experience using modeling and analysis tools in areas like atmospheric science, astronomy, and computational physics.
SURVEY OF TRUST MODELS IN DIFFERENT NETWORK DOMAINSijasuc
This paper introduces the security and trust concepts in wireless sensor networks and explains the
difference between them, stating that even though both terms are used interchangeably when defining a
secure system, they are not the same. The difference between reputation and trust is also explained,
highlighting that reputation partially affects trust. A survey of trust and reputation systems in various
domains is conducted, with more details given to models in ad-hoc and sensor networks as they are closely
related to each other and to our research interests. The methodologies used to model trust and their
references are presented. The factors affecting trust updating are summarised and some examples of the
systems in which these factors have been implemented are given. The survey states that, even though
researchers have started to explore the issue of trust in wireless sensor networks, they are still examining
the trust associated with routing messages between nodes (binary events). However, wireless sensor
networks are mainly deployed to monitor events and report data, both continuous and discrete. This leads
to the development of new trust models addressing the continuous data issue and also to combine the data
trust and the communication trust to infer the total trust.
IRJET- Future of Wireless Mobile Communication with Nanotechnology and Applic...IRJET Journal
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology in mobile and wireless communication systems. It begins by defining nanotechnology and noting that future communication systems are expected to be built using nanotechnology devices. It then discusses several specific applications of nanotechnology, including using carbon nanotubes to build nano transistors that can reduce short channel effects in devices. Molecular communication networks that transmit information via encoded molecules rather than electromagnetic waves are also discussed. The document concludes by suggesting nanotechnology will lead to integrated circuit chips that can revolutionize fields like telecommunications, biomedical engineering, and more.
An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets Implementation for Key Distribution in Hybrid Me...IJAAS Team
This document presents a new model for securing key distribution in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The model determines the appropriate length of an intermediate encryption key based on network parameters like node count, node authentication history, trusted neighbor count, key change frequency, and desired key length. An intuitionistic fuzzy sets implementation assigns membership and non-membership values to each parameter. Based on the combinations of parameter values, intuitionistic rules output a session key scale and corresponding key length ranging from very low to very high security. The model was experimentally shown to efficiently create and distribute keys compared to other models.
This document describes an IoT-based environmental monitoring system using a wireless sensor network. It discusses key components of the system including sensor nodes, a Raspberry Pi gateway, and an application server. The sensor nodes collect data from temperature, light, and moisture sensors. The Raspberry Pi processes and transmits the sensor data via a wireless network. An application server receives the data, stores it, and provides access to users and other IoT applications. The system aims to enable long-term, low-cost environmental monitoring for various IoT applications.
TOP 10 MOBILE AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING PAPERS:: RECOMMENDED READING – COMPUTE...IJCSES Journal
Advances in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has provided the availability of small
and low-costsensor nodes with capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental
conditions, data processing, and wireless communication. Variety of sensing capabilities results
in profusion of application areas. However, the characteristics of wireless sensor networks
require more effective methods for data forwarding and processing. In WSN, the sensor nodes
have a limited transmission range, and their processing and storage capabilities , as well as their
energy resources, are also limited. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are
responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop
communication under these conditions. In this paper, we give a survey of routing protocols for
Wireless Sensor Network and compare their strengths and limitations.
Manet mobile ad hoc network – challenges, security and protocols-2prjpublications
This document discusses mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and related security challenges. It provides an overview of MANETs, including their evolution, characteristics, and architecture. The document then examines key security issues for MANETs, such as vulnerabilities to different types of attacks, including active attacks like packet dropping, modification, and denial of service attacks. It emphasizes that MANETs require new security solutions due to their lack of infrastructure, dynamic topology, and other distinguishing features compared to traditional wired networks. Overall, the document serves to introduce MANETs and outline important security considerations for further research on this topic.
Cyber Physical System: Architecture, Applicationsand Research ChallengesSyed Hassan Ahmed
This document discusses cyber physical systems (CPS), including key applications like healthcare, transportation, and infrastructure. It proposes an architecture for CPS with modules for sensing, data management, next generation internet connectivity, service awareness, application functions, and actuation. It also discusses security and privacy challenges for CPS given their integration of physical and computational systems. Open research challenges are presented in areas like QoS-aware communication protocols, resource management, power management, simulation tools, and testbed implementations.
This document summarizes a study on existing wireless sensor networks that can be used for structural health monitoring. It discusses three main wireless sensor network platforms: Sensor Andrew Architecture, a structural health monitoring system using smart sensors, and Snowfort, a new wireless sensor network platform designed for infrastructure monitoring. The document outlines the key components, advantages, and limitations of each wireless sensor network platform for structural health monitoring applications.
IRJET- A Review on Cluster-based Routing for Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document reviews cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It discusses the challenges facing routing in WSNs such as limited energy, hardware constraints, and dynamic network topologies. It then categorizes cluster-based routing protocols into chain-based, tree-based, grid-based, and block-based approaches. A popular chain-based protocol called PEGASIS is described which forms sensor nodes into a chain to reduce data transmissions to the base station. The document aims to compare different cluster-based routing protocols to improve energy efficiency, network lifetime, and quality of service in WSNs.
Intrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems Using NICE ...IJERA Editor
The cloud computing has increased in many organizations. It provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data. Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage providers but these providers may be untrusted. In this project we propose anIntrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems mechanism called NICE to prevent vulnerable virtual machines from being compromised in the cloud. NICE detects and mitigates collaborative attacks in the cloud virtual networking environment. The system performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of NICE and shows that the proposed solution can significantly reduce the risk of the cloud system from being exploited and abused by internal and external attackers.
