Introduction Differences with ad hoc networks Applications Characteristics Challenges Future Motes Hardware Setup Overview

1. WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 1
Introduction to
Wireless Sensor Networks
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Dr. Vrince Vimal
Computer Science and Engineering

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UNIT I 8 Hours
Characteristics Of WSN: Characteristic requirements for WSN - Challenges for WSNs – WSN vs. Adhoc Networks - Sensor
node architecture – Commercially available sensor nodes –Imote, IRIS, Mica Mote, EYES nodes, BT nodes, TelosB, Physical
layer and transceiver design considerations in WSNs, Energy usage profile, Choice of modulation scheme
UNIT II 8 Hours
Medium Access Control Protocols: Fundamentals of MAC protocols - Low duty cycle protocols and wakeup concepts –
Contention based protocols - Schedule-based protocols - SMAC - BMAC - Traffic-adaptive medium access protocol
(TRAMA) - The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol and Zigbee protocol
UNIT III 8 Hours
Routing And Data Gathering Protocols: Routing Challenges and Design Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks, Flooding and
gossiping – Data centric Routing – SPIN – Directed Diffusion – Energy aware routing - Gradient-based routing - Rumor
Routing – COUGAR – ACQUIRE – Hierarchical Routing - LEACH, PEGASIS, Energy minimizing Broadcast, Data
aggregation - data aggregation operations - Aggregate Queries in Sensor Networks
UNIT IV 8 Hours
Embedded Operating Systems: Operating Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks – Introduction - Operating System Design
Issues - Examples of Operating Systems – TinyOS – Mate – MagnetOS – MANTIS - OSPM - EYES OS – SenOS –
EMERALDS – PicOS
UNIT V 8 Hours
Applications Of WSN: WSN Applications - Home Control - Building Automation - Industrial Automation - Medical
Applications - Reconfigurable Sensor Networks - Highway Monitoring - Military Applications.

3. WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 3
Slides Source
6 www.cse.fau.edu/~jie/teaching/fall_2004_files/sensorslides1.ppt
19-23 http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/cs/aggarwal/cs60520/SeminarMaterial/WSN-future.ppt
7-13 http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~nbulusu/talks/grace-hopper.ppt
17-18,29-33 http://galaxy.cs.lamar.edu/~bsun/wsn/wsn.html
15-16 www.dsc.ufcg.edu.br/~maspohn/katia/introduction.ppt
24 http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mote1.htm
32-33 http://www.polastre.com/papers/polastre-thesis-final.pdf
Table of References
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4. WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 4
Agenda
• Introduction
• Differences with ad hoc networks
• Applications
• Characteristics
• Challenges
• Future
• Motes
• Hardware Setup Overview
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5. WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 5
Introduction
• Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that consists
of sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc
manner.
• These sensors work with each other to sense some
physical phenomenon and then the information
gathered is processed to get relevant results.
• Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols and
algorithms with self-organizing capabilities.
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6. WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 6
Example of WSN
Ref:http://esd.sci.univr.it/images/wsn-example.png
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7. Comparison with ad hoc networks
• Wireless sensor networks mainly use broadcast
communication while ad hoc networks use point-to-point
communication.
• Unlike ad hoc networks wireless sensor networks are limited
by sensors limited power, energy and computational capability.
• Sensor nodes may not have global ID because of the large
amount of overhead and large number of sensors.
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Applications of Wireless Sensor
networks
The applications can be divided in three categories:
1. Monitoring of objects.
2. Monitoring of an area.
3. Monitoring of both area and objects.
* Classification due to Culler, Estrin, Srivastava
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9. Monitoring Area
• Environmental and Habitat Monitoring
• Precision Agriculture
• Indoor Climate Control
• Military Surveillance
• Treaty Verification
• Intelligent Alarms
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10. Example: Precision Agriculture
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• Precision agriculture aims at
making cultural operations
more efficient, while reducing
environmental impact.
• The information collected
from sensors is used to
evaluate optimum sowing
density, estimate fertilizers
and other inputs needs, and to
more accurately predict crop
yields.
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11. Monitoring Objects
• Structural Monitoring
• Eco-physiology
• Condition-based Maintenance
• Medical Diagnostics
• Urban terrain mapping
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12. Example: Condition-based
Maintenance
• Intel fabrication plants
• Sensors collect vibration data, monitor wear and tear; report data in real-
time
• Reduces need for a team of engineers; cutting costs by several orders of
magnitude
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13. Monitoring Interactions between Objects
and Space
• Wildlife Habitats
• Disaster Management
• Emergency Response
• Ubiquitous Computing
• Asset Tracking
• Health Care
• Manufacturing Process Flows
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14. Example: Habitat Monitoring
• The ZebraNet Project
Collar-mounted sensors monitor zebra movement in
Kenya
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Source: Margaret Martonosi, Princeton University
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Characteristics of Wireless Sensor
Networks
• Wireless Sensor Networks mainly consists of sensors.
Sensors are -
• low power
• limited memory
• energy constrained due to their small size.
• Wireless networks can also be deployed in extreme
environmental conditions and may be prone to enemy
attacks.
• Although deployed in an ad hoc manner they need to be
self organized and self healing and can face constant
reconfiguration.
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16. Design Challenges
• Heterogeneity
• The devices deployed maybe of various types and need to
collaborate with each other.
• Distributed Processing
• The algorithms need to be centralized as the processing is
carried out on different nodes.
• Low Bandwidth Communication
• The data should be transferred efficiently between sensors
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17. Continued..
• Large Scale Coordination
• The sensors need to coordinate with each other to produce
required results.
• Utilization of Sensors
• The sensors should be utilized in a ways that produce the
maximum performance and use less energy.
• Real Time Computation
• The computation should be done quickly as new data is
always being generated.
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18. Operational Challenges of Wireless
Sensor Networks• Energy Efficiency
• Limited storage and computation
• Low bandwidth and high error rates
• Errors are common
• Wireless communication
• Noisy measurements
• Node failure are expected
• Scalability to a large number of sensor nodes
• Survivability in harsh environments
• Experiments are time- and space-intensive
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19. Enabling Technologies
Embedded
Networked
Sensing
Control system w/
Small form factor
Untethered nodes
Exploit
collaborative
Sensing, action
Tightly coupled to physical world
Embed numerous distributed
devices to monitor and interact
with physical world
Network devices to coordinate
and perform higher-level tasks
Exploit spatially and temporally dense, in situ, sensing and actuationWSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 199/21/2019

