Abstract: Fault location has been the subject of considerable interest to electric power utility engineers and
researchers for many years. Quantum of research done has been more on locating faults on transmission lines.
This is more justified, for the impact of transmission line faults on the power systems is greater, than that of
distribution lines. However, fault location on distribution lines is gaining attention in many utilities, especially
operating in deregulated power markets attempting to increase availability of power supply to the customers. So,
there is a need for more accurate and efficient methods for fault location, which lead to high-quality of customer
service and reduced overall cost. Fast and accurate identification of the faulted section in distribution networks
leads to least inconvenience to the connected customers. The research work on this issue has an interesting
emergence over the years. It would not be an exaggeration, if one states that still to this day there is a greater scope
for improving the accuracy. This paper reviews the work and presents a comprehensive content demonstrating the
evolution of various tools and techniques, which are ruling the research domain of fault location over a timestretch
of 10 years to this day.
Keywords: Power distribution networks, fault location, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm,
impedance-based algorithm.
Recent Trends InDigital Differential Protection of Power Transformerijiert bestjournal
Digital protection has several advantages over conventional protection scheme. For protecting
costliest and vital equipment such as transformer, digital schemes have been proposed by several authors in recent
past. This paper throws light on all such efforts and it will help researchers to focus on integrated efforts to protect
transformer in a better and efficient way. Artificial intelligence along with signature and pattern recognition
techniques give much more useful information about happenings in and outside of transformer. Efforts are put by
all concerned with fast, accurate, flexible, reliable and easy to understand scheme of protection. With the advent of
soft computing methods condition monitoring with protection has become on line objective. Keeping all these
state of art techniques of protection, this paper will be a useful resource. Discrimination of several faults external
and internal needs digital signal processing and feature extraction as well. Many algorithms are proposed as
summarized in paper.
Machine learning based lightweight interference mitigation scheme for wireles...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The interference issue is most vibrant on low-powered networks like wireless sensor network (WSN). In some cases, the heavy interference on WSN from different technologies and devices result in life threatening situations. In this paper, a machine learning (ML) based lightweight interference mitigation scheme for WSN is proposed. The scheme detects and identifies heterogeneous interference like Wifi, bluetooth and microwave oven using a lightweight feature extraction method and ML lightweight decision tree. It also provides WSN an adaptive interference mitigation solution by helping to choose packet scheduling, Acknowledgement (ACK)-retransmission or channel switching as the best countermeasure. The scheme is simulated with test data to evaluate the accuracy performance and the memory consumption. Evaluation of the proposed scheme’s memory profile shows a 14% memory saving compared to a fast fourier transform (FFT) based periodicity estimation technique and 3% less memory compared to logistic regression-based ML model, hence proving the scheme is lightweight. The validation test shows the scheme has a high accuracy at 95.24%. It shows a precision of 100% in detecting WiFi and microwave oven interference while a 90% precision in detecting bluetooth interference.
TOP 20 Cited Wireless & Mobile Networks Research Articles 2021ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes
articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all
technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together
researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts
and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Neural computing is now one of the most promising technologies in all fields of engineering,
resulting in the development of a number of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Double circuit transmission lines
are being employed in the distribution of power to consumers and have become more widespread than single
transmission line, as they increase the electric power transmission capacity and the reliability of an electrical
system. Losses along transmission lines occur due to faults. Possible faults on the transmission line were
predicted using Artificial Neutral Network. In this work, the simulation of fault on a 132kV double circuit
transmission lines using MATLAB was undertaken. Parameters considered during the simulation were the input
of the network which is the fault current value at each fault location while the output of the network is the fault
location. The efficiency of the neural network was tested and verified. This approach provided satisfactory
results with accuracy of 95% or higher.
Wireless sensor network is the combination of sensor nodes where sensor nodes are distributed all over the network. There are some challenges that come into the wireless sensor network n context to energy efficiency, network lifetime, storage and battery backup. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed various routing techniques for WSN that increases the network lifetime and energy consumption.
Recent Trends InDigital Differential Protection of Power Transformerijiert bestjournal
Digital protection has several advantages over conventional protection scheme. For protecting
costliest and vital equipment such as transformer, digital schemes have been proposed by several authors in recent
past. This paper throws light on all such efforts and it will help researchers to focus on integrated efforts to protect
transformer in a better and efficient way. Artificial intelligence along with signature and pattern recognition
techniques give much more useful information about happenings in and outside of transformer. Efforts are put by
all concerned with fast, accurate, flexible, reliable and easy to understand scheme of protection. With the advent of
soft computing methods condition monitoring with protection has become on line objective. Keeping all these
state of art techniques of protection, this paper will be a useful resource. Discrimination of several faults external
and internal needs digital signal processing and feature extraction as well. Many algorithms are proposed as
summarized in paper.
Machine learning based lightweight interference mitigation scheme for wireles...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The interference issue is most vibrant on low-powered networks like wireless sensor network (WSN). In some cases, the heavy interference on WSN from different technologies and devices result in life threatening situations. In this paper, a machine learning (ML) based lightweight interference mitigation scheme for WSN is proposed. The scheme detects and identifies heterogeneous interference like Wifi, bluetooth and microwave oven using a lightweight feature extraction method and ML lightweight decision tree. It also provides WSN an adaptive interference mitigation solution by helping to choose packet scheduling, Acknowledgement (ACK)-retransmission or channel switching as the best countermeasure. The scheme is simulated with test data to evaluate the accuracy performance and the memory consumption. Evaluation of the proposed scheme’s memory profile shows a 14% memory saving compared to a fast fourier transform (FFT) based periodicity estimation technique and 3% less memory compared to logistic regression-based ML model, hence proving the scheme is lightweight. The validation test shows the scheme has a high accuracy at 95.24%. It shows a precision of 100% in detecting WiFi and microwave oven interference while a 90% precision in detecting bluetooth interference.
TOP 20 Cited Wireless & Mobile Networks Research Articles 2021ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes
articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all
technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together
researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts
and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Neural computing is now one of the most promising technologies in all fields of engineering,
resulting in the development of a number of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Double circuit transmission lines
are being employed in the distribution of power to consumers and have become more widespread than single
transmission line, as they increase the electric power transmission capacity and the reliability of an electrical
system. Losses along transmission lines occur due to faults. Possible faults on the transmission line were
predicted using Artificial Neutral Network. In this work, the simulation of fault on a 132kV double circuit
transmission lines using MATLAB was undertaken. Parameters considered during the simulation were the input
of the network which is the fault current value at each fault location while the output of the network is the fault
location. The efficiency of the neural network was tested and verified. This approach provided satisfactory
results with accuracy of 95% or higher.
Wireless sensor network is the combination of sensor nodes where sensor nodes are distributed all over the network. There are some challenges that come into the wireless sensor network n context to energy efficiency, network lifetime, storage and battery backup. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed various routing techniques for WSN that increases the network lifetime and energy consumption.
Fault diagnosis of a high voltage transmission line using waveform matching a...ijsc
This paper is based on the problem of accurate fault diagnosis by incorporating a waveform matching technique. Fault isolation and detection of a double circuit high voltage power transmission line is of immense importance from point of view of Energy Management services. Power System Fault types namely single line to ground faults, line to line faults, double line to ground faults etc. are responsible for transients in current and voltage waveforms in Power Systems. Waveform matching deals with the approximate superimposition of such waveforms in discretized versions obtained from recording devices and Software respectively. The analogy derived from these waveforms is obtained as an error function of voltage and current, from the considered metering devices. This assists in modelling the fault identification as an optimization problem of minimizing the error between these sets of waveforms. In other words, it utilizes the benefit of software discrepancies between these two waveforms. Analysis has been done using the Bare Bones Particle Swarm Optimizer on an IEEE 2 bus, 6 bus and 14 bus system. The performance of the algorithm has been compared with an analogous meta-heuristic algorithm called BAT optimization on a 2 bus level. The primary focus of this paper is to demonstrate the efficiency of such methods and state the common peculiarities in measurements, and the possible remedies for such distortions.
Optimal Operating Performances of Wireless Protocols for Intelligent Sensors ...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wire-less technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time con-straints.