International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of ubiquitous computing. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Ubiquitous Computing presents a rather arduous requirement of robustness, reliability and availability to the end user. Ubiquitous computing has received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life. The aim of the journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks including their topologies, architectures, and challenges. It discusses common topologies like bus, tree, star, ring, mesh, and grid. Sensor nodes typically consist of microcontrollers, transceivers, memory, power sources, and one or more sensors. Wireless sensor networks can be used for applications in fields like military, healthcare, environment, and industries. However, challenges exist due to limited battery power of sensor nodes, requiring energy-efficient techniques.
A Study on the ZigBee Wireless Communication for IAQ Monitoring of Undergroun...ijtsrd
In this paper, the 424MHz ZigBee module, which uses a relatively lower frequency for wireless transmission and reception, is found to have a much higher data transfer rate than that of the 2.4GHz XBee PRO in the presence of obstacles such as subway waiting rooms, platform like stairs, complicated structures, and crowded passengers. This indicates that low frequency radio waves have better diffraction characteristics and thus better performance in face of obstacles. Therefore, it was found that low frequency Zigbee modules are advantageous in areas with complex structures such as subways. Tae-In Hyon | Gyu-Sik Kim "A Study on the ZigBee Wireless Communication for IAQ Monitoring of Underground Subway Stations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26820.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26820/a-study-on-the-zigbee-wireless-communication-for-iaq-monitoring-of-underground-subway-stations/tae-in-hyon
Trends in mobile network communication and telematics in 2020ijmnct
International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics (IJMNCT) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of mobile communications and telematics. The journal also aims to focus on various areas such as ecommerce, e-governance, Telematics, Telelearning nomadic computing, data management, related software and hardware technologies, and mobile user services. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of mobile communication technologies.
EVOLVING TRENDS FOR ENHANCING THE ACCURACY OF FAULT LOCATION IN POWER DISTRIB...paperpublications3
Abstract: Fault location has been the subject of considerable interest to electric power utility engineers and
researchers for many years. Quantum of research done has been more on locating faults on transmission lines.
This is more justified, for the impact of transmission line faults on the power systems is greater, than that of
distribution lines. However, fault location on distribution lines is gaining attention in many utilities, especially
operating in deregulated power markets attempting to increase availability of power supply to the customers. So,
there is a need for more accurate and efficient methods for fault location, which lead to high-quality of customer
service and reduced overall cost. Fast and accurate identification of the faulted section in distribution networks
leads to least inconvenience to the connected customers. The research work on this issue has an interesting
emergence over the years. It would not be an exaggeration, if one states that still to this day there is a greater scope
for improving the accuracy. This paper reviews the work and presents a comprehensive content demonstrating the
evolution of various tools and techniques, which are ruling the research domain of fault location over a timestretch
of 10 years to this day.
Keywords: Power distribution networks, fault location, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm,
impedance-based algorithm.
Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCSs) are spatially distributed systems in which sensors, actuators, and controllers connect through a wireless network instead of traditional point-to-point links. WNCSs have a tremendous potential to improve the efficiency of many large-scale distributed systems in industrial automation, building automation, automated highway, air transportation, and smart grid. Transmitting sensor measurements and control commands over wireless links provide many benefits such as the ease of installation and maintenance, low complexity and cost, and large flexibility to accommodate the modification and upgrade of the components in many control applications. Several industrial organizations, such as International Society of Automation (ISA), Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART), and Wireless In- dustrial Networking Alliance (WINA), have been actively pushing the application of wireless technologies in the control applications. Building a WNCS is very challenging since control systems often have stringent requirements on timing and reliability, which are difficult to attain by wireless sensor networks due to the adverse properties of the wireless communication and limited battery resources of the nodes. We provide a framework for the joint optimization of controller and communication systems encompassing efficient abstractions of both systems.
This document discusses the history, challenges, and applications of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It describes how MANETs evolved from early packet radio networks developed in the 1970s. Key challenges for MANETs include dynamic topology changes, asymmetric wireless links, and lack of a centralized administration. However, MANETs also enable applications for military communications, disaster recovery, device networking, internet sharing, and wireless sensor networks by allowing devices to self-configure into a network without any infrastructure. While progress has been made, many technical challenges remain in fully realizing the vision of seamlessly integrating MANETs with other networks.
Security Requirements in IoT Architecture Vrince Vimal
Security Requirements in IoT Architecture - Security in Enabling Technologies - Security Concerns in IoT Applications. Security Architecture in the Internet of Things - Security Requirements in IoT - Insufficient Authentication/Authorization - Insecure Access Control - Threats to Access Control, Privacy, and Availability - Attacks Specific to IoT. Vulnerabilities – Secrecy and Secret-Key Capacity - Authentication/Authorization for Smart Devices - Transport Encryption
The document provides updates from the Wesley J. Howe School of Technology Management. In 3 sentences:
The Dean discusses the progress on the new Babbio Center building, which will provide space for undergraduate and graduate students to study and do research. Several new programs are being introduced, including an on-campus MBA in technology management and an online master's in telecommunications management. The Dean challenges readers to identify the most important new management skills needed and says the Howe School may already offer courses related to the skills identified.
As part of Digital Design Career Camp, Liz Danzico discussed how to ask good questions in the face of career changes—whether those changes are in the pursuit of learning within your own company or a significant career changes. She sought out the advice of a number of digital designers and designer conspirers far and wide, to ask them to respond to one question.
Mark Yashar's curriculum vitae provides information about his education and employment history. He holds a Ph.D. in Physics from UC Davis and has worked on various research projects involving astrophysics, cosmology, climate modeling, and radio astronomy. His skills include programming languages like Python, C++, and Fortran. He has experience using modeling and analysis tools in areas like atmospheric science, astronomy, and computational physics.