20. Future of WSN
Smart Home / Smart Office
• Sensors controlling
appliances and electrical
devices in the house.
• Better lighting and heating
in office buildings.
• The Pentagon building
has used sensors
extensively.
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21. Biomedical / Medical
• Health Monitors
• Glucose
• Heart rate
• Cancer detection
• Chronic Diseases
• Artificial retina
• Cochlear implants
• Hospital Sensors
• Monitor vital signs
• Record anomalies
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22. Military
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Remote deployment of
sensors for tactical monitoring
of enemy troop movements.
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23. Industrial & Commercial
• Numerous industrial and commercial applications:
• Agricultural Crop Conditions
• Inventory Tracking
• In-Process Parts Tracking
• Automated Problem Reporting
• RFID – Theft Deterrent and Customer Tracing
• Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring
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24. Traffic Management & Monitoring
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 Future cars could use
wireless sensors to:
⚫ Handle Accidents
⚫ Handle Thefts
✓Sensors embedded
in the roads to:
–Monitor traffic flows
–Provide real-time
route updates
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25. What are motes?
Motes mainly consist of three parts:-
• Mote basically consists of a low cost and power
computer.
• The computer monitors one or more sensors. Sensors
may be for temperature, light, sound, position,
acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, pressure,
humidity, etc.
• The computer connects to the outside world with a
radio link.
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Intel Mote
➢ Developed keeping in mind new R & D objectives :
• Elevated CPU Performance.
• Small size.
• Improved radio b/w. (modular HW/SW design).
• Low power consumption.
• Reliability.
• Off-the shelf components.
➢ Support and collaborate with WSN research
• Multi hop and power aware routing.

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➢ Integrated wireless microcontroller consisting of an
ARM7 core processor, (Atmel)
▪ Bluetooth* radio, (900 Mhz, zigbee)
▪ AM and FLASH memory.
▪ various I/O options.

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INTEL Mote Prototype

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❖ Bluetooth
➢ SOC integrated devices
✓ Single chip BT/Controller/Memory
✓ Low cost, highly available.
➢ Radio Frequency
✓ Link Level reliability and secure data transmission.
✓ Higher power
✓ Higher bandwidth
✓ Spread spectrum operation

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➢ Technical specifications:
✓ ARM 7 Core
✓ 12 MHz
✓ 64 kB SRAM
✓ 512kB Flash
➢ BT Radio
✓ Battery duty cycle < 1%
✓ 30 m range
✓ +4dbm transmit and -80 dbm receive abilities

32. Mica Motes
• 4 Mhz 8-bit CPU
• Atmel ATmega103 /128L
• 128KB Instruction Memory
• 4KB RAM
• 4 Mbit flash (AT45DB041B)
• SPI interface
• Focused hardware acceleration
• Network programming
• 51-pin connector
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✓ 16x program memory size (128 KB)
✓ 8x data memory size (4 KB)
✓ 16x secondary storage (512 KB)
✓ 5x radio bandwidth (50 Kb/s)
✓ 6 ADC channels available
✓ Same processor performance
✓ Allows for external SRAM expansion
✓ Provides sub microsecond RF synchronization
primitive
✓ Provides unique serial ID’s (Maxim DS2401 )
✓ On-board DC booster
✓ Remains Compatible with Rene Hardware and
current tool chain
Features

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IRIS
• 2.4 GHz Mote module, with XM2110CA (based on the
Atmel ATmega1281).
• Low-power, wireless sensor networks.
• Features several new capabilities that enhance the overall
functionality of MEMSIC’s wireless sensor networking.
• Deeply Embedded Sensor Networks.
• Wireless Communications with Every Node as Router
Capability.