A transient current based micro grid connected power system protection scheme...IJECEIAES
Micro-grids comprise Distributed Energy Resources (DER’s) with low voltage distribution networks having controllable loads those can operate with different voltage levels are connected to the micro-grid and operated in grid mode or islanding mode in a coordinated way of control. DER’s provides clear environment-economical benefits for society and consumer utilities. But their development poses great technical challenges mainly protection of main and micro grid. Protection scheme must have to respond to both the main grid and micro-grid faults. If the fault is occurs on main grid, the response must isolate the DER’s from the main grid rapidly to protect the system loads. If the fault ocuurs within the micro-grid, the protection scheme must coordinate and isolates the least priority possible part of the grid to eliminate the fault. In order to deal with the bidirectional energy flow due to large numbers of micro sources new protection schemes are required. The system is simulated using MATLAB Wavelet Tool box and Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is considered. Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is used for detection, discrimination and location of faults on transmission network. This paper is discussed a transient current based micro-grid connected power system protection scheme using Wavelet Approach described on wavelet detailed-coefficients of Mother Biorthogonal 1.5 wavelet. The proposed algorithm is tested in micro-grid connected power systems environment and proved for the detection, discrimination and location of faults which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault inception angle (FIA) and fault distance of feeder line.
CONTEXT-AWARE ENERGY CONSERVING ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR INTERNET OF THINGSIJCNCJournal
Internet of Things (IoT) is the fast- growing technology, mostly used in smart mobile devices such as notebooks, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDA), smartphones, etc. Due to its dynamic nature and the limited battery power of the IoT enabled smart mobile nodes, the communication links between intermediate relay nodes may fail frequently, thus affecting the routing performance of the network and also the availability of the nodes. Existing algorithm does not concentrate about communication links and battery power/energy, but these node links are a very important factor for improving the quality of routing in IoT. In this paper, Context-aware Energy Conserving Algorithm for routing (CECA) was proposed which employs QoS routing metrics like Inter-Meeting Time and residual energy and has been applied to IoT enabled smart mobile devices using different technologies with different microcontroller which resulted in an increased network lifetime, throughput and reduced control overhead and the end to end delay. Simulation results show that, with respect to the speed of the mobile nodes from 2 to 10m/s, CECA increases the network lifetime, thereby increasing the average residual energy by 11.1% and increasing throughput there by reduces the average end to end delay by 14.1% over the Energy-Efficient Probabilistic Routing (EEPR) algorithm. With respect to the number of nodes increases from 10 to 100 nodes, CECA algorithms increase the average residual energy by16.1 % reduces the average end to end delay by 15.9% and control overhead by 23.7% over the existing EEPR
ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR MEASURING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF THE GSM SYSTE...IJCNCJournal
This paper discusses three subjects. In the first section Study And Evaluation Of Mobile Network While in
the second section, Radiated Power Density ability of cellular stations. In the third section compare the
results with the International Standards and safety limits recommended by the ICNIRP to ensure
compliance with the terms and the extent of their impact on human health, on the other hand, through the
results of theoretical analysis and benchmark Mathematical Analysis And Practical Measurement.
Comparative Performance Analysis of Wireless Communication Protocols for Inte...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time constraints.
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
Spectrum Sensing with VSS-NLMS Process in Femto/Macrocell EnvironmentsIJECEIAES
Handover is a process that allows a mobile node to change its attachment point. A mobile node connected to a network can, in order to improve the quality of service, have the need to leave it to connect to a cell either of the same network or of a new network. The present paper introduce three techniques using adaptive Variable Step-Size Least Mean Square (VSSLMS) filter combined with spectrum sensing probability method to detect the triggering of handover in heterogeneous LTE networks. These techniques are Normalized LMS (NLMS), Kwong-NLMS and Li-NLMS. The simulation environment is composed of two femtocells belonging to a macrocell. Five User Equipements (UEs) are positioned in one femtocell and are assumed closest to its circumference. Simulation results show that sensing probability with Li-NLMS algorithm has a better performance compared with classical NLMS and Kwong-NLMS
A Vertical Handover Algorithm in Integrated Macrocell Femtocell Networks Yayah Zakaria
The explosion in wireless telecommunication technologies has lead to a huge increase in the number of mobile users. The greater dependency on the mobile devices has raised the user’s expectations to always remain best connected. In the process, the user is always desiringgood signal strength even at certain black spots and indoors. Moreover, the exponential growth of
the number of mobile devices has overloaded macrocells. Femtocells have emerged out as a good promising solution for complete coverage indoors and for offloading macrocell. Therefore, a new handover strategy between femtocells and macrocell is proposed in this paper. The proposed handover
algorithm is mainly based on calculating equivalent received signal strength along with dynamic margin for performing handover. The simulation results of proposed algorithm are compared with the traditional algorithm. The proposed strategy shows improvement in two major performance parameters
namely reduction in unnecessary handovers and Packet Loss Ratio. The quantitative analysis further shows 55.27% and 23.03% reduction in packet loss ratio and 61.85% and 36.78% reduction in unnecessary handovers at a speed of 120kmph and 30kmph respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm proves to be an efficient solution for both slow and fast moving vehicles.
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) have drawn considerable attentions of the researchers for the last few years. MANETs, consisting of mobile nodes, are self-organizing and self-configuring and hence can be deployed without any infrastructure support. MANETs also have some limitations including short-life, unreliability, scalability, latency, high interference, and limited resources. In order to overcome these limitations many innovations and researches have been done in this field. Incorporating smart antenn system with the mobile nodes is one of them. It has been shown in the literatures that smart antenna can improve network capacity, increase network lifetime, reduce delay, and improve scalability by using directional radiation pattern. But, there are some unsolvedissues too. Smart antenna requires a large
number of antenna elements that a resource constraint mobile node can hardly handle. Hence, one major
design issue is to achieve a desired radiation pattern by using minimum number of antenna elements. Another important issue is the arrangement of antenna elements. Antenna elements can be arranged in linear, planar, and circular manners. In this paper we have addressed these issues. We have proposed a window based smart antenna design for MANETs. Our target is to improve the routing performance of
MANETs. We have shown that by using appropriate window function a desired radiation pattern can be achieved with a minimum number of antenna elements.
Automatic Fault Detection System with IOT BasedYogeshIJTSRD
The fault location is an important part for any transmission line and distribution system. The location of fault is difficult task sometimes it takes lot of times needed for the exact location of the fault. The exact fault location can help the service man to overcome the fault free system in very less time. In this paper we are able to detect the fault range in easy way using the ESP module and the message is transferred on the mobile. This project is cost effective and reliable. Fast fault detection provide the protection of equipment before any significant damage. Er. Sanjeev Kumar | Mohd Mehraj Khan | Nadeem | Shailesh Kumar Yadav | Harsh Gupta "Automatic Fault Detection System with IOT Based" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43806.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43806/automatic-fault-detection-system-with-iot-based/er-sanjeev-kumar
FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH PRO...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper proposes a Flower Pollination Algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Minimization of real power loss and enhancement voltage stability index margin is taken as objective. Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. The simulation results demonstrate better performance of the FPA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms. Simulation results show that FPA is better than other algorithms in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the voltage stability.
Keywords: flower algorithm, optimization, metaheuristics, optimal reactive power, Transmission loss.
Abstract: Identity means to display ourselves how we want others to perceive us. How people construct their identities has been an important concern. Because, identity is an important mode of lifestyle. Language has been in close relationship with identity. Role of language in maintenance of identity has been obvious in many renowned works. The Present study investigated the role of language in constructing ethnic identity and data interpretation revealed the need and importance of language for maintenance of identity.
Keywords: Identity, maintenance, language, ethnic group, researchers.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
TUNING OF GAINS IN BASIS WEIGHT USING FUZZY CONTROLLERSpaperpublications3
Abstract: new generation fuzzy logic controllers are based on the integration of conventional and fuzzy controllers. India being the fastest growing market for paper globally presents an exciting industry scenario. The main requirement concerns measured and controlled variable for paper including basis weight and moisture. This research is an effort to achieve better performance with nonlinear processes in servo applications. Three different structures on fuzzy-p, fuzzy-pd and fuzzy-pd+i are studied for variable inputusing simulink and fuzzy logic toolbox. Analysis of four scaling gainsge, gce, gie and gu is done to obtain most appropriate output.
Keywords:fuzzy controllers, fuzzy-p, fuzzy-pd, fuzzy-pd+i, basis weight, simulink.