I developed this for a breakfast meeting of Imagination Coast, a regional collaborative seeking to advance an innovation agenda in and around Monterey Bay, CA. The event was held Jan 20, 2011 at the Sustainability Academy in Monterey. A presentation called "Adventures in Regional Collaboration" (also published here) accompanies it.
The Links Between the Neighborhood Food Environment & Childhood Nutrition ~ Prevention Institute, Oakland, California ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
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Five-minute presentation as part of a panel, "(How Is This All) Going To Work? What We Teach, How We Learn, and What Employers Want"
An ambitious panel which seeks to illuminate the thoughts, themes, and threads that connect practice and teaching, students with knowledge and job-seekers with rewarding opportunities to practice. 7 short talks representing a wide continuum of UX work and preparation for work, including a graduate student, two teachers, a recruiter, a junior-level practitioner, the director-level practitioner she reports to, and a UX practice manager in charge of hiring for a large company.
This Economist Intelligence Unit/Multilateral
Investment Fund report is an introduction to the
2014 Infrascope study that analyzes public-private
partnerships (PPPs) in Latin America and the
Caribbean. Smart mobility PPPs in Latin America
looks at how smart solutions to mobility challenges
in the region lend themselves to a PPP framework.
The report examines the mobility challenges the
region faces, to what extent smart mobility
solutions are used by governments, and the role
the private sector plays in coming up with
innovative mobility solutions. More importantly,
the report analyzes mobility solutions that are
most likely to lend themselves to PPP investment.
The document provides an overview of using computer technology and the internet for teaching, including sample class home pages, benefits of having an online class presence, how the web works, recommended web servers like Blackboard, examples of online class materials, tools for class communication, web-based assessment options, and using digital video and other multimedia. Blackboard is highlighted as the preferred course management system at UIC for its ease of use and integrated features.
This document outlines the 5 step process for finding Oregon legislative history:
1) Find the year and chapter number in the Oregon Revised Statutes
2) Find the bill number in Oregon Laws using the year and chapter number
3) Check if a Legislative Tracing was produced by the State Archives
4) Find committee information and dates of action in the Senate and House Journals
5) Locate committee minutes and exhibits on microfilm arranged by year and committee name
This document discusses various topics related to ethics including:
1) Acts of good samaritan conduct, vigilantism, and civil disobedience and whether they violate ethical standards or laws.
2) Examples are given of individuals who committed criminal acts to help others or get justice.
3) The history of civil rights movements and protests around issues like segregation and slavery are summarized.
4) Several cases of professionals violating ethical standards through criminal misconduct are mentioned.
[1] O documento discute várias pesquisas realizadas sobre viver sem comida, incluindo o trabalho do Dr. Karl Graninger na década de 1920 e casos de jejum documentados na Alemanha pós-guerra. [2] Também aborda pesquisas sobre o fenômeno "Bigu" no Qigong e estudos científicos sobre o cultivo da energia através de movimentos e respiração. [3] O autor argumenta que atributos como paciência, devoção e religiosidade permitem que algumas pessoas sobrevivam
This document presents a portfolio from Dr. James Cunha Werner demonstrating his qualifications for a certificate in learning and teaching. It summarizes his experiences teaching C programming laboratories at the University of Manchester and Imperial College. The document outlines Werner's approach to designing learning activities, which involves understanding learning theories and the requirements students will face. It also describes how he carried out support for learning through constructive feedback and assessment. Diagrams and examples are provided as evidence of Werner's abilities in areas like lesson planning, student support, reflection, and using strategies like mind maps to enhance teaching.
La presentación resume cómo la Web y Google pueden ser aliados de los periodistas al ofrecer herramientas para la búsqueda de información, la publicación y distribución de contenidos, y opciones para generar ingresos a través de la publicidad en línea. Se describen servicios de Google como Alertas de Google, Google Noticias, Google Maps, YouTube y AdWords que pueden ser útiles para la investigación periodística, publicar artículos y videos, y monetizar el tráfico a un sitio a través de anuncios.
The document provides website analytics information for homeorchard.ucdavis.edu. It reports that the site is hosted at IP address 128.120.155.16 located in the US. The site receives around 169,535 daily pageviews and $509.57 in daily ad revenue, making it the 7,040 most valuable site on the analytics website doomstat.com.
The Israel-Gaza Conflict: Social Media Become the Informational Front LineThe New School
This document discusses how social media became the main source of information about the Israel-Gaza conflict due to restrictions on traditional media access. It provides examples of YouTube videos, tweets, blogs and online games used by both sides to share information and perspectives with the global public. The document also examines how social media can function as a public forum and tool for political activism and debates issues around objectivity and narrative framing in user-generated content from conflicts.
SECURITY AND KEY MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OVER WSN (A SURVEY) IJCSES Journal
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have turned to be the backbone of most present-day information
technology, which supports the service-oriented architecture in a major activity. Sensor nodes and its
restricted and limited resources have been a real challenge because there’s a great engagement with
sensor nodes and Internet Of things (IoT). WSN is considered to be the base stone of IoT which has been
widely used recently in too many applications like smart cities, industrial internet, connected cars,
connected health care systems, smart grids, smart farming and it's widely used in both military and civilian
applications now, such as monitoring of ambient conditions related to the environment, precious species
and critical infrastructures. Secure communication and data transfer among the nodes are strongly needed
due to the use of wireless technologies that are easy to eavesdrop, in order to steal its important
information. However, is hard to achieve the desired performance of both WSNs and IoT and many critical
issues about sensor networks are still open. The major research areas in WSN is going on hardware,
operating system of WSN, localization, synchronization, deployment, architecture, programming models,
data aggregation and dissemination, database querying, architecture, middleware, quality of service and
security. In This paper we discuss in detail all about Wireless Sensor Networks, its classification, types,
topologies, attack models and the nodes and all related issues and complications. We also preview too
many challenges about sensor nodes and the proposed solutions till now and we make a spot ongoing
research activities and issues that affect security and performance of Wireless Sensor Network as well.
