International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
SECURITY AND KEY MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OVER WSN (A SURVEY) IJCSES Journal
Â
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have turned to be the backbone of most present-day information technology, which supports the service-oriented architecture in a major activity. Sensor nodes and its restricted and limited resources have been a real challenge because thereâs a great engagement with
sensor nodes and Internet Of things (IoT). WSN is considered to be the base stone of IoT which has been widely used recently in too many applications like smart cities, industrial internet, connected cars, connected health care systems, smart grids, smart farming and it's widely used in both military and civilian
applications now, such as monitoring of ambient conditions related to the environment, precious species and critical infrastructures. Secure communication and data transfer among the nodes are strongly needed due to the use of wireless technologies that are easy to eavesdrop, in order to steal its important information. However, is hard to achieve the desired performance of both WSNs and IoT and many critical
issues about sensor networks are still open. The major research areas in WSN is going on hardware, operating system of WSN, localization, synchronization, deployment, architecture, programming models, data aggregation and dissemination, database querying, architecture, middleware, quality of service and security. In This paper we discuss in detail all about Wireless Sensor Networks, its classification, types,
topologies, attack models and the nodes and all related issues and complications. We also preview too many challenges about sensor nodes and the proposed solutions till now and we make a spot ongoing research activities and issues that affect security and performance of Wireless Sensor Network as well.
Then we discuss whatâs meant by security objectives, requirements and threat models. Finally, we make a
spot on key management operations, goals, constraints, evaluation metrics, different encryption key types
and dynamic key management schemes.
Wireless Sensor networks are dense networks, which consist of small low cost
sensors having severely constrained computational and energy resources, which operate in
an adhoc environment. Sensor network combines the aspects of distributed sensing,
computing and communication. Despite the numerous applications of sensor networks in
various fields there are various issues which need to be explored and resolved such as
resource constraints, routing, coverage, security, information collection and gathering etc.
In this paper we aim to provide the detailed overview of the wireless sensor technologies and
issues related to them, such as advancement of sensor technology, architecture, applications,
issues and the work done in the field of routing, coverage and security.
Wireless Sensor Network â Theoretical Findings and ApplicationsAshishDPatel1
Â
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of tiny sensor nodes scattered on a relatively large geographical area. The nodes are cooperative in nature, that is, they can communication with one another or to a central control unit. The work of each such node is to collect the information from surrounding like pressure, temperature, humidity, magnetic fields, optical fields etc [2]. Actually they are ad hoc network with some additional constraints. The node should be capable enough for power consumption, collection of data, self healing, mobility, self configuration to name a few. These features of WSN node differentiate it from conventional ad hoc networks [14]. This survey paper aims at reporting wireless sensor network, its design, networking of nodes, and security in system. In this paper, fundamentals of wireless sensor network are discussed. Different component like sensor, microcontroller, battery require for sensor networks are explained in detail. We have tried to include all the aspects of WSN. The Protocols, Operating Systems, tools require for WSN node programming and some security issues are also discussed.
A Review on Wireless Sensor Network Securityijtsrd
Â
Wireless sensor networks are attracting more and more coverage. A number of surveillance, regulation, and tracking systems have been developed for different scenarios in recent years. Wireless Sensor Network WSN is an emerging technology that shows great promise for various futuristic applications both for mass public and military. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of security threats. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. We identify the security threats, review proposed security mechanisms for wireless sensor networks. We also discuss the holistic view of security for ensuring layered and robust security in wireless sensor networks. Vijay Kumar Kalakar | Hirdesh Chack | Syed Tariq Ali "A Review on Wireless Sensor Network Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31815.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/31815/a-review-on-wireless-sensor-network-security/vijay-kumar-kalakar
SECURITY AND KEY MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OVER WSN (A SURVEY) IJCSES Journal
Â
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have turned to be the backbone of most present-day information technology, which supports the service-oriented architecture in a major activity. Sensor nodes and its restricted and limited resources have been a real challenge because thereâs a great engagement with
sensor nodes and Internet Of things (IoT). WSN is considered to be the base stone of IoT which has been widely used recently in too many applications like smart cities, industrial internet, connected cars, connected health care systems, smart grids, smart farming and it's widely used in both military and civilian
applications now, such as monitoring of ambient conditions related to the environment, precious species and critical infrastructures. Secure communication and data transfer among the nodes are strongly needed due to the use of wireless technologies that are easy to eavesdrop, in order to steal its important information. However, is hard to achieve the desired performance of both WSNs and IoT and many critical
issues about sensor networks are still open. The major research areas in WSN is going on hardware, operating system of WSN, localization, synchronization, deployment, architecture, programming models, data aggregation and dissemination, database querying, architecture, middleware, quality of service and security. In This paper we discuss in detail all about Wireless Sensor Networks, its classification, types,
topologies, attack models and the nodes and all related issues and complications. We also preview too many challenges about sensor nodes and the proposed solutions till now and we make a spot ongoing research activities and issues that affect security and performance of Wireless Sensor Network as well.
