Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient thyroid hormone production, leading to symptoms like depression, fatigue, and weight gain. It can arise from primary causes such as iodine deficiency and autoimmune diseases, or from secondary causes affecting the pituitary gland. Diagnosis typically involves measuring TSH and T-4 hormone levels, while treatment commonly includes daily administration of levothyroxine to restore hormone levels.

1. UNIVERSITY OF CHAKWAL

2. TOPIC: HYPOTHYROIDISM
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
PRESENTED BY: TAZEEM FATIMA
ROLL NO: 20M-UOC/ZOL-30
BS ZOOLOGY
SESSION:2020-2024
SUBJECT: ENDOCRINOLOGY
INSTRUCTOR NAME: DR. SYEDA NADIA
AHMED

3. ▪ INTRODUCTION
▪ SIGN AND
SYMPTOMS
▪ DISEASES
▪ DIAGNOSIS
▪ MANAGEMENT AND
TREATMENT

4. HYPOTHYROIDISM
• Hypothyroidism, a disabling
disorder caused by thyroid
hormone underproduction, has a
negative impact on quality of life.
• It manifests a wide range of
symptoms, the most prevalent of
which are depression, weariness,
weight gain, dry skin, and
bradycardia.(Heim et al., 2022)

5. CAUSES OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
• Hypothyroidism can be caused by either a main or secondary cause.
A major cause is a disease that affects the thyroid directly and causes
it to produce low quantities of thyroid hormones.
• A secondary cause is something that causes the pituitary gland to
malfunction, preventing it from sending thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH) to the thyroid to balance out the thyroid hormones.
• Hypothyroidism can also be caused by hypothalamic and pituitary
gland dysfunction.(Bereda, 2023)

6. PRIMARY CAUSES
Causes of primary(95% cases) include
• Iodine deficiency
• Enzyme defects
• Thyroid surgery
• Late-stage invasive fibrous thyroiditis
• Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (hashimoto's disease)
• Iodine deficiency, medication (such as lithium, interferon)
• Infiltrative diseases (e.g, Sarcoidosis, amyloidosis,
scleroderma, hemochromatosis). (Bereda,2023)

7. SECONDARY CAUSES
Some uncommon causes of secondary hypothyroidism(5% cases)
include
• Pituitary or hypothalamic neoplasms
• Congenital hypopituitarism
• Pituitary tumors, surgery
• External pituitary radiation
• Autoimmune processes
• TB, and pituitary necrosis (Sheehan's syndrome). (Bereda, 2023)

8. HYPOTHYROIDISM IN PREGNANCY

9. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
Dry skin and hair
Muscle ache
Fatigue
Weight gain
Cold sensitivity
Joint pain
Constipation
Depression
Memory problems
Irregular periods

10. DISEASES OF
HYPOTHYROIDISM
CRITINISM MYXEDEMA

11. CRITINISM
• Cretinism is a variant of congenital
hypothyroidism, an endocrine
condition caused by insufficient
thyroid hormone synthesis or a
lack of receptors in youngsters.
• Thyroid dysfunction is frequently
caused by genetic disorders.
• Thyroid secretion failure causes
growth retardation in all kinds
(physical, mental, and sexual) in
children. (Huang, 2023)

12. MYXEDEMA
• The phrase "myxedema coma" is
still used to describe severe,
decompensated, or uncontrolled
hypothyroidism.
• A Greek word used to describe the
"doughy" look of the skin.
• Myxedema is caused by a shortage
of thyroxine in adults.
• The main symptoms include
sluggishness, insomnia, a rise in
body weight, hypertension, and
edema.(William, C. 2023)

13. DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
• The first blood test used to diagnose hypothyroidism analyzes
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the blood.
• If it is elevated, the test is repeated, along with a blood test for the
thyroid hormone T-4.
• If the TSH level is high and the T-4 level is low, the diagnosis is
hypothyroidism.

14. MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT
• The thyroid hormone drug levothyroxine
(Levo-T, Synthroid, and others) is commonly
used every day to treat hypothyroidism.
• This medication is used orally.
• It restores hormone levels to normal, hence
removing hypothyroid symptoms(Ettleson,
2022)

15. REFERENCES
• Heim, M., Nixon, I. J., Emmerson, E., & Callanan, A. (2022). From
hormone replacement therapy to regenerative scaffolds: A review of
current and novel primary hypothyroidism therapeutics. Frontiers in
Endocrinology, 13, 997288.
• Bereda, G. (2023). Definition, Causes, Pathophysiology, and Management
of Hypothyroidism. Mathews Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 7(1), 1-
5.
• Huang, J., Wu, H., Zhao, G., Ma, Y., An, Y., Sun, L., ... & Wang, S. (2023).
A Case-Control Study of the Relationship Between Genetic Polymorphism
and Cretinism in Xinjiang. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized
Medicine, 785-794.
• Williams, C. (2023). A delayed diagnosis of myxedema
coma. Cureus, 15(1).
• Ettleson, M. D., & Papaleontiou, M. (2022). Evaluating health outcomes
in the treatment of hypothyroidism. Frontiers in endocrinology, 13,
1026262.