Then we discuss what’s meant by security objectives, requirements and threat models. Finally, we make a
spot on key management operations, goals, constraints, evaluation metrics, different encryption key types
and dynamic key management schemes.
This document provides an overview of energy harvesting technologies for sustainable wireless sensor networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being used in applications like structural health monitoring and battlefield surveillance. WSNs allow for distributed sensing and processing but face challenges around limited energy resources. The document reviews different energy harvesting technologies that could provide sustainable power sources for sensor nodes, like solar, thermal, and kinetic energy harvesting. It examines how these technologies work and their potential to enable long-term operation of energy-constrained wireless sensor networks.
ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS DEPLOYMENTS USING VERTICAL VARIANCE TRIM...ijasuc
Due to reliance on stochastic deployment, delivery of large-scale WSN presents a major problem in the
application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology. When deployed in a stochastic manner, the
WSN has the utmost challenge of guaranteeing acceptable operational efficiency upon deployment. This
paper presents a methodology for stochastic deployment of WSN. The methodology uses simulation,
statistical analysis, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process to provide an approach that helps decisionmakers determine the best deployment strategies among competing alternatives. The methodology can be
used to simplify the decision-making process and provide decision-makers the ability to consider all
factors involved in the WSN deployment problem. The methodology is extensible and can be easily
customized to include numerous quality factors to further compare deployment strategies and identify the
one that best meet applications requirements.
Concepts and evolution of research in the field of wireless sensor networksIJCNCJournal
This document provides a comprehensive review of research in the field of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It begins with an introduction to WSNs and discusses sensor nodes, network architectures, communication protocols, applications, and open research issues. It then reviews several related surveys that focus on specific aspects of WSNs such as applications, energy consumption techniques, security protocols, and testbeds. The document aims to provide an overview of all aspects of WSN research and identify promising directions like bio-inspired solutions. It discusses sensors and network types, architectures and services, and challenges like fault tolerance.
A SURVEY OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS IN WSNIAEME Publication
Wireless sensor networks are harshly restricted by storage capacity, energy and computing power. Wireless Sensor Networks have acquired a lot of attention by research community, manufacturer as well as actual users for monitoring remote trades and how to gather data in different environment. The wireless sensor nodes are especially battery powered devices having life can be extended for some times while long lasting and reliable for maintaining consumption of energy and network lifetime while designs applications and protocols. So it is essential to design effective and energy efficient protocol in order to enhance the network lifetime. In this paper we present the study of different energy efficient communication protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).Then some of the communication protocols which are widely used in WSNs to improve network performance are also discussed advantages and disadvantages of each protocols.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A Paired Key Mechanism for Wirelesslink Security for WSNSIRJET Journal
This document presents a paired key mechanism for providing security in wireless sensor networks. It proposes using a lightweight randomized key table with keys arranged in paired columns for authentication between nodes. The key pairs remain fixed during a session. To establish a secure connection, nodes first exchange their key tables. Then one node acts as the sender/server and encrypts a key from its table to send to the receiver/client node. The client decrypts this and returns the paired key. If this matches what the sender expected, data transmission begins. The results show this method consumes less energy than existing approaches as keys are used only once from the randomized table. It provides security against passive attacks like eavesdropping and active attacks by unauthorized nodes.
IRJET- Wireless Sensor Network for Railway Security SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed wireless sensor network system for railway security and condition monitoring. Key points:
- Sensor nodes would be deployed along railway tracks, bridges, and trains to monitor for defects, cracks, or security threats.
- The sensor data would be transmitted wirelessly to centralized gateways and then to a control center for analysis.
- Challenges include harsh operating environments, large data volumes, sensor errors, and limited energy in sensor nodes.
- Potential applications include real-time track and infrastructure inspection to improve safety, predictive maintenance planning, and enhanced security at stations.
Wireless Sensor Network – Theoretical Findings and ApplicationsAshishDPatel1
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of tiny sensor nodes scattered on a relatively large geographical area. The nodes are cooperative in nature, that is, they can communication with one another or to a central control unit. The work of each such node is to collect the information from surrounding like pressure, temperature, humidity, magnetic fields, optical fields etc [2]. Actually they are ad hoc network with some additional constraints. The node should be capable enough for power consumption, collection of data, self healing, mobility, self configuration to name a few. These features of WSN node differentiate it from conventional ad hoc networks [14]. This survey paper aims at reporting wireless sensor network, its design, networking of nodes, and security in system. In this paper, fundamentals of wireless sensor network are discussed. Different component like sensor, microcontroller, battery require for sensor networks are explained in detail. We have tried to include all the aspects of WSN. The Protocols, Operating Systems, tools require for WSN node programming and some security issues are also discussed.
Applications Of Wireless Sensor NetworksKaren Benoit
The document summarizes key aspects of wireless sensor networks and their applications. It discusses how wireless sensor networks are used to collect various data from different locations for monitoring purposes. It also describes how the hardware requirements of sensor nodes, such as being robust and having sufficient storage and communication capabilities while using limited power, have led to the development of specialized sensor nodes like the Berkeley Mote family. Finally, it provides an overview of potential applications of wireless sensor networks in areas like structural health and habitat monitoring.
TOP 20 Cited Wireless & Mobile Networks Research Articles 2021ijwmn
This document summarizes the top 20 most cited articles from 2021 in the field of wireless and mobile networks research published in the International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The first article proposes a wireless sensor network system to monitor air pollution in Mauritius using wireless sensors deployed across the island. The second article discusses using wireless sensor networks to automatically monitor and control greenhouse parameters for precision agriculture. The third article performs a performance comparison of different routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks.