Segmentation Words for Speech Synthesis in Persian Language Based On Silencepaperpublications3
Abstract: In speech synthesis in text to speech systems, the words usually break to different parts and use from recorded sound of each part for play words. This paper use silent in word's pronunciation for better quality of speech. Most algorithms divide words to syllable and some of them divide words to phoneme, but This paper benefit from silent in intonation and divide words at silent region and then set equivalent sound of each parts whereupon joining the parts is trusty and speech quality being more smooth . this paper concern Persian language but extendable to another language. This method has been tested with MOS test and intelligibility, naturalness and fluidity are better.
Keywords:TTS, SBS, Sillable, Diphone.
Fault diagnosis of a high voltage transmission line using waveform matching a...ijsc
This paper is based on the problem of accurate fault diagnosis by incorporating a waveform matching technique. Fault isolation and detection of a double circuit high voltage power transmission line is of immense importance from point of view of Energy Management services. Power System Fault types namely single line to ground faults, line to line faults, double line to ground faults etc. are responsible for transients in current and voltage waveforms in Power Systems. Waveform matching deals with the approximate superimposition of such waveforms in discretized versions obtained from recording devices and Software respectively. The analogy derived from these waveforms is obtained as an error function of voltage and current, from the considered metering devices. This assists in modelling the fault identification as an optimization problem of minimizing the error between these sets of waveforms. In other words, it utilizes the benefit of software discrepancies between these two waveforms. Analysis has been done using the Bare Bones Particle Swarm Optimizer on an IEEE 2 bus, 6 bus and 14 bus system. The performance of the algorithm has been compared with an analogous meta-heuristic algorithm called BAT optimization on a 2 bus level. The primary focus of this paper is to demonstrate the efficiency of such methods and state the common peculiarities in measurements, and the possible remedies for such distortions.
Optimal Operating Performances of Wireless Protocols for Intelligent Sensors ...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wire-less technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time con-straints.
A transient current based micro grid connected power system protection scheme...IJECEIAES
Micro-grids comprise Distributed Energy Resources (DER’s) with low voltage distribution networks having controllable loads those can operate with different voltage levels are connected to the micro-grid and operated in grid mode or islanding mode in a coordinated way of control. DER’s provides clear environment-economical benefits for society and consumer utilities. But their development poses great technical challenges mainly protection of main and micro grid. Protection scheme must have to respond to both the main grid and micro-grid faults. If the fault is occurs on main grid, the response must isolate the DER’s from the main grid rapidly to protect the system loads. If the fault ocuurs within the micro-grid, the protection scheme must coordinate and isolates the least priority possible part of the grid to eliminate the fault. In order to deal with the bidirectional energy flow due to large numbers of micro sources new protection schemes are required. The system is simulated using MATLAB Wavelet Tool box and Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is considered. Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is used for detection, discrimination and location of faults on transmission network. This paper is discussed a transient current based micro-grid connected power system protection scheme using Wavelet Approach described on wavelet detailed-coefficients of Mother Biorthogonal 1.5 wavelet. The proposed algorithm is tested in micro-grid connected power systems environment and proved for the detection, discrimination and location of faults which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault inception angle (FIA) and fault distance of feeder line.
CONTEXT-AWARE ENERGY CONSERVING ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR INTERNET OF THINGSIJCNCJournal
Internet of Things (IoT) is the fast- growing technology, mostly used in smart mobile devices such as notebooks, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDA), smartphones, etc. Due to its dynamic nature and the limited battery power of the IoT enabled smart mobile nodes, the communication links between intermediate relay nodes may fail frequently, thus affecting the routing performance of the network and also the availability of the nodes. Existing algorithm does not concentrate about communication links and battery power/energy, but these node links are a very important factor for improving the quality of routing in IoT. In this paper, Context-aware Energy Conserving Algorithm for routing (CECA) was proposed which employs QoS routing metrics like Inter-Meeting Time and residual energy and has been applied to IoT enabled smart mobile devices using different technologies with different microcontroller which resulted in an increased network lifetime, throughput and reduced control overhead and the end to end delay. Simulation results show that, with respect to the speed of the mobile nodes from 2 to 10m/s, CECA increases the network lifetime, thereby increasing the average residual energy by 11.1% and increasing throughput there by reduces the average end to end delay by 14.1% over the Energy-Efficient Probabilistic Routing (EEPR) algorithm. With respect to the number of nodes increases from 10 to 100 nodes, CECA algorithms increase the average residual energy by16.1 % reduces the average end to end delay by 15.9% and control overhead by 23.7% over the existing EEPR
ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR MEASURING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF THE GSM SYSTE...IJCNCJournal
This paper discusses three subjects. In the first section Study And Evaluation Of Mobile Network While in
the second section, Radiated Power Density ability of cellular stations. In the third section compare the
results with the International Standards and safety limits recommended by the ICNIRP to ensure
compliance with the terms and the extent of their impact on human health, on the other hand, through the
results of theoretical analysis and benchmark Mathematical Analysis And Practical Measurement.
Comparative Performance Analysis of Wireless Communication Protocols for Inte...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time constraints.
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
Spectrum Sensing with VSS-NLMS Process in Femto/Macrocell EnvironmentsIJECEIAES
Handover is a process that allows a mobile node to change its attachment point. A mobile node connected to a network can, in order to improve the quality of service, have the need to leave it to connect to a cell either of the same network or of a new network. The present paper introduce three techniques using adaptive Variable Step-Size Least Mean Square (VSSLMS) filter combined with spectrum sensing probability method to detect the triggering of handover in heterogeneous LTE networks. These techniques are Normalized LMS (NLMS), Kwong-NLMS and Li-NLMS. The simulation environment is composed of two femtocells belonging to a macrocell. Five User Equipements (UEs) are positioned in one femtocell and are assumed closest to its circumference. Simulation results show that sensing probability with Li-NLMS algorithm has a better performance compared with classical NLMS and Kwong-NLMS
A Vertical Handover Algorithm in Integrated Macrocell Femtocell Networks Yayah Zakaria
The explosion in wireless telecommunication technologies has lead to a huge increase in the number of mobile users. The greater dependency on the mobile devices has raised the user’s expectations to always remain best connected. In the process, the user is always desiringgood signal strength even at certain black spots and indoors. Moreover, the exponential growth of
the number of mobile devices has overloaded macrocells. Femtocells have emerged out as a good promising solution for complete coverage indoors and for offloading macrocell. Therefore, a new handover strategy between femtocells and macrocell is proposed in this paper. The proposed handover
algorithm is mainly based on calculating equivalent received signal strength along with dynamic margin for performing handover. The simulation results of proposed algorithm are compared with the traditional algorithm. The proposed strategy shows improvement in two major performance parameters
namely reduction in unnecessary handovers and Packet Loss Ratio. The quantitative analysis further shows 55.27% and 23.03% reduction in packet loss ratio and 61.85% and 36.78% reduction in unnecessary handovers at a speed of 120kmph and 30kmph respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm proves to be an efficient solution for both slow and fast moving vehicles.
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) have drawn considerable attentions of the researchers for the last few years. MANETs, consisting of mobile nodes, are self-organizing and self-configuring and hence can be deployed without any infrastructure support. MANETs also have some limitations including short-life, unreliability, scalability, latency, high interference, and limited resources. In order to overcome these limitations many innovations and researches have been done in this field. Incorporating smart antenn system with the mobile nodes is one of them. It has been shown in the literatures that smart antenna can improve network capacity, increase network lifetime, reduce delay, and improve scalability by using directional radiation pattern. But, there are some unsolvedissues too. Smart antenna requires a large
number of antenna elements that a resource constraint mobile node can hardly handle. Hence, one major
design issue is to achieve a desired radiation pattern by using minimum number of antenna elements. Another important issue is the arrangement of antenna elements. Antenna elements can be arranged in linear, planar, and circular manners. In this paper we have addressed these issues. We have proposed a window based smart antenna design for MANETs. Our target is to improve the routing performance of
MANETs. We have shown that by using appropriate window function a desired radiation pattern can be achieved with a minimum number of antenna elements.