Then we discuss whatâs meant by security objectives, requirements and threat models. Finally, we make a
spot on key management operations, goals, constraints, evaluation metrics, different encryption key types
and dynamic key management schemes.
Wireless Sensor networks are dense networks, which consist of small low cost
sensors having severely constrained computational and energy resources, which operate in
an adhoc environment. Sensor network combines the aspects of distributed sensing,
computing and communication. Despite the numerous applications of sensor networks in
various fields there are various issues which need to be explored and resolved such as
resource constraints, routing, coverage, security, information collection and gathering etc.
In this paper we aim to provide the detailed overview of the wireless sensor technologies and
issues related to them, such as advancement of sensor technology, architecture, applications,
issues and the work done in the field of routing, coverage and security.
Wireless Sensor Network â Theoretical Findings and ApplicationsAshishDPatel1
Â
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of tiny sensor nodes scattered on a relatively large geographical area. The nodes are cooperative in nature, that is, they can communication with one another or to a central control unit. The work of each such node is to collect the information from surrounding like pressure, temperature, humidity, magnetic fields, optical fields etc [2]. Actually they are ad hoc network with some additional constraints. The node should be capable enough for power consumption, collection of data, self healing, mobility, self configuration to name a few. These features of WSN node differentiate it from conventional ad hoc networks [14]. This survey paper aims at reporting wireless sensor network, its design, networking of nodes, and security in system. In this paper, fundamentals of wireless sensor network are discussed. Different component like sensor, microcontroller, battery require for sensor networks are explained in detail. We have tried to include all the aspects of WSN. The Protocols, Operating Systems, tools require for WSN node programming and some security issues are also discussed.
A Review on Wireless Sensor Network Securityijtsrd
Â
Wireless sensor networks are attracting more and more coverage. A number of surveillance, regulation, and tracking systems have been developed for different scenarios in recent years. Wireless Sensor Network WSN is an emerging technology that shows great promise for various futuristic applications both for mass public and military. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of security threats. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. We identify the security threats, review proposed security mechanisms for wireless sensor networks. We also discuss the holistic view of security for ensuring layered and robust security in wireless sensor networks. Vijay Kumar Kalakar | Hirdesh Chack | Syed Tariq Ali "A Review on Wireless Sensor Network Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31815.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/31815/a-review-on-wireless-sensor-network-security/vijay-kumar-kalakar
The development of wireless technology currently allows extending the notion of mobility for access to
information and communication anywhere and anytime. With the emergence of sensor networks
(Traditional (WSN) and vehicular (VSN)), new themes have been opened and new challenges have emerged
to meet the needs of individuals and the requirements of several application areas. Research today is much
focused on vehicular sensor networks (VSN), considerable efforts have emerged to introduce intelligence
into transport systems whose aim is to improve safety, efficiency and usability in road transport. These
networks will play an important role in building the Future Internet, where they will serve as a support for
various communication applications and integrated into our daily lives. In this paper, we surveyed the main
characteristic and applications of two type of Ad hoc networks WSN and VSN.
The Interconnection of nanoscale devices with existing Information and communication technologies (ICT), defines a new networking paradigm called âInternet of Nano-Things"
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
Â
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Nowadays, managing for optimal security to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has emerged as an active research area. The challenging topics in this active research involve various issues such as energy consumption, routing algorithms, selection of sensors location according to a given premise, robustness, and efficiency. Despite the open problems in WSNs, already a high number of applications available show the activeness of emerging research in this area. Through this paper, authors propose an alternative routing algorithmic approach that accelerate the existing algorithms in sense to develop a power-efficient crypto system to provide the desired level of security on a smaller footprint, while maintaining real-time performance and mapping them to customized hardware. To achieve this goal, the algorithms have been first analyzed and then profiled to recognize their computational structure that is to be mapped into hardware accelerators in platform of reconfigurable computing devices. An intensive set of experiments have been conducted and the obtained results show that the performance of the proposed architecture based on algorithms implementation outperforms the software implementation running on contemporary CPU in terms of the power consumption and throughput.