IRJET-A Brief Study of Leach based Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor NetworksIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study of the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. It discusses how LEACH is an energy-efficient clustering-based protocol that helps improve the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The document also reviews several other routing protocols and concludes that using a round robin schedule could help improve clustering in routing protocols for wireless sensor networks to balance energy usage across nodes.
Wideband Sensing for Cognitive Radio Systems in Heterogeneous Next Generation...CSCJournals
Mobile Next Generation Network (MNGN) is characterized as heterogeneous network where variety of access technologies are meant to coexist. Decisions on choosing an air interface that meets a particular need at a particular time will be shifted from the network’s side to (a more intelligent) user’s side. On top of that network operators and regularities have come to the realization that assigned spectrum bands are not utilized as they should be. Cognitive radio stands out as a candidate technology to address many emerging issues in MNGN such as capacity, quality of service and spectral efficiency. As a transmission strategy, cognitive radio systems depend greatly on sensing the radio environment. In this paper, we present a novel approach for interference characterization in cognitive radio networks based on wideband chirp signal. The results presented show that improved sensing accuracy is maintained at tolerable system complexity.
Requisite Trust Based Routing Protocol for WSNAM Publications
This document summarizes a research paper on using a trust-based routing protocol (RTSR) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The summary is:
1) The RTSR protocol uses a cluster-based approach and calculates trust values between nodes to securely discover routes while reducing message and route redundancy.
2) Trust values from neighboring nodes are used to calculate a single trust value for each node. Route discovery and trust information is stored at fixed cluster heads.
3) The protocol aims to improve on previous approaches that did not consider security during route discovery. It analyzes performance metrics like energy consumption, number of hops, and delay compared to the LEEACH routing algorithm for WSNs.
The document discusses the feasibility of wireless sensor network projects from economic, technical, and operational standpoints. It then provides background concepts on wireless sensor networks, describing their components, applications including area monitoring and environmental monitoring, and challenges related to limited resources. Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed autonomous sensors that cooperatively monitor conditions like temperature, motion, and pollutants, and have applications in industries, civilian uses, and more.
A Brief Research Study Of Wireless Sensor NetworkCassie Romero
The document summarizes a research study on wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It discusses WSNs applications in various fields like military, environment, healthcare, homes, and traffic control. It also examines key challenges in WSNs like energy consumption, data reporting models, and security issues. Additionally, the document reviews common simulation platforms used to test WSN protocols and evaluates their features, interfaces, support, scalability and availability of WSN modules.
This document is a project report submitted by three students - M Manoj, S Parthiban, and R Raghav - for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Information Technology from Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering. The report proposes a Security Enhanced Distributed Reprogramming Protocol (SEDRP) to enhance security and mitigate impersonation attacks in the existing Secure Distributed Reprogramming Protocol (SDRP) for wireless sensor networks. The report includes an introduction to wireless sensor networks and distributed networking, a literature review of related work, a description of the proposed SEDRP system and its modules, system design details, implementation and results from simulating the system in NS2 network simulator.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are emerging as an enabling technology for many new communication technologies. The document reviews several WSN-based technologies including cognitive radio sensor networks, the Internet of things, cloud computing, smart grids, and vehicular sensor networks. It discusses the role of WSNs in monitoring physical environments and infrastructure as well as how WSNs provide a platform for technologies like IoT due to their low-cost, small-size, and intelligent sensing capabilities.
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
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I010224146
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 2, Ver. II (Mar - Apr.2015), PP 41-46
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10224146 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
Wireless Sensor Networks ‘Future trends and Latest Research
Challenges’
Dr. Deepti Gupta
Department of Applied Science and Mathematics Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College ,Ghaziabad (U.P.),
INDIA
Abstract: Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs) have become one of the most interesting areas of research in the
past few years. A WSN is composed of a number of wireless sensor nodes which form a sensor field and a sink.
These large numbers of nodes, having the abilities to sense their surroundings, perform limited computation and
communicate wirelessly form the WSNs. Recent advances in wireless and electronic technologies have enabled
a wide range of applications of WSNs in military, traffic surveillance, target tracking, environment monitoring,
healthcare monitoring, and so on. There are many new challenges that have surfaced for the designers of WSNs,
in order to meet the requirements of various applications like sensed quantities, size of nodes, and nodes’ au-
tonomy. Therefore, improvements in the current technologies and better solutions to these challenges are re-
quired. The future developments in sensor nodes must produce very powerful and cost effective devices, so that
they may be used in applications like underwater acoustic sensor systems, sensing based cyber physical systems,
time critical applications, cognitive sensing and spectrum management, and security and privacy management.
This paper also describes the research challenges for WSNs.
Key words: Future trends, recent advances, research challenges, wireless sensor networks
I. Introduction
With the advances in the technology of microelectromechanical system (MEMS), developments in
wireless communications and WSNs have also emerged. WSNs have become the one of the most interesting
areas of research in the past few years. Here, we look into the recent advances and future trends in WSNs.
WSNs are usually composed of small, low cost devices that communicate wirelessly and have the capabilities of
processing, sensing and storing. The development of WSNs was motivated by military applications such as bat-
tlefield surveillance. WSN are being used in many industrial and civilian application areas, including industrial
process monitoring and control described by Kay and Mattern (2004), machine health monitoring described by
Tiwari (2007), environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation, and traffic con-
trol presented well by Kay & Mattern (2004) and Hadim (2006). A WSN generally consists of a base station
(also called as gateway sometimes) that can communicate with a number of wireless sensors via a radio link.