Automatic Fault Detection System with IOT BasedYogeshIJTSRD
The fault location is an important part for any transmission line and distribution system. The location of fault is difficult task sometimes it takes lot of times needed for the exact location of the fault. The exact fault location can help the service man to overcome the fault free system in very less time. In this paper we are able to detect the fault range in easy way using the ESP module and the message is transferred on the mobile. This project is cost effective and reliable. Fast fault detection provide the protection of equipment before any significant damage. Er. Sanjeev Kumar | Mohd Mehraj Khan | Nadeem | Shailesh Kumar Yadav | Harsh Gupta "Automatic Fault Detection System with IOT Based" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43806.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43806/automatic-fault-detection-system-with-iot-based/er-sanjeev-kumar
FLOWER POLLINATION ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH PRO...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper proposes a Flower Pollination Algorithm for solving the multi-objective reactive power dispatch problem. Minimization of real power loss and enhancement voltage stability index margin is taken as objective. Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. The simulation results demonstrate better performance of the FPA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other algorithms. Simulation results show that FPA is better than other algorithms in reducing the real power loss and enhancing the voltage stability.
Keywords: flower algorithm, optimization, metaheuristics, optimal reactive power, Transmission loss.
Abstract: Identity means to display ourselves how we want others to perceive us. How people construct their identities has been an important concern. Because, identity is an important mode of lifestyle. Language has been in close relationship with identity. Role of language in maintenance of identity has been obvious in many renowned works. The Present study investigated the role of language in constructing ethnic identity and data interpretation revealed the need and importance of language for maintenance of identity.
Keywords: Identity, maintenance, language, ethnic group, researchers.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
TUNING OF GAINS IN BASIS WEIGHT USING FUZZY CONTROLLERSpaperpublications3
Abstract: new generation fuzzy logic controllers are based on the integration of conventional and fuzzy controllers. India being the fastest growing market for paper globally presents an exciting industry scenario. The main requirement concerns measured and controlled variable for paper including basis weight and moisture. This research is an effort to achieve better performance with nonlinear processes in servo applications. Three different structures on fuzzy-p, fuzzy-pd and fuzzy-pd+i are studied for variable inputusing simulink and fuzzy logic toolbox. Analysis of four scaling gainsge, gce, gie and gu is done to obtain most appropriate output.
Keywords:fuzzy controllers, fuzzy-p, fuzzy-pd, fuzzy-pd+i, basis weight, simulink.
Segmentation Words for Speech Synthesis in Persian Language Based On Silencepaperpublications3
Abstract: In speech synthesis in text to speech systems, the words usually break to different parts and use from recorded sound of each part for play words. This paper use silent in word's pronunciation for better quality of speech. Most algorithms divide words to syllable and some of them divide words to phoneme, but This paper benefit from silent in intonation and divide words at silent region and then set equivalent sound of each parts whereupon joining the parts is trusty and speech quality being more smooth . this paper concern Persian language but extendable to another language. This method has been tested with MOS test and intelligibility, naturalness and fluidity are better.
Keywords:TTS, SBS, Sillable, Diphone.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN GARDEN LI...paperpublications3
Abstract: Studies in situ changes in various enzyme activities viz. ∆5-3β-HSDH, Peroxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases, Cytochrome oxidase &Lipids in the adrenal gland and ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor). Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
Keywords: Biosynthetic Machinery, Enzymes, Adrenal-Ovary Interrelation & Pregnenolone to Progesterone, Corticosteroidogenesis.
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ENZYMES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE ADRENAL GLA...paperpublications3
Abstract:Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would seem to transform adrenocortical cells into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal which attributes to the oxidation of Pregnenolone to Progesterone and Corticosteroids towards maturation. In view of this, a study of in situ changes in various enzymes viz. ∆53β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase, Cytochrome oxidase, Acid & Alkaline phosphatases & Lipids in the adrenal gland at different stages of reproductive cycle in Rat (Rattus rattus) had been studied.
Keywords:Enzymes, Estrous Cycle, Adrenal, Pregnenolone to progesterone & Biosynthetic machinery.
LANGUAGE ASSIMILATION THROUGH TYPE-2 FUZZY GRAMMARS: AN APPLICATION IN COMPUT...paperpublications3
Abstract:In computer entertainment and video games users interact with machine controlled agents often referred to as Non-Player Characters (NPC). An NPC is generally intended as an antagonist for the user, but frequently helpful NPCs designed to aid the player are employed. These types of NPCs are referred to as companions. This paper presents a novel method for improving companion NPC by way of Language Acquisition through the use of Fuzzy Set theory in the form of Type-2 Fuzzy Grammar, which is an extension of the canonical Fuzzy Grammar by Lee and Zadeh. Type-2 Fuzzy Grammar captures the ambiguity of natural language and can easily model the level of expertise with said language. A case study is presented where humans participate in a multi player Predator-Prey pursuit game. The text messages that players exchange during the game are used to teach the language to a companion NPC so that it may directly interact with the players to test its communication capability. Results show how the companion NPC acquired language and its impact on the game.
Keyword:Fuzzy Grammar, Fuzzy Language, Fuzzy Sets, Intelligent Agents, Language Acquisition, Natural Language Processing, Video Games.
Developing an Auto Sizing System for Vertical Honing Machinepaperpublications3
Abstract:Honing is an internal cutting technique that uses abrasives on a rotating tool to produce extremely accurate holes that require a very smooth finish. Similar to lapping where abrasive sticks are mounted in a rotating tool. Auto sizing means inspecting the dimension of work piece while machining itself. It avoids unnecessary time and manpower used in inspection process. It helps in getting high productivity.In this project work, an attempt has been made to build an autosizing system using pressure cell and microcontroller. An experiment has been conducted by using two stage air compressor, air gauge, ADC, microcontroller, honing head etc., to study the variations of pressure, voltage verses clearance of work piece and depth micrometer.
Keywords:Honing head, Pressure cell, 8051 Microcontroller.
Discourse Analysis of News from DAWN (Pakistani) Newspaperpaperpublications3
Abstract: To reveal the hidden and out of sight value of things analyst do discourse analysis. In The present study analysts tried to analyze news from a local Pakistani newspaper with the intentions to investigate the real nature of the incident and in doing so many hidden and back grounded aspects were found which were necessary to be foreground.
Keywords: Shia, suni, ashura, pindi, muharram, imambargh, masjid.
STUDY ON IMPACTS OF ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION TO THE ENVIORNMENT: A CASE OF KAZ...paperpublications3
Abstract:Study on environmental impact of organic food production to the environment was conducted over the period of four months concentrating exclusively in the Kazi & Kazi Tea Estate Limited (KKTE) in Panchagarh district. The main objective of this study was to make an assessment on environmental impact of organic food production. In order to get qualitative information, data were collected through FGDs and KIIs. Organic food is free of harmful chemicals, tastier and healthier than conventional foods, and can be stored more days than chemical foods. Every one articulated the negative impacts of conventional foods. The role of organic production to the environment is inevitable with positive sign. KKTE is playing great role in raising awareness on environment among the workers and community people through training and supporting hardware. Respondents were mentioned that KKTE is playing great role in environmental conservation by planting trees, organic farming and using renewable energy. Such organic production is offering diverse products in the local to national and international market including vegetables, tea, herbal tea, ghee, honey and sweets. Organic production is releasing less carbon by using nature friendly inputs and renewable energy and promoting for communal uses including solar energy and bio-gas plant. Chemical contaminations from others conventional farming are the main problem for organics. Lack of awareness and training is the main hindrance in popularizing the organic foods. Appropriate policy support, incentives, organic food fair may create greater awareness among the mass people. It is recommended that if the perceived problem could be solved by setting up of more tea processing industries, competitive markets at the grass roots for organic foods, supply of natural gas and resolving problems could accelerate the production of organic food production, organic regulations, policy support, training and advocacy would be the pathway for sustainable development.
Keywords:Bio-pesticides; bio-fertilizer; organic production; organic farming; renewable energy.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS: A REVIEW PAPERpaperpublications3
Abstract: Polymers are long chains of repeating chemical units called monomers. They share several characteristics including macro and micro properties, electrical transport properties, semiconducting properties and optical properties. Polymers can be synthesized by chemical and electrochemical polymerization. Polymers prepared through these methods can also be characterized by their electrical, optical, mechanical and electrochemical means.
Keywords: conducting polymers, doping, and polymerization.