SURVEY OF TRUST MODELS IN DIFFERENT NETWORK DOMAINSijasuc
Â
This paper introduces the security and trust concepts in wireless sensor networks and explains the
difference between them, stating that even though both terms are used interchangeably when defining a
secure system, they are not the same. The difference between reputation and trust is also explained,
highlighting that reputation partially affects trust. A survey of trust and reputation systems in various
domains is conducted, with more details given to models in ad-hoc and sensor networks as they are closely
related to each other and to our research interests. The methodologies used to model trust and their
references are presented. The factors affecting trust updating are summarised and some examples of the
systems in which these factors have been implemented are given. The survey states that, even though
researchers have started to explore the issue of trust in wireless sensor networks, they are still examining
the trust associated with routing messages between nodes (binary events). However, wireless sensor
networks are mainly deployed to monitor events and report data, both continuous and discrete. This leads
to the development of new trust models addressing the continuous data issue and also to combine the data
trust and the communication trust to infer the total trust.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network: A Survey on Multimedia Sensorsidescitation
Â
Recently due to progress in Complementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor (CM OS) technology, Wireless
Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) become focus of
research in a broader range of applications. In this survey
paper different WMSNs applications, research & design
challenges are outlined. In addition to this, different available
commercial multimedia sensors are discussed in detail and
compared. Also other then commercial available multimedia
sensors, some experimental multimedia sensor prototypes are
discussed. In addition to this different experimental deployed
test beds for WMSNs are outlined. Also few Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) simulators and emulators are reviewed.
Depending upon the requirement a few physical multimedia
sensors can be integrated or embedded within available
simulators to observe more accurate results or to visualize in
a better way.
ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS DEPLOYMENTS USING VERTICAL VARIANCE TRIM...ijasuc
Â
Due to reliance on stochastic deployment, delivery of large-scale WSN presents a major problem in the
application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology. When deployed in a stochastic manner, the
WSN has the utmost challenge of guaranteeing acceptable operational efficiency upon deployment. This
paper presents a methodology for stochastic deployment of WSN. The methodology uses simulation,
statistical analysis, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process to provide an approach that helps decisionmakers determine the best deployment strategies among competing alternatives. The methodology can be
used to simplify the decision-making process and provide decision-makers the ability to consider all
factors involved in the WSN deployment problem. The methodology is extensible and can be easily
customized to include numerous quality factors to further compare deployment strategies and identify the
one that best meet applications requirements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The development of wireless technology currently allows extending the notion of mobility for access to
information and communication anywhere and anytime. With the emergence of sensor networks
(Traditional (WSN) and vehicular (VSN)), new themes have been opened and new challenges have emerged
to meet the needs of individuals and the requirements of several application areas. Research today is much
focused on vehicular sensor networks (VSN), considerable efforts have emerged to introduce intelligence
into transport systems whose aim is to improve safety, efficiency and usability in road transport. These
networks will play an important role in building the Future Internet, where they will serve as a support for
various communication applications and integrated into our daily lives. In this paper, we surveyed the main
characteristic and applications of two type of Ad hoc networks WSN and VSN.
The Interconnection of nanoscale devices with existing Information and communication technologies (ICT), defines a new networking paradigm called âInternet of Nano-Things"
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
Â
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Nowadays, managing for optimal security to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has emerged as an active research area. The challenging topics in this active research involve various issues such as energy consumption, routing algorithms, selection of sensors location according to a given premise, robustness, and efficiency. Despite the open problems in WSNs, already a high number of applications available show the activeness of emerging research in this area. Through this paper, authors propose an alternative routing algorithmic approach that accelerate the existing algorithms in sense to develop a power-efficient crypto system to provide the desired level of security on a smaller footprint, while maintaining real-time performance and mapping them to customized hardware. To achieve this goal, the algorithms have been first analyzed and then profiled to recognize their computational structure that is to be mapped into hardware accelerators in platform of reconfigurable computing devices. An intensive set of experiments have been conducted and the obtained results show that the performance of the proposed architecture based on algorithms implementation outperforms the software implementation running on contemporary CPU in terms of the power consumption and throughput.