Wireless sensor nodes collect the data, compress it, and transmit it to the gateway directly or indirectly with the
help of other nodes. The transmitted data is then presented to the system by the gateway connection. This paper
discusses the recent advances in WSNs that enable a wide range of applications and future development in ap-
plications like underwater acoustic sensor systems; sensing based cyber physical systems, time critical applica-
tions, cognitive sensing and spectrum management, and security and privacy management. Rest of the paper is
organized as follows. Section 2 describes the recent advances in WSNs. We discuss future trends in WSN in
Section 3. Section 4 describes the research challenges for WSN. Finally Section 5 presents the conclusion.
II. Recent Advances
Recent advances in wireless and electronic technologies have enabled a wide range of applications of
WSNs in military sensing, traffic surveillance, target tracking, environment monitoring, healthcare monitoring,
and so on. Here we describe such type advances in WSN and their applications in various fields.
1.1 Sensor Localization and Location Aware Services
1.1.1 Smart Home/Smart Office
Smart home environments can provide custom behaviors for a given individual. Considerable amount
of research has been devoted to this topic. The research on smart homes is now starting to make its way into the
market. It takes a considerable amount of work and planning to create a smart home. There are many examples
of products currently on the market which can perform individual functions that are considered to be part of a
smart home. Several useful applications which take advantage of information collected by WSN are presented
by Hussain et al. (2009).
2. Wireless Sensor Networks ‘Future trends and Latest Research Challenges’
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10224146 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
1.1.2. Military
New and emerging technologies, such as networks, support military operations by delivering critical in-
formation rapidly and dependably to the right individual or organization at the right time. This improves the
efficiency of combat operations. The new technologies must be integrated quickly into a comprehensive archi-
tecture to meet the requirements of present time. Improvement in situation awareness (ChienChung Shen, 2001)
is must requirement. Doumit and Agrawal (2002) described some other important application is detection of
enemy units’ movements on land/sea, sensing intruders on bases, chemical/biological threats and offering logis-
tics in urban warfare. Command, control, communications, computing, intelligence, surveillance, reconnais-
sance, and targeting systems are well described by Akyildiz (2002).
1.1.3. Industrial & Commercial
Since the long time wireless transmission of data is being done in industrial applications, but recently it
has gained importance. Successful use of wireless sensors in systems such as supervisory control and data ac-
quisition has proved that these devices could effectively address the needs of industrial applications. The critical
process applications of WSNs in industry are monitoring temperature, flow level , and pressure parameters.
With the rapidly increasing technological advances in wireless technology and its subsequently decreasing pric-
es, numerous wireless applications are being developed in industry. WSN in manufacturing industries can moni-
tor and optimize quality control.
1.1.4. Traffic Management and Monitoring
Every big city is suffering from traffic congestion around the world. A sincere effort is being made to
solve the traffic congestion. Congestion can be alleviated by planning managing traffic. A real time automatic
traffic data collection must be employed for efficient management of rush hour traffic. Research on this topic is
considered as part of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) research community. Chinrungrueng (2006) ex-
plained ITS to be the application of the computers, communications, and sensor technology to surface transpor-
tation. The vehicle tracking application is to locate a specific vehicle or moving object and monitor its move-
ment. This work also describes design of WSN for vehicular monitoring. As the power source (battery) is li-
mited, it is important that a design of sensor node is power efficient.
1.1.5. Structural Healthcare
Structures are inspected at regular time intervals, and repairing or replacing based on the time of use,
rather than on their working conditions. Tiwari et al. (2004) has explained that sensors embedded into structures
enable condition based maintenance of these assets. Wireless sensing will allow assets to be inspected when the
sensors indicate that there may be a problem. This will reduce the cost of maintenance and preventing harmful
failure. These applications include sensors mounted on heavy duty bridges, within concrete and composite mate-
rials (Arms et al. 2001), and big buildings.
1.1.6. Agriculture
Wang and Wang (2006) stated that agriculture can also be benefited by the deployment of WSN to get
the information regarding soil degradation and water scarcity. With help of WSNs we can check the clean water
consumed in irrigation and manage it.
1.2. Topology and Coverage Control
Topology control is one of the fundamental problems in WSNs. It has great importance for prolong
lifetime, reducing radio interference, increasing the efficiency of media access control protocols and routing
protocols. It also ensures the quality of connectivity & coverage and increase in the network service as well. A
significant progress in research can be seen in WSNs topology control. Many topology control algorithms have
been developed till date, but problems such as lack of definite and practical algorithm, lack of efficient mea-
surement of network performance and idealness of mathematical model still exist. Several graph models used in
topology control, the present hot spots and the future trends on the research of topology control are presented by
Jardosh and Ranjan (2008).
1.3. Quality of Service (QoS) Provision
QoS support is challenging due to severe energy and computational resource constrains of wireless sen-
sors. Various service properties such as the delay, reliability, network lifetime, and quality of data may conflict;
for example, multipath routing can improve the reliability; however it can increase the energy consumption and
delay due to duplicate transmissions. Modeling such relationships, measuring the provided quality, and provid-
ing means to control the balance is essential for QoS support. There are various research opportunities in en-
3. Wireless Sensor Networks ‘Future trends and Latest Research Challenges’
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10224146 www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
hancing the QoS of WSNs. One of the researches is the project described by Abidin (2009) that analyzes and
enhances the performance of a WSN by deploying a simple max min fairness bandwidth allocation technique.
1.4. Mobility management
Mobility is one of the most important issues in next generation networks. As WSNs are becoming the
next elements of the future Internet, it is crucial to study new models that also support mobility of these nodes.