A DEVELOPMENT OF QUALITY IN CASTING BY MINIMIZING DEFECTSpaperpublications3
Abstract:In this paper design of experiment and FMEA techniques are combined to analyze casting defects. Attempt has been made to get optimal parameter setting for defects like cold shut and blow hole. Producing defect free casting is impossible. Defect analysis is carried using FMEA tool and Pareto analysis to know potential causes of failure and their effects along with correct actions to improve quality strength and productivity. The main objective of this paper is to optimize sand casting process parameter using DOE method through Taguchi method. Taguchi based L9 orthogonal array was used for experimental purpose and analysis was carried out using Minitab software for analysis of mean (ANOM) plot. In this paper the data collected is taken from one foundry.
Keywords:Casting, FMEA, DOE, Taguchi methodology, Pareto analysis.
EVOLVING TRENDS FOR ENHANCING THE ACCURACY OF FAULT LOCATION IN POWER DISTRIB...paperpublications3
Keywords:Power distribution networks, fault location, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, impedance-based algorithm.
Title:EVOLVING TRENDS FOR ENHANCING THE ACCURACY OF FAULT LOCATION IN POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
Author:Surender Kumar Yellagoud, Prof. T. Purnachandra Rao, Dr. G. N.Sreenivas
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
ISSN 2349-7815
Paper Publications
Fault Diagnosis of a High Voltage Transmission Line Using Waveform Matching A...ijsc
This paper is based on the problem of accurate fault diagnosis by incorporating a waveform matching technique. Fault isolation and detection of a double circuit high voltage power transmission line is of immense importance from point of view of Energy Management services. Power System Fault types namely single line to ground faults, line to line faults, double line to ground faults etc. are responsible for transients in current and voltage waveforms in Power Systems. Waveform matching deals with the approximate superimposition of such waveforms in discretized versions obtained from recording devices and Software respectively. The analogy derived from these waveforms is obtained as an error function of voltage and current, from the considered metering devices. This assists in modelling the fault identification as an optimization problem of minimizing the error between these sets of waveforms. In other words, it utilizes the benefit of software discrepancies between these two waveforms. Analysis has been done using the Bare Bones Particle Swarm Optimizer on an IEEE 2 bus, 6 bus and 14 bus system. The performance of the algorithm has been compared with an analogous meta-heuristic algorithm called BAT optimization on a 2 bus level. The primary focus of this paper is to demonstrate the efficiency of such methods and state the common peculiarities in measurements, and the possible remedies for such distortions.
Fault location and correction are important in case of any power systems. This process has to be prompt and accurate so that system reliability can be improved , outage time can be reduced and restoration of system from fault can be accelerated.
Fault location calculation using Magnetoresistance sensor is described here.
Development of a Wavelet-ANFIS based fault location system for underground po...IOSRJEEE
In the past decade, electricity demand has increased rapidly in metropolitan areas. All over the world, large scale underground power cable installations networks are replacing overhead transmission lines due to environmental concerns in densely populated areas. Underground cable systems are manufactured to have long life with reliability. However, the useful life span of these cables is not infinite. The increase in failure rates and system breakdowns on older underground power cables are now adversely impacting system reliability and many losses involved; therefore it is readily apparent that necessary action has to be taken to manage the consequences of this trend. In this paper, a method that combines wavelets and Neuro-fuzzy technique for fault location and identification is proposed. A 10km, 34.5KV, 50Hz power transmission line model was developed and different faults and locations simulated, and then certain selected features of the wavelet transformed signals were extracted to develop an ANFIS for fault location. Comparison of the ANFIS output values and the actual values show that the percentage error was established to be less than 1%. Thus, it can be concluded that the wavelet-ANFIS technique is accurate enough to be used in identifying and locating underground power line faults.
DETECTION OF FAULT LOCATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE USING INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)Journal For Research
Transmission lines are used to transmit electric power to distant large load centres. These lines are exposed to faults as a result of lightning, short circuits, faulty equipment’s, miss-operation, human errors, overload, and aging.To avoid this situation, and we need the exact location of fault occurrence. This problem ishandled by a set of resistors representing cable length in KMs and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at what distance and which phase is displayed on a 16X2 LCD interfaced with the microcontroller. Calculated values are sends to the receiving section with help of Zigbee. Measured values are updated in PC and monitored with help of .NET. RTC is used here to time and date reference, that when the event occurs.
Wavelet based double line and double line -to- ground fault discrimination i...IAEME Publication
In this paper, an accurate method to discriminate double line and double line to ground faults
in a three terminal transmission circuit based on wavelet transforms is presented. The proposed
algorithm uses the fault indices of three phase currents of all terminals. Fault indices are obtained by
1st level decomposition of current signals using Bior 1.5 mother wavelet considering the variations
in fault resistance, fault inception angle and distance along the transmission circuit. The entire test
results clearly show that the variation in the value of fault index of the healthy phase with the
presence of ground and constant value in the case of non- presence of ground which discriminates
double line fault from the double line to ground faults in the path along one terminal towards the
other terminal with variations in fault inception angle and fault resistance. The algorithm is proved to
be effective and efficient in detection and discrimination of faults.
Enhanced two-terminal impedance-based fault location using sequence valuesIJECEIAES
Fault at transmission line system may lead to major impacts such as power quality problems and cascading failure in the grid system. Thus, it is very important to locate it fast so that suitable solution can be taken to ensure power system stability can be retained. The complexity of the transmission line however makes the fault point identification a challenging task. This paper proposes an enhanced fault detection and location method using positive and negative-sequence values of current and voltage, taken at both local and remote terminals. The fault detection is based on comparison between the total fault current with currents combination during the pre-fault time. While the fault location algorithm was developed using an impedancebased method and the estimated fault location was taken at two cycles after fault detection. Various fault types, fault resistances and fault locations have been tested in order to verify the performance of the proposed method. The developed algorithms have successfully detected all faults within high accuracy. Based on the obtained results, the estimated fault locations are not affected by fault resistance and line charging current. Furthermore, the proposed method able to detect fault location without the needs to know the fault type.
Ijeee 28-32-accurate fault location estimation in transmission linesKumar Goud
Accurate Fault Location Estimation in Transmission Lines
B. Narsimha Reddy Dr. P. Chandra Sekar
Sr. Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology
Hyderabad, TS, India Hyderabad, TS, India
babubnr@gmail.com Pcs_76@rediffmail.com
Abstract: In trendy power transmission systems, the double-circuit line structure is increasingly adopted. However, owing to the mutual coupling between the parallel lines it is quite difficult to style correct fault location algorithms. Moreover, the widely used series compensator and its protecting device introduce harmonics and non-linearity’s to the transmission lines, that create fault location a lot of difficult. To tackle these issues, this thesis is committed to developing advanced fault location strategies for double-circuit and series-compensated transmission lines. Algorithms utilizing thin measurements for pinpointing the situation of short-circuit faults on double-circuit lines square measure planned. By moldering the initial net-work into 3 sequence networks, the bus ohmic resistance matrix for every network with the addition of the citations fault bus may be developed. It’s a perform of the unknown fault location. With the increased bus ohmic resistance matrices the sequence voltage amendment throughout the fault at any bus may be expressed in terms of the corresponding sequence fault current and also the transfer ohmic resistance between the fault bus and the measured bus. Resorting to tape machine the superimposed sequence current at any branch may be expressed with relevancy the pertaining sequence fault current and transfer ohmic resistance terms. Obeying boundary conditions of different fault sorts, four different categories of fault location algorithms utilizing either voltage phasors, or phase voltage magnitudes, or current phasors or section current magnitudes square measure derived. The distinguishing characteristic of the planned methodology is that the information measurements need not stem from the faulted section itself. Quite satisfactory results are obtained victimisation EMTP simulation studies. A fault location rule for series-compensated transmission lines that employs two-terminal asynchronous voltage and current measurements has been implemented. For the distinct cases that the fault happens either on the left or on the right aspect of the series compensator, 2 subroutines square measure developed. In addition, the procedure to spot the proper fault location estimate is represented during this work. Simulation studies disbursed with Matlab Sim Power Systems show that the fault location results square measure terribly correct.
Keywords: Ohmic Resistance, Transmission Lines, PMU, DFR, VCR, EMTP, MOV.
An Algorithm Based On Discrete Wavelet Transform For Faults Detection, Locati...paperpublications3
Abstract: An electric power distribution system is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Fault classification and location is very important in power system engineering in order to clear fault quickly and restore power supply as soon as possible with minimum interruption. Hence, ensuring its efficient and reliable operation is an extremely important and challenging task. With availability of inadequate system information, locating faults in a distribution system pose a major challenge to the utility operators. In this paper, a faults detection, location and classification technique using discrete wavelet multi-resolution approach for radial distribution systems are proposed. In this distribution network, the current measurement at the substation have been utilized and is demonstrated on 9-bus distribution system. Also in this work distribution system model was developed and simulated using power system block set of MATLAB to obtain fault current waveforms. The waveforms were analyzed using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) toolbox by selecting suitable wavelet family. It was estimated and achieved using Daubechies ‘db5’ discrete wavelet transform.