SURVEY OF TRUST MODELS IN DIFFERENT NETWORK DOMAINSijasuc
Â
This paper introduces the security and trust concepts in wireless sensor networks and explains the
difference between them, stating that even though both terms are used interchangeably when defining a
secure system, they are not the same. The difference between reputation and trust is also explained,
highlighting that reputation partially affects trust. A survey of trust and reputation systems in various
domains is conducted, with more details given to models in ad-hoc and sensor networks as they are closely
related to each other and to our research interests. The methodologies used to model trust and their
references are presented. The factors affecting trust updating are summarised and some examples of the
systems in which these factors have been implemented are given. The survey states that, even though
researchers have started to explore the issue of trust in wireless sensor networks, they are still examining
the trust associated with routing messages between nodes (binary events). However, wireless sensor
networks are mainly deployed to monitor events and report data, both continuous and discrete. This leads
to the development of new trust models addressing the continuous data issue and also to combine the data
trust and the communication trust to infer the total trust.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network: A Survey on Multimedia Sensorsidescitation
Â
Recently due to progress in Complementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor (CM OS) technology, Wireless
Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) become focus of
research in a broader range of applications. In this survey
paper different WMSNs applications, research & design
challenges are outlined. In addition to this, different available
commercial multimedia sensors are discussed in detail and
compared. Also other then commercial available multimedia
sensors, some experimental multimedia sensor prototypes are
discussed. In addition to this different experimental deployed
test beds for WMSNs are outlined. Also few Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) simulators and emulators are reviewed.
Depending upon the requirement a few physical multimedia
sensors can be integrated or embedded within available
simulators to observe more accurate results or to visualize in
a better way.
ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS DEPLOYMENTS USING VERTICAL VARIANCE TRIM...ijasuc
Â
Due to reliance on stochastic deployment, delivery of large-scale WSN presents a major problem in the
application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology. When deployed in a stochastic manner, the
WSN has the utmost challenge of guaranteeing acceptable operational efficiency upon deployment. This
paper presents a methodology for stochastic deployment of WSN. The methodology uses simulation,
statistical analysis, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process to provide an approach that helps decisionmakers determine the best deployment strategies among competing alternatives. The methodology can be
used to simplify the decision-making process and provide decision-makers the ability to consider all
factors involved in the WSN deployment problem. The methodology is extensible and can be easily
customized to include numerous quality factors to further compare deployment strategies and identify the
one that best meet applications requirements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Faça o seu cadastro aqui: www.nextmultilevel.com/celena66
vem trabalhar com a nextlevel o novo MMN que promete fazer a diferença no mercado. a empresa nextlevel não acumula o seu pagamento no back Office, pagamento todos os dias directo na sua conta bancaria ou cartão, e ainda te patrocinara com uma conta de 500⏠para começar a
trabalhar. link de cadastro: www.nextmultilevel.com/celena66
Em 'O matrimĂ´nio perfeito' o grande Mestre gnĂłstico do sĂŠculo XX, Samael Aun Weor, revela a sĂntese de todas as autĂŞnticas religiĂľes, escolas, ordens e seitas: o Cristo e o Sexo. Nesta importante e revolucionĂĄria obra sĂŁo desvendados os grandes segredos ocultos em todas as autĂŞnticas tradiçþes, e dadas as chaves para a regeneração espiritual do ser humano.
Alteracao na producao de hormonio de crescimento e tireoideUniversidade Lurio
Â
A alteracao na producao da hormona de crescimento e tireoide, causa varios problemas ao nivel do organismo. No caso da hormona de crescimento esta pode impedir o desenvolvimento de todas as celulas, causando varias doencas.