WSNs are applicable in variety of cases that make it difficult to produce a standard mobility scenario. Following
are some cases where the mobile support is necessary presented in Camilo (2008). Intra WSN device movement
is probably the most common scenario in WSNs architectures, where each sensor node has the ability to change
from its local position at run time without losing the connectivity with the sensor router (SR). In the case of inter
WSN device movement, sensor nodes move between different sensor networks, each one with its SR responsi-
ble to configure and manage all the aggregated devices. A research project of IETF working group NEMO, an
example of WSN movement is described in RFC3963 by Devarapalli (2005). Sensor network deployed in a
moving bus is a real scenario of this type. It is possible to have a scenario where a sensor network can use
another sensor network in order to be connected through Internet. MANEMO (Wakikawa et al., 2007) project is
also an example.
1.5. Security and Privacy Concern
The field that paid less attention is the privacy concern on information being collected, transmitted, and
analyzed in a WSN. Such private information of concern may include payload data collected by sensors and
transmitted through the network to a centralized data processing server. The location of a sensor initiating data
communication, and other such context information, may also be the focus of privacy concerns. In real world
applications of WSNs, effective countermeasures against the disclosure of both data and context oriented private
information are indispensable prerequisites. Privacy protection in various fields related to WSNs, such as wired
and wireless networking, databases and data mining, has been extensively studied by Li and Das (2009). Effec-
tive privacy preserving techniques are needed for the unique challenges of WSN security.
1.6. Biomedical/Medical
The uses of WSNs in biomedical and medical are in growing phase. Biomedical wireless sensor net-
works (BWSNs) show the future opportunities for supporting mobility while monitoring vital body functions in
hospital and home care. There is a requirement for BWSN to develop in order to cover security handling, im-
proved signal integration and visualization. They can also be used to achieve extended mobility outside the sur-
gery room, monitoring of several patients/persons at the same time, and further adaptations to medical experts
needs for information. As the Internet usage has become popular among people, eservices for the healthcare
which is commonly known as eHealth, have recently attracted significant attention within both the research so-
ciety and industry. Followings are several ongoing projects for healthcare using WSN:
1.CodeBlue (Lorincz et al., 2004) – an architecture proposed for tracking and monitoring of patients.
2.ALARMNET
(Wood et al., 2006) – a WSN built for assisted living and residential monitoring.
3.AMON (Anliker et al., 2004) – a Wireless Body Area Sensor Network System
4.GlucoWatch G2 (Dario et al., 2004) – use WSN to research wearable personal health system that will moni-
tor and evaluate human vital signs.
III. Future Trends
The future developments in sensor nodes must produce very powerful and cost effective devices, so
that they may be used in applications like underwater acoustic sensor systems, sensing based cyber physical
systems, time critical applications, cognitive sensing and spectrum management, and security and privacy man-
agement. In this section we will look into all possibilities of further development in WSN applications.
2.1. Cognitive Sensing
Cognitive sensor networks are used for acquiring localized and situated information of the sensing en-
vironment by the deploying a large number of sensors intelligently and autonomically. Managing a large num-
ber of wireless sensors is a complex task. As GuangZhong Yang (2008) described, a significant research interest
can be seen in bio inspired sensing and networking. Two well known examples of cognitive sensing are swarm
intelligence and quorum sensing:
1. Swarm intelligence is developed in artificial intelligence for studying the collective behavior of decentralized,
self organized systems.
2. Quorum sensing is an example of bioinspired sensing and networking. Quorum sensing is the ability of bacte-
ria to communicate and coordinate behavior via signaling molecules.
4. Wireless Sensor Networks ‘Future trends and Latest Research Challenges’
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10224146 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
2.2. Spectrum Management
As application of low power wireless protocols is increasing, we can envision a future in which wire-
less devices, such as wireless keyboards, power point presenters, cell phone headsets, and health monitoring
sensors will be ubiquitous. But the pervasiveness of these devices leads to increased interference and congestion
within as well as between networks, because of overlapping physical frequencies. Cognitive radios and multi
frequency MACs are some approaches that have been developed to utilize multiple frequencies for parallel
communication. A generic solution is provided by Zhou (2009) as SAS: a Self Adaptive Spectrum Management
middleware for WSNs, which can be easily integrated with an existing single frequency.
3.1 Underwater Acoustic Sensor Systems
Akyildiz et al. (2005) presented a complete survey in underwater sensor networks. Underwater sensor
networks are designed to enable applications for oceanographic data collection, pollution monitoring, offshore
exploration, disaster prevention, assisted navigation and tactical surveillance applications. Underwater sensors
are also being in use for exploration of natural undersea resources and gathering of scientific data. So a need of
underwater communications among underwater devices arises. Underwater sensor nodes and vehicles should be
capable of coordinate their operation, exchanging their location and movement information and hence relay mo-
nitored data to an onshore base station. A new research paradigm of underwater wireless sensor networks
(UWSNs) poses challenges like large propagation delays, node mobility and high error probability of acoustic
underwater channels, compared to the ground based WSNs. A protocol named DUCS (Distributed Underwater
Clustering Scheme) described by Domingo and Prior (2008), is a GPS free routing protocol. It minimizes the
proactive routing message exchange and does not use flooding techniques. It also uses data aggregation to elim-
inate redundant information. Table I shows some of the research projects in UWSNs.
Table 1: Research Projects on UWSNs.
Research lab or project name URL
BWNLab@ GeorgiaTech http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/UWAS N/
MIT & Woods Hole O.I. http://www.mit.edu/people/millitsa/research.html
Sensor Networks for Undersea Seismic Experimentation (SNUSE) @ USC http://www.isi.edu/ilense/snuse/
Acoustic Research Laboratory (ARL) http://www.arl.nus.edu.sg/web/research/acomms
3.2. Coordination in Heterogeneous Networks
Since the sensor nodes are energy constraints so the main obstacle in the coordination with other net-
works is limited energy of sensor nodes. Sensor networks are very useful for applications like health monitoring,
wildlife habitat monitoring, forest fire detection and building controls. To monitor the WSN, the data produced
by sensor nodes should be accessible. This can be done by connecting the WSN with existing network infra-
structure such as global Internet, a local area network or private internet. Liutkevicius (2010) described two type
of interconnection techniques: gateway based interconnection technique and overlay based interconnection
technique.