Differential equation fault location algorithm with harmonic effects in power...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
About 80% of faults in the power system distribution are earth faults. Studies to find effective methods to identify and locate faults in distribution networks are still relevant, in addition to the presence of harmonic signals that distort waves and create deviations in the power system that can cause many problems to the protection relay. This study focuses on a single line-to-ground (SLG) fault location algorithm in a power system distribution network based on fundamental frequency measured using the differential equation method. The developed algorithm considers the presence of harmonics components in the simulation network. In this study, several filters were tested to obtain the lowest fault location error to reduce the effect of harmonic components on the developed fault location algorithm. The network model is simulated using the alternate transients program (ATP)Draw simulation program. Several fault scenarios have been implemented during the simulation, such as fault resistance, fault distance, and fault inception angle. The final results show that the proposed algorithm can estimate the fault distance successfully with an acceptable fault location error. Based on the simulation results, the differential equation continuous wavelet technique (CWT) filter-based algorithm produced an accurate fault location result with a mean average error (MAE) of less than 5%.
FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH FOR FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF THREE PHASE TRANSMISSION LINEJournal For Research
Transmission line among the other electrical power system component suffers from unexpected failure due to various random causes. Because transmission line is quite large as it is open in environment. A fault occurs on transmission line when two or more conductors come in contact with each other or ground. This paper presents a proposed model based on MATLAB software to detect the fault on transmission line. Fault detection has been achieved by using Fuzzy Logic based intelligent control technique. The proposed method aims in presenting a fast and accurate fault diagnosis method to classify and identify the type of fault which occurs on a power transmission system. In this paper, some of the unconventional approaches for condition monitoring of power systems comprising of relay Breaker, along with the application of soft computing technique like fuzzy logic. Results show that the proposed methodology is efficient in identifying fault in transmission system.
Assistive technologies for efficient mid range wireless transmission of elect...eSAT Journals
Abstract The intention of this paper is to assist the understanding of Wireless Power Transmission in terms of the various techniques used to realize it. Regardless of the hardships in consummating this technology in day to day life, scientists have contemplated Wireless Power Transmission due to its benefits. Mid-range Wireless Power Transmission has been targeted in the paper due to its usefulness. This review paper will address the innovations made in the field recently that aided in achieving higher efficiency of transmission and longer ranges comprising the use of different coil shapes, metamaterials, resonator arrays, relays, multiple transmitter-receiver system and optimal antenna designing. Keywords: WPT-Wireless Power Transmission, SPS-Solar Power Satellite, HR-WPT- Highly-Resonant Wireless Power Transmission
WAVELET- FUZZY BASED MULTI TERMINAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROTECTION SCHEME IN ...Wireilla
In This Paper, A New Protection Scheme In The Areas Of Accurate Fault Detection, Classification And Location Estimation For Multi Terminal Transmission System Compensated With Statcom Is Proposed. The Fault Indices Of All The Phases At All The Terminals Are Obtained By Analyzing The Detail Coefficients Of Current Signals Through Bior 1.5 Mother Wavelet. The Complete Digital Simulation Of A Transmission System With Statcom Is Performed Using Matlab /Simulink For Fault Detection, Classification, And Faulty Terminal Identification With Variations In Fault Distance And Fault Inception Angle For All Types Of Faults And Fuzzy Inference System Is Used To Estimate The Fault Location. The Protection Scheme Yielded Accurate Results Within Half Cycle And Show That The Above Scheme Is Suitable For Multi Terminal Transmission System With And Without Statcom Compensation.
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It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
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CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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EVOLVING TRENDS FOR ENHANCING THE ACCURACY OF FAULT LOCATION IN POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
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International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
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EVOLVING TRENDS FOR ENHANCING THE ACCURACY OF FAULT LOCATION IN POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
1Surender Kumar Yellagoud, 2Prof. T. Purnachandra Rao, 3Dr. G. N.Sreenivas
1Research Scholar, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India
2Professor, Formerly in National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
3Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India
Abstract: Fault location has been the subject of considerable interest to electric power utility engineers and researchers for many years. Quantum of research done has been more on locating faults on transmission lines. This is more justified, for the impact of transmission line faults on the power systems is greater, than that of distribution lines. However, fault location on distribution lines is gaining attention in many utilities, especially operating in deregulated power markets attempting to increase availability of power supply to the customers. So, there is a need for more accurate and efficient methods for fault location, which lead to high-quality of customer service and reduced overall cost. Fast and accurate identification of the faulted section in distribution networks leads to least inconvenience to the connected customers. The research work on this issue has an interesting emergence over the years. It would not be an exaggeration, if one states that still to this day there is a greater scope for improving the accuracy. This paper reviews the work and presents a comprehensive content demonstrating the evolution of various tools and techniques, which are ruling the research domain of fault location over a time- stretch of 10 years to this day.
Keywords: Power distribution networks, fault location, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, impedance-based algorithm.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
The electric utility industry grew by leaps and bounds since its inception towards the last lap of 19th century, within a short time-stretch of just over a century. The generating stations have increased very rapidly, and the corresponding transmission and distribution networks have proportionately grown into greater and greater magnitudes and complexities. In the same pace and race, the degree of deregulation directives introduced world over levies more and more stringent requirements on power reliability and quality, with no proportionate hike in the cost of the energy. Talk of the day is continuity of quality power supply, and reliability plays a vital role in the power system market today. Consequently, the impinging demands on the high standards of principal and auxiliary equipments/devices (both hardware and software) involved in protection and controls are gaining greater and greater importance. Among the array of varied potentialities of these devices, the functionality of fault location stands out very important. Transmission and distribution lines are highly prone to faults that are caused by lightning, storms, snow, rain, insulation breakdown, etc., and short circuits due to birds, animals and other external objects. In almost all these cases, these fault events result in some form of permanent mechanical damage, which require repair before restoring service to affected customers. The repair and restoration can be expedited if and only the location of the fault is identified or informed or can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. For sure, the transmission and distribution networks today extend over wider geographical horizons, manual methods of either patrolling over road or air, communication help from customers or public, and any other semi-automated means or methods cannot very well be devised or relied upon, for the levels of reliability and power quality envisaged are high and
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International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
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becoming higher day after day. And, the automated means and methods are imperative and the accuracy decides their viability. The devices which shoulder this responsibility today are termed as „Fault locators‟. Fault locators provide estimates for both permanent and transient faults. Generally, the damage done by transient faults is minor. Fault locators assist in identifying these locations for early repairs to prevent their recurrence and consequent major damages.
B. Basic Types Of Fault Location Methodologies
Fault location can be carried out by foot, road and air patrols, and obviously such means are laborious and time consuming. These manual methods of fault location consisted of visual inspection as is mentioned in [2]; such means do not meet the requirements of the day on fault location. Automatic fault location is based on determining the physical location of a fault by processing the voltage and current waveform values. Automatic fault location can be classified into the following main techniques: 1. Fundamental frequency approach, 2. Traveling wave method, 3. High frequency method, 4. Knowledge based techniques Direct, simple and economical way of calculating the fault location is by using the fundamental frequency voltages and currents at the line terminal(s), together with the line parameters, to calculate the apparent impedance of the faulted line segment, which is a measure of the distance to fault point. Based on the utilization of input signals of a two terminal line, the method is classified taking into account the data, whether from one or both ends, and also whether complete measurements (voltage and current) or incomplete measurements (voltage or current) from a particular line end are utilized. Similarly, different availability of the fault-locator input signals could be distinguished in application to three-terminal and multi-terminal lines. Various fault-location methods, with acceptable accuracy for most of the practical applications, have been developed using one-end impedance techniques. A major advantage for these techniques is that communication means are not needed and simple implementation into digital protective relays or digital fault recorders is possible. However, the fault-location algorithms will be more accurate, if more information about the system is available. Therefore, if communication channels are at the disposal, then the two- terminal fault-location methods may be used. Only low-speed communications are necessary for this application.