SECURITY AND KEY MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OVER WSN (A SURVEY) IJCSES Journal
Â
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have turned to be the backbone of most present-day information
technology, which supports the service-oriented architecture in a major activity. Sensor nodes and its
restricted and limited resources have been a real challenge because thereâs a great engagement with
sensor nodes and Internet Of things (IoT). WSN is considered to be the base stone of IoT which has been
widely used recently in too many applications like smart cities, industrial internet, connected cars,
connected health care systems, smart grids, smart farming and it's widely used in both military and civilian
applications now, such as monitoring of ambient conditions related to the environment, precious species
and critical infrastructures. Secure communication and data transfer among the nodes are strongly needed
due to the use of wireless technologies that are easy to eavesdrop, in order to steal its important
information. However, is hard to achieve the desired performance of both WSNs and IoT and many critical
issues about sensor networks are still open. The major research areas in WSN is going on hardware,
operating system of WSN, localization, synchronization, deployment, architecture, programming models,
data aggregation and dissemination, database querying, architecture, middleware, quality of service and
security. In This paper we discuss in detail all about Wireless Sensor Networks, its classification, types,
topologies, attack models and the nodes and all related issues and complications. We also preview too
many challenges about sensor nodes and the proposed solutions till now and we make a spot ongoing
research activities and issues that affect security and performance of Wireless Sensor Network as well.
Then we discuss whatâs meant by security objectives, requirements and threat models. Finally, we make a
spot on key management operations, goals, constraints, evaluation metrics, different encryption key types
and dynamic key management schemes.
Wireless Sensor Networks in Chemical Industryjournal ijrtem
Â
ABSTRACT: When it comes to implementing new technologies such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the chemical industrial community has been cautious for reasons ranging from safety to the high cost of production. WSNs promise significant advantages in terms of flexibility, cost, autonomy, and robustness compared with wired networks. They are poised to become a major enabling technology in many sectors, particularly the chemical industry. This paper briefly describes how the chemical industry can benefit from wireless sensor networks.
KEY WORDS: wireless sensor networks, chemical industry, industrial wireless sensing
Concepts and evolution of research in the field of wireless sensor networksIJCNCJournal
Â
The field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is experiencing a resurgence of interest and a continuous evolution in the scientific and industrial community. The use of this particular type of ad hoc network is becoming increasingly important in many contexts, regardless of geographical position and so, according to a set of possible application. WSNs offer interesting low cost and easily deployable solutions to perform a remote real time monitoring, target tracking and recognition of physical phenomenon. The uses of these sensors organized into a network continue to reveal a set of research questions according to particularities target applications. Despite difficulties introduced by sensor resources constraints, research contributions in this field are growing day by day. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of most recent literature of WSNs and outline open research issues in this field.
With the advancements in wireless technology and digital electronics, some tiny devices have started to be used in numerous areas in daily life. These devices are capable of sensing, computation and communicating. They are generally composed of low power radios, several smart sensors and embedded CPUs (Central Processing Units). These devices are used to form wireless sensor network (WSN) which is necessary to provide sensing services and to monitor environmental conditions. In parallel to WSNs, the idea of internet of things (IoT) is developed where IoT can be defined as an interconnection between identifiable devices within the internet connection in sensing and monitoring processes. This paper presents detailed overview of WSNs. It also assesses the technology and characteristics of WSNs. Moreover, it provides a review of WSN applications and IoT applications.
Wireless sensor networks make use of sensor nodes distributed in a sensor node field. There are many factors that influence the sensor network design. Sensor networks have their own protocol stack aligned with the OSI model.
Secure and Efficient DiDrip Protocol for Improving Performance of WSNsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Â
Wireless Sensor Networks consists of a set of resource constrained devices called nodes that communicate wirelessly with each other. Wireless Sensor Networks have become a key application in number of technologies. It also measures the unit of vulnerability to security threats. Several Protocols are projected to make them secure. Some of the protocols within the sensor network specialize in securing data. These protocols are named as data discovery and dissemination protocols. The data discovery and dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks are utilized for distributing management commands and altering configuration parameters to the sensor nodes. All existing data discovery and dissemination protocols primarily suffer from two drawbacks. Basically, they are support centralized approach (only single station can distribute data item).This approach is not suitable for multiple owner-multiple users. Second, the protocols are not designed with security in mind. This Paper proposes the first distributed knowledge discovery and dissemination protocol called DiDrip which is safer than the existing one. The protocol permits multiple owners to authorize many network users with altogether totally different priorities to at an equivalent time and directly flow into data items to sensor nodes.
Wireless Sensor Networks UNIT-1
You can watch my lectures at:
Digital electronics playlist in my youtube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_fItK7wBO6zdWHVPIYV8dQ?view_as=subscriber
My Website : https://easyninspire.blogspot.com/
A wireless sensor network has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking, particularly in recent years with the help of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. Sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. A WSN consists of a number of sensor nodes (few tens to thousands) working together to monitor a region to obtain data about the environment. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the applications design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints.