3.3. Time Critical Applications
A new generation of distributed embedded systems, with a broad range of real time applications, such
as fire monitoring, border surveillance, medical care, and highway traffic coordination, can be represented by
WSNs. Due to severe resource limitations in highly dynamic environments these systems face new kinds of tim-
ing constraints. Many classical approaches to real time computing like wireless networking protocols, operating
systems, middleware services, data management, programming models, and theoretical analysis are challenged
by WSNs. The design of complex time critical systems includes different types of information and communica-
tion technology systems, such as wireless (mesh) sensor networks, to carry out control processes in real time.
3.4. Experimental Setup and New Applications
There are huge opportunities to deploy WSNs for real life applications and experimental setups. WSNs
are being deployed in various application scenarios, including rural and forest environments. Sanchez (2010)
designed a WSN based system for generic target (animal) tracking in the surrounding area of wildlife passages.
That is built to establish safe ways for animals to cross transportation infrastructures. This deployment is de-
signed on the basis of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. In environments like fire hazard monitoring, adaptive routing
is essential in order to ensure safe and timely data delivery in building evacuation and fire fighting resource ap-
plications. The routing protocol presented by Zeng and Xiong (2010) is a robust emergency adaptive protocol
for emergency situations such as building fire hazard applications. This protocol also handles dynamic emergen-
cy scenarios and works well with the routing hole problem. A project name NEURON proposed by Zafeiropou-
los (2010), has been developed to reduce the complexity of operation and management, and support the disse-
5. Wireless Sensor Networks ‘Future trends and Latest Research Challenges’
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10224146 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
mination of knowledge within future WSNs. Sensor networks can be used as a valuable tool to economize the
fuel and to increase the energy efficiency as well without reducing the lifestyle quality. A number of sensors are
interconnected to form a sensor network within a building. It is tough to deploy a control system in a building
because of the various communication standards. Schor et al. (2009) designed an architecture that presents a
web services based approach that integrates resource constrained sensor nodes with IP based networks.
3.5. New Models and Architectures
WSN is a self organized network of battery powered wireless sensors that can sense, process, and
communicate. We have discussed many technical challenges so far that deserve sincere consideration. These
challenges are not limiting the progress in WSNs so much as lack of perfect WSN architecture. Some of recently
developed architectures are discussed here: the environment adaptive and energy efficient capabilities should be
integrant for WSN architecture. A hierarchical structure and subfacets functions architecture model EAWNA is
proposed by L. Liu (2010) that also has other objectives like scalability, customized services, environment adap-
tive and energy efficiency. Conventional network architecture designs are based on layering approach. The idea
of the layered architecture can also be used with sensor network architecture design. Cubic and crosslayer
(CCL) by C. Lin (2007) is suitable sensor network architecture because of application specific nature of sensor
networks. Lukkien et al. (2008) proposed Wirelessly Accessible Sensor Populations (WASP) project is to de-
velop an integrated model for implementing applications using WSNs. In this project a model has been devel-
oped to program complete WSN as a whole rather than programming individual node because of the inconsis-
tent behavior of individual nodes.
3.6. Holes Problem
Holes are one of the challenges in deployment of WSNs in a large area. Holes generally considered as a
communication gap among sensor nodes. Khan and Javed (2008) described various types of holes like Coverage
hole, Routing hole, Jamming hole, Sink/Black hole, and Worm hole in their survey work.
3.7. Time Synchronization Problem
Time synchronization in WSN, is to bring the clocks of the sensor nodes together perfect (standard)
clock. To bring these clocks together skew and drift of the nodes’ clock need to be managed. Main challenge for
time synchronization in WSN is to design a light weight, fault tolerant and energy efficient protocol to minimize
the energy consumption.
IV. Research Challenges
1. Power: Power is always been a challenge for WSNs designs. One of the ways to prolong the network lifetime
is to design the energy efficient algorithms and hardware that uses power intelligently.
2. Hardware Cost: One of the main challenges is to produce low cost and tiny sensor nodes. Current sensor
nodes are mainly prototypes with respect to these objectives. Low cost of sensor nodes can be achieved by re-
cent and future progress in the fields of MEMS.
3. Security: Security is one of the major challenges in WSNs. Most of the attacks that are performed on WSN
are insertion of false information by compromised nodes within the networks. Development of security schemes
for WSN also faces challenges related to constrained environment.
4. System Architecture: Researches in the field of WSN is going on around the world but still there is no uni-
fied system and network architecture, on the top of that different application can be built.
5. Real World Protocols: protocols need to be developed for real world problems considering the theoretical
concepts and synthesizing novel solutions into a complete system wide protocol for real world application.
6. Analytical and Practical Results: Till date very few analytical results exists for WSNs. All new applications
only get confidence when it is tested & analyzed practically and results are compared with existing schemes.
V. Conclusions
The inherent nature of WSNs makes them deployable in a variety of circumstances. They have the po-
tential to be everywhere, on roads, in our homes and offices, forests, battlefields, disaster struck areas, and even
underwater in oceans. This paper surveys the application areas where WSNs have been deployed such as mili-
tary sensing, traffic surveillance, target tracking, environment monitoring, and healthcare monitoring as summa-
rized in Table 2. The paper also surveys the various fields where WSNs may be deployed in the near future as
underwater acoustic sensor systems, sensing based cyber physical systems, time critical applications, cognitive
sensing and spectrum management, and security and privacy management. These application areas are being
researched extensively by various people across the industry and academician.
6. Wireless Sensor Networks ‘Future trends and Latest Research Challenges’
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10224146 www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
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