In the traveling-wave method the voltage and current waves, traveling at the speed of light from the fault towards the line terminals, are utilized for fault detection and location. Though these methods were found to be very accurate, they were proved as considerably complex and quite expensive requiring high sampling frequency and hence costly communication equipment involved [3]. Being expensive, the method is not that widely used. The basic idea of these methods is based on the interrelation between the incident and reflecting waves travelling along the line. The principle of the fault-location techniques is purely on the consecutive recognition of the fault, triggered by traveling high-frequency voltage/current signal at the locator. The first and few consecutive signals are good enough for locating the fault position. The technique is free from errors caused by power frequency signals, the power swings and CT saturation, and also to fault impedance, fault inception angle, source impedance, etc. [4].
The high frequency method is based on high frequency components of currents and voltages generated by faults, which travel between the fault and the line terminals. This technique is an expensive and complex one, since use of specially tuned filters for measuring high-frequency components is required, and hence not widely used. The basic principle of the technique based on high-frequency components of currents and voltages generated by faults. When a fault occurs along a transmission line, the voltage and current transients will travel towards the line terminals. These transients will continue to bounce back and forth between the fault point and the two terminals for the faulted line until the post-fault steady state is reached.
Application of knowledge based techniques to Fault Location in transmission and distribution networks has been gaining ground over the recent years much more than ever more, as is noticed from recent research work. Another name stands as synonym for these techniques is Artificial Intelligence. AI is a subject related to computer science that explores ways and means to mimic the thought and action of human beings. Besides taking rational decisions artificial intelligence knows how to handle and populate the missing data, adapt to existing situations and upgrade itself in the long run deriving benefits from the accumulated experience. AI techniques can very well be grouped into five areas, which are becoming popular in today‟s power system automation: Expert systems, artificial neural networks, Fuzzy logic, Hybrid combinations and Genetic algorithm.
C. Uniqueness of Fault Location in Distribution Networks
Fault location in distribution networks is becoming a subject of greater interest to utility engineers and researchers today much more than ever before. Accurate Fault location helps utility engineers greatly to quicken repair and restoration of
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faulty part and reduce outage periods and maintenance costs. Hence, more and more efficient methods for fault location are immediate exigencies today to remain competitive with respect to high quality of service.
Fault location on distribution lines has unique complications when compared with that of transmission lines. In transmission lines, a fault locator is installed on every line separately. In this case, the algorithm for fault location is merely a mathematical calculation for a single quantity called, “distance to fault” using the digital data of voltage and current. But, with the distribution lines, which are usually not homogeneous, having branches and load taps all along the line, fault location is comparatively complex [5]. Distribution systems are basically the medium voltage networks, which supply electrical energy to final step-down distribution transformers. Though these networks also supply directly to large customers, but major chunk of the consumers are connected on the secondary of distribution transformers.
The distribution networks are supplied from step-down (from high to medium voltage) transforming substations. These networks are made up with line sections having length varying from a few hundred metres to kilometres. Based on targeted load distribution and subsequent network additions the feeder configuration is heterogeneous with different conductor cross-sections and therefore the related parameters. Since it is uneconomical to dedicate a device to every feeder, the fault locating devices are mostly centrally located, so that they monitor the quantities at the substation. Obviously, the estimation of fault location becomes more complicated, specifically due to some specific reasons, viz. non-availability of current in a faulted line, compensation inaccuracy of pre-fault load current in faulted line, multi- terminal nature of networks, inadequate compensation of load variations, etc.
II. CLASSICAL (IMPEDANCE-BASED) ALGORITHMS
Since in distribution networks fault devices are centrally located, which lead to errors for reasons cited in the previous section, some algorithms are developed to minimize the errors. These algorithms have following fundamental steps/stages in common.
1. Pre-fault steady state condition: Calculation of positive- and zero-sequence impedance in all nodes of the network using the existing feeder topology and load profile.
2. Fault condition: Calculation of specific fault-loop parameters for every fault type and the place of measurements (either at transformer or faulty-feeder), which enables to find fault position.
3. Final estimation of fault location: by elimination of unlikely fault locations using consistent logic or procedure or a technique.
The final stage is paramount, more particularly for fault location on distribution lines. It is highly imperative to employ an advanced tool or technique to arrive at an accurate estimation. The current research trends are more inclined towards artificial intelligence tools and techniques.
`
Fig.1 Block diagram of the Apparent-impedance based algorithm
Calculation of Feeder Impedence from steady-state data (normal state)
Estimation of Fault loop Impedance from post-fault data
Final Estimation of Distance
Fault related Information from relays/circuit breakers, etc.
Distance
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Fig.1 presents the Block diagram of the Apparent-impedance based algorithm. Accuracy of these algorithms can be enhanced with the accuracy of system data. These methods involve calculation of apparent impedance and fundamental quantities. If dynamic load variations are duly compensated, accuracy can be improved.
A typical radial distribution system is made up of main feeder, laterals and loads. Laterals are basically feeder branches, which may or may not be of three phase configuration. Fig.2 depicts such a system. There are numerous ways, in which an impedance based procedure can be executed. However, a popular one is briefly presented here. This is using the concept of prevailing power flow pathways and their equivalent systems. For every power-flow path, there is an equivalent radial system, and therefore no. of equivalent systems equals no. of laterals. Assuming that there are no load variations during the first cycle upon the inception of fault, lines and loads, which are falling out of the power flow pathway under consideration, are represented by constant impedances. But, before this, it is necessary to run a power-flow algorithm [20], to record voltages and currents during pre-fault conditions. Knowing this power-flow data, equivalent impedances, and therefore the equivalent systems for each power-flow path can modeled. Then, the fault-location algorithm is executed for each equivalent system, and accordingly multiple no. of fault locations corresponding to all prevailing power-flow paths can be estimated. The number of fault locations estimated equals the total number of equivalent systems. This is unique with the issue of fault location in distribution systems, where-in the multiple fault locations estimated have to be properly diagnosed thereafter using various tools and techniques to arrive at a final correct and accurate one.
Fig. 2 A typical distribution system
Classical Impedance-based algorithms have evolved over time, and they still remain as popular fault location method till to this day. The researchers are still in progress to upgrade and uplift the accuracy offered by these algorithms, and they stand competitive and extend scope for further development. To cite one such is the work [7], where line shunt admittance (LSA) effect is considered to improve the accuracy of the existing impedance-based methods. The results of this work demonstrated that even in overhead power distribution lines this effect should not be neglected since it can significantly increase the error in the existing methods. This paper [6] presents a new impedance-based method that gives all possible fault locations by using an elaborate feeder model and fault event reports, supported with data from other intelligent electronic devices deployed in the field. This method provides automated fault location within a minute after the inception of fault. Another paper [21] single-end fault location algorithm used a distributed parameter model, with which more accurate results could be obtained due to the distributed nature of line losses and capacitive effects
III. MODERN (KNOWLEDGE-BASED) ALGORITHMS
A. Artificial Neural Network(ANN) Algorithms:
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is one of the fast emerging versatile methods offering more accurate (classifying and optimizing) solutions for many engineering problems involving complex patterns. These networks have immense potential to track highly complex patterns, which enabled them to pinpoint a fault on electrical power lines. In Fig.3 the basic concept of an ANN is given, wherein collected data of voltages, currents, etc. in the feeders can be used as input to the train the neural network to track their patterns with the output, i.e. location of the related type of fault created.
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Fig.3. Artificial Neural Network
An ANN is a set of elementary neurons that are connected together in different architectures organized in layers (input, hidden and output layers) that are biologically inspired. A model of a neuron is given in fig.4. below:
Fig.4 Model of a neuron
A neuron is a non-linear processing unit that relates the given set of inputs with the desired output. A weight (synapse) is attached to every neuron. Neural networks learn a response based on given inputs and a required output by adjusting the node weights and biases accordingly. The main issue in the design of a neural network is the adjustments of the weights aiming to achieve the desired target. This process of adjusting weights is termed as learning or training. Broadly, there are two types of learning: one is supervised learning and the other is unsupervised learning. In supervised learning the adjustments of the weights are done with the objective of narrowing down the error between the presented inputs and the output values. This type is a form of „teaching‟ where the teacher exhibits his knowledge of the required input–output relations. In unsupervised learning, as the name implies the teacher is absent and there are no predetermined relations between inputs and output. Here the learning is based on a set of examples with known conditions. In this process of learning these set of examples are selected based on a similarity criteria. This network is a self-organizing system that undergoes learning through a competition, i.e. the output neurons compete with each other for activation, and only single neuron is on at any time (a winner-takes-all competition rule) [9]. The type of ANN structure decides the learning strategy. For example feed-forward multi-layer networks undergo supervised learning. The ANN structures have evolved over the times in dealing with complex engineering issues, and many competitive structures are available today to meet the accuracy demands of the times.