Current Activities in WSN: Developing test bed for target tracking Using Passive Infrared and Ultrasonic Sensors Improving the delivery rate in low power wireless networks .Guided Navigation of Friendly Vehicle towards tracked Object. Design and development of smart mines and explosive ordinance for intelligent activation and deactivation and safe recovery based on secure WSN. Design of a data mule for data collection from remotely placed sensor nodes
The course gives the thorough concepts of the wireless sensor networks, applications examples. It also gives detailed study of sensor node architecture and various protocols used in wireless sensor networks. It also covers issues related to topology, clustering ,synchronization and operating execution environment used for wireless sensor networks.
In this presentation we are going to learn about the basic concepts of wireless sensor Networks and how the sensor are helpful for human beings in their daily life and what are the different approaches to make effectiveness of the sensor working and their future scope.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Â
Clients donât know what they donât know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clientsâ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Â
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
Â
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Â
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as âpredictable inferenceâ.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
Â
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. Whatâs changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Â
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
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O4101101103
1. Sarhan M. Musa et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.101-103
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Wireless Sensor Networks: Opportunities and Challenges
Matthew N. O. Sadiku* and Sarhan M. Musa*, Omonowo D. Momoh**
*
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446
College of Engineering, Technology, and Computer Science Indiana University-Purdue University Fort
Wayne, IN 46805
**
ABSTRACT
The popularity of cell phones, laptops, PDAs and intelligent electronics has made computing devices to become
cheaper and more pervasive in daily life. The desire for connectivity among these devices has caused an
exponential growth in wireless communication. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) provide an example of this
phenomenon.
WSNs belong to the general family of sensor networks that employ distributed sensors to
collect information on entities of interest. This paper provides a brief introduction to wireless sensor networks.
It addresses the opportunities and challenges of WSNs.
Key Words: Wireless networks, sensors, computing
I.
INTRODUCTION
A wireless sensor network (WSN) usually
consists of a large number (hundreds or thousands)
of sensor nodes deployed over a geographical region.
The wireless sensor nodes are compact, lightweighted, and battery-powered devices that can be
used in virtually any environment [1-3]. The sensor
nodes monitor physical or environmental conditions
such as temperature/heat, humidity, sound, vibration,
pressure, light, object motion, pollutants, presence of
certain objects, noise level or characteristics of an
object such as weight, size, speed, direction, and its
latest position. As shown in Figure 1, each sensor
node is made up of four components: a power unit, a
transceiver unit, a sensing unit, and a processing
unit. The node may also have some applicationdependent components such as power generator,
location
finding
system,
and
mobilizer.
Communication among the nodes is done in a
wireless fashion, and thus, the name wireless sensor
networks.
Companies such as Crossbow
(www.xbow.com) and Monnit (www.monnit.com)
have developed the necessary software and hardwire
building blocks for WSNs.
In general, there may be both sensing and
nonsensing nodes in a WSN; i.e. all sensors are
nodes but not all nodes are sensors. A sensor has
four operating modes: transmission, reception, idle
listening, and sleep. Collision occurs when there are
two or more nodes transmit at the same time.
A sensor node is designed to use an
operating system (OS). TinyOS (developed at UC
Berkeley) is perhaps the first operating system
specifically designed for WSNs. It is a generalpurpose OS. Both the TinyOS and programs written
for it are written in a special programming language
www.ijera.com
called NesC, which is essentially an extension of C
programming language.
Figure 2 presents a typical wireless sensor
network. Sensors can be deployed on the ground, in
the air, under water, in vehicles, on bodies, and
inside buildings. A network of sensors can detect
and track threats.
II.
APPLICATIONS
In September 1999, Business Week
predicted that WSN would be one of the 21 most
important technologies for the 21st century. The
number of applications of WSN is increasing
rapidly. It is generally true that applications should
shape and form the technology for which they are
intended. WSNs are no exception to this. WSNs
have been technology-driven in their development.