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▪ Ranges as far as 500 meters between nodes without
amplification.
▪ IEEE 802.15.4 compliant RF transceiver.
▪ 2.4 to 2.48 GHz, a globally compatible ISM band.
▪ Direct sequence spread spectrum radio which is resistant to
RF interference and provides inherent data security.
▪ Expansion connector for light, temperature, RH,
barometric pressure, acceleration/seismic, acoustic,
magnetic and other Crossbow sensor boards.
▪ 250 kbps data rate.
▪ Supported by MoteWorks™ wireless sensor network
platform for reliable, ad-hoc mesh networking.
▪ Plug and play with Crossbow’s sensor boards, data
acquisition boards, gateways, and software.

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• Indoor Building Monitoring and Security
• Acoustic, Video, Vibration and Other High-Speed Sensor
Data.
• Large Scale Sensor Network
Applications

39. Telosb Motes
• designed to enable cutting-edge experimentation for
the research community.
• Telosb motes have USB programming capability
• An IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, high data rate radio with
integrated antenna, a low-power MCU
• There are also equipped with extended memory and an
optional sensor suite
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• 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz, a globally compatible ISM band
• 250 kbps data rate
• IEEE 802.15.4 compliant RF transceiver
• Integrated onboard antenna
• 8 MHz TI MSP430 microcontroller with 10kB RAM
• Low current consumption
• 1MB external flash for data logging
• Programming and data collection via USB
• Sensor suite including integrated light, temperature and
humidity sensor
• Runs Tiny OS 1.1.11 or higher
Features

41. TELOSB MOTE
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Ref:http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~culler/eecs194/labs/lab1/telosb.JPG
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• Modulation is the process by which some characteristics
of a carrier is varied in accordance with a modulation
wave .
• Modulation is the process of putting information onto a
high frequency carrier for transmission (frequency
translation).
• Such a modification is achieved by mean of a process
called modulation .
Modulation

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• In the modulation process, the baseband signle is called
“modulating signal” and anther higher frequency signal
is called as the “carrier”. The carrier signal will carry
the modulating signal to the destination.
➢ Reasons for modulation:
• Simultaneous transmission of several signals
• Practical Design of Antennas
• Exchange of power and bandwidth

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DIFFERENT TYPE Of MODULATION
Analog modulation - The modulating signal and carrier
both are analogue signal.
:Amplitude modulation (AM),
Frequency modulation (FM),
Phase modulation (PM)

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION

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Frequency Modulation

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Phase Modulation

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ASK

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FSK

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PSK

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BPSK

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QPSK

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M-ARY QAM
Orthonormal passband functions
Orthonormal passband functions

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SS diagram for 16-QAM & corresponding 4-PAM

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Probability of Error

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Energy Model
For the radio hardware, the transmitter dissipates energy to run the transmitter radio
electronics and power amplifier. The receiver dissipates energy to run the receive radio
electronics .

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For x’mitting L bits to distance d energy consumed by x’ mitter
α =2, FS
α=4, MMP

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In receiving L bits of message energy consumed by
receiver:
let there be n nodes uniformly distributed in an MM area
and k clusters in topology. There will be on an average
n=k nodes per cluster. Out of these, there will be one
cluster head node and remaining ((n/k-1)) member head
nodes.

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The energy consumption Emem
The energy consumption ECH for a particular CH is due
to:
1. Energy spent in receiving data.
2. Energy consumed in aggregating data
3. Energy consumed in transmitting data.
The total energy consumption ECH

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Thanks

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References
1. Eschenauer, L., and V. Gligor, “A Key-Management Scheme for Distributed Sensor Networks,” Proceedings
of ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ACM CCS), Washington DC, pp. 41-47, 2002
2. http://www.xbow.com/products/Product_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datasheet.pdf
3. http://www.ece.osu.edu/~bibyk/ee582/telosMote.pdf
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Sensor_Networks
5. http://arri.uta.edu/acs/networks/WirelessSensorNetChap04.pdf
6. http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mdw/course/cs263/papers/jhill-thesis.pdf
7. http://www.polastre.com/papers/polastre-thesis-final.pdf
8. www.cse.fau.edu/~jie/teaching/fall_2004_files/sensorslides1.ppt
9. http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/cs/aggarwal/cs60520/SeminarMaterial/WSN-future.ppt
10. http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~nbulusu/talks/grace-hopper.ppt
11. http://galaxy.cs.lamar.edu/~bsun/wsn/wsn.html
12. www.dsc.ufcg.edu.br/~maspohn/katia/introduction.ppt
13. http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mote1.htm
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