ANN structures was extensively applied for fault location on transmission lines, one such is [8]. Complex Least Error Squares (CLES) and Adaptive Linear Neural Networks (ADALINE) were applied for fault location. The ANNs were used for distributions networks too, and some recent ones were found in [9, 10]. Feed-forward Multilayer perceptrons were used in [9] for fault location on distribution lines. One of the main drawbacks of the ANNs is that their accuracy is highly sensitive to the quantum and quality of the data used to train an ANN algorithm. The results are at stake with limited data
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generated from less number of measuring/monitoring devices. Another drawback is, sluggish convergence in the training process, and therefore requires additional parameters like, hidden layers, learning rate, momentum values, etc. More so, ANN algorithms demand re-training for every change in the networks.
B. Hybrid Type Algorithms:
As the name implies these algorithms are the hybrid combinations of two or more methods or techniques. Each method complements the other, and the resultant combination is comparatively more accurate than either considered independently. Many such combinations have come up between classical impedance-based method and any of the knowledge-based methods. Impedance-based methods, when applied to distribution lines have the drawback of multiple fault locations, and therefore many algorithms took recourse to complementing knowledge-based procedures.
In these papers, [17], [18] and [19], the hybrid combinations of classical approach and knowledge-based methods were worked-out. Here, the data containing voltage sags and the respective currents is extracted, which demonstrates the performance of the system as a consequence of fault, and which is necessary for later diagnosis. The extracted voltage and current data used in this hybrid approach includes both, before and during the fault. Though many algorithms use steady state information from the fault, however there are some, like neural networks, SVM (support vector machines), etc., which rely on the transient state information. As the outputs of these knowledge-based applications, there is data for setting the algorithmic methods, and also a set of possible fault locations. Also, with the steady state data drawn from the fault registers, and using parameters such as the fault resistance, well-known algorithms can be applied to fixed the location of fault. As a result of the application of the algorithmic methods, a set of possible fault locations is obtained. Finally, and having the results of the two methods, it is necessary to make the intersection of the two possible fault sets obtained, in order to have the final possible fault location(Fig.5)
Fig.5. A hybrid type algorithm
In these papers [12, 13, 14, 15, 16], due to the drawback of impedance-based methods in producing one possible fault location, the knowledge-based methods were used. The learning algorithm for multivariable data analysis (LAMDA) together with impedance-based methods is employed in [12]. Here the faulted area is fixed by training LAMDA with the voltage and current data produced from fault simulation. And the fault location is fixed using an impedance-based method. In [13] Impedance-based method, wavelet- based approach and Neural network method, all these three methods are combined to ascertain fault location, fault section, fault type and fault resistance. Wavelet transforms was adopted for Fault detection and classification was done by Wavelet technique. Fault location function was carried out by impedance- based method, and fault section by ANN.
In an another hybrid combination [14], Artificial Neural Network and Support Vector Machine dealt with the Fault Location issue in Distribution networks, SVM shouldered fault detection and fault classification, ANN the fault location. In one more hybrid method [15], Impedance based method, k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) were combined to locate fault zone. To locate fault zones the use of voltage, current, measured at power
Pre-processing of Steady state data
Pre-processing of Transient state data
Set of fault locations through knowlede-based algorithms
Set of fault locations through Impedence-based algorithms
Final possible fault location
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substation as input. Fault zones consist of a few sections and are designed by considering complexity of the distribution systems. In this paper fault locator is composed of two main stages:
1. Training is designed to get associated object (as an input) and output (fault zone).
2. Testing is aimed to find the best class (fault zone).
For classification the technique used was k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN). This paper identifies four types of faults, namely single phase, phase to phase, double phase to ground and three phases. Basic LAMDA recognition methodology [37] in paper [41] a travelling wave based technique was proposed together with artificial neural network to determine high impedance faults. Training pattern of artificial neural network is available from output of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) as a filter of current signals. Phase current signals have been simulated at five of power distribution feeders which were modeled by Matlab. These distribution systems consist of 35.7 km of overhead line and 8.6 km of underground line. Wavelet analysis and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been combined in [42] to detect high impedance fault location. EMTP/ATP software was applied to simulate test system (20kV underground power distribution systems). This paper [43] proposed a method to determine fault location and types of fault in distribution systems utilizing Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Data inputs used post-fault on three-phase RMS current. The expected result is the output data of the type of interference and fault point is indicated by geometrical coordinates (X, Y).
C. Genetic Algorithms:
Genetic algorithms (GA) are one of the knowledge-based techniques that have been applied to locate a fault. However, there are very few papers on this topic and the most recent paper is in [36]. The advantageous of GA is that it searches all the possible fault locations through selection, crossover, and mutation operations. Thus, there is a high chance to locate faults correctly. In [36], a continuous GA (CGA) is used to estimate the fault section in a distribution network. However, in this work the objective function is determined using hebb‟s rule. By using this rule, a simple objective function in terms of linear algebraic equations is used. The objective function is created based on the relays/circuit breakers status. The general flowchart for fault location using genetic algorithm is given in Fig.6
Fig.6. Flowchart for fault location using GA
START Set test function, GA parameters & Iteration criteria Evaluate the costs, segregate the costs and parameters Criteria satisfied Output Pair selection, Crossover and Mutation STOP Yes No
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International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
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D. EM Algorithm
Electromagnetism-like Mechanism Algorithm [22] is one of the new evolving efficient optimization algorithms gaining its applicability in the area of fault location challenges confronted by the power engineers today. The pioneering work on the development of this algorithm was first carried out by Dr. Birbil. Here in this electromagnetism-like mechanism, the imitation of the process of electrical attraction and repulsion phenomena between the oppositely charged particles is employed, wherein particles of population under consideration are directed toward the best direction, enabling the calculation of most optimized solution. The basic steps in EM Algorithm are given the Fig.7.
Fig.7: Basic steps in EM Algorithm
Initialization: The first basic step of Initialization consists of, finding all possible solutions, fixing of fitness function for the calculation of objective function, and then the best solution and objective function are saved.
Local Search: Local search is basically a linear and random search to get an update of every independent particle, and therefore an overall update on deviations of whole population.
Total Force Vector Calculation: The total force is the sum total of all the attractive and repulsive forces between the particles of the population. The charge is evaluated by:
exp -m . ( ) ( ) Σ( ( ) f( ) ) )
means the charge of the ith particle in kth iteration.
„m‟ is the dimension of the particle
„n‟ is the number of particles.
( ) is the fitness function
( ) is the objective function in kth iteration, when is the best particle
is the total vector force equal to summation of vector forces of the particle with other particles.
Population Movement: The particle of the population will move in the direction of vector force through random incremental displacement. This random incremental displacement, (varies from 0 to 1), takes the following movement formula:
INITIALIZATION
LOCAL SEARCH
TOTAL FORCE VECTOR CALCULATION
POPULATION MOVEMENT
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International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
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[8] A. Location in Transmission Lines Based on Hybrid Complex Least Error Squares Algorithm and Adaptive Artificial Neural Networks," International Review of Electrical Engineering,vol. 3, p. 7, Oct 2008.
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[15] A. M. Rasli A Ghani, Hussain Shareef, "ANFIS Approach for Locating Precise Fault Points with Coordinated Geometries in a Test Distribution System," EuroJournals Publishing, vol. 35, 2009.
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[17] voltage sags) in transmission and distribution power systems”, European Control Conference, University of Cambridge. 1-4 September 2003.
[18] Mora J., Llanos D., Meléndez J., Colomer J., Corbella J., Sánchez J, “Classification of Sags Measured In A Distribution Substation Based On Qualitative And Temporal Descriptors”, 17th International Conference on Electricity Distribution,2003.
[19] Mora J., Meléndez J., Llanos D., Colomer J.,Sánchez J., Corbella X., “Classification of sags measured in a distribution substation using a fuzzy tool”, International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Quality, Vigo, 9-11 April 2003.
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