Advances in software technology and wireless
communication have paved the way for successful
adoption of the wireless sensor networks in various
applications. Some of the expected applications of
WSNs will require a large number of devices in
order of tens of thousands of nodes. Applications of
WSNs typically involve some kind of monitoring,
tracking, or controlling. Some of the specific
applications include the following [4-6]:
(a) Military Applications:
As with many
technologies, the development of WSNs was
motivated by military applications such as battlefield
surveillance. Typically, sensors can report vehicle
and personnel movement, allowing a close
monitoring of opposing forces. Other military
applications include monitoring friendly forces,
battlefield surveillance, reconnaissance of opposing
forces, and battle damage assessment. Sensitive
objects and structures such as atomic plants and
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2. Sarhan M. Musa et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.101-103
ammunition depots can be protected by intelligent
sensors.
(b) Civil Engineering: Structural health monitoring
for civil structures has been a research focus for
academia and industry. Sensors can be placed in
bridges to detect structural weakness and in water
reservoirs to detect hazardous materials.
(c) Agriculture and Environment Monitoring: A
number of WSNs have been deployed for
agricultural and environmental monitoring. For
example, the Zebranet project at Princeton aims at
tracking the movement of zebras in Africa.
Researchers at University of West Australia are
developing a prototype WSN for monitoring of soil
water. Fire and floods can be detected by densely
deployed sensor networks. WSNs can potentially
advance the pursuit of geographical studies of
volcanic activity.
(d) Industrial Applications: Sensors are already
widely deployed in industrial applications, such as in
monitoring of assembly lines. Industrial robots are
equipped with sensors and are connected wirelessly
to a computer. Cars, which have sensors and
actuators in them, can be networked to improve the
efficiency of traffic.
In addition to traditional applications of
wireless sensor networks, they can also be used to
protect cultural property. In cultural property
protection, setting up fixed structure (with power
lines and communication cables) is not allowed.
Since WSNs do not require wired infrastructure, they
can be used for cultural property protection. For
example, Bulguksa temple (a Buddhist temple in
South Korea) has been designated as the worldâs
cultural property by UNESCO. Such a temple
requires WSN to monitor and protect cultural
artifacts in the temple.
III.
CHALLENGES
As noted above, wireless sensor networks
have a wide range of potential applications.
However, there are many challenging problems that
must be addressed for efficient operation of WSNs in
real applications and current technology is not up to
meeting some of these challenges. These challenges
include [7-9]:
(a) Size: The main challenge is to produce low cost
and tiny sensor nodes. Miniaturization and low cost
will follow from the recent and future development
in the field of micro-electro-mechanical systems
(MEMs). Several aspects of WSN nodes can be
miniaturized with MEMs technology.
www.ijera.com
www.ijera.com
(b) Energy: Energy is the scarcest resource of WSN
nodes and it determines the lifetime of WSNs. Being
a microelectronic device, a sensor node can be
equipped with a limited power source (less than 0.5
Ah, 1.2 V). Sensor nodes may be equipped with
effective power scavenging techniques, such as solar
cells, because it is not easy to access or replace them
after deployment. For those that use battery, battery
lifetime is one of the critical factors to consider in
the network design.
(c) Storage: The use of wireless channels and the
reliability of sensor nodes lead to a new approach for
data storage and retrieval. The new approach is to
have data stored
locally within the sensors.
(d) Routing: The design of routing protocols in
WSNs is influenced by several challenging factors
that must be overcome in order to achieve efficient
communication. Routing in WSNs differs from the
one in conventional IP networks. Getting data from
all the thousands of sensors may result in the receipt
of irrelevant and redundant data from nodes. This is
definitely inefficient at the level of storage and
energy.
(e) Security: WSNs communicate important private
data and security is a crucial issue. We recall that
many WSNs are used for military or surveillance
purposes. One way to ensure data security is to use
encryption, but this is not practical for efficiency and
resource constraints.
It is difficult, if not impossible, to meet
these challenges in a single network. Most WSNs
are application specific and are designed to meet the
challenges for that specific application.
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents an overview of wireless
sensor networks. It is hoped that the reader would
have an appreciation of the applications for which
WSNs are intended.
The study of WSNs is
challenging because it requires an enormous breadth
of knowledge from a variety of disciplines including
signal processing, networking and protocols,
embedded systems, and distributed algorithms. The
field of WSN is gaining interest among researchers
and diverse groups such as environmental, public
safety, military, and medicine. The development and
applications of WSNs have made them to be hot
research topics. Sensor network technology will
have a significant impact on our lives in the 21 st
century.
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3. Sarhan M. Musa et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.101-103
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Figure 1 Components of a sensor node.
Figure 2
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Wireless sensor network with Internet access
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