The document discusses cardiovascular and pulmonary monitoring devices. It describes the purpose of these monitors as showing electrical and pressure waveforms to measure and treat the cardiovascular system, and also measure respiratory parameters. It outlines different types of non-ambulatory and ambulatory monitors like Holter monitors, event recorders, mobile cardiac telemetry, and insertable cardiac monitors. The document also discusses defibrillators, cardioversion, electrode and lead placements, pulse oximetry, blood pressure measurement, respiratory rate measurement, and complications related to monitoring.

1. BY RAJEE RAVINDRAN

2. PURPOSE
A device that shows the electrical and pressure waveforms of the cardiovascular
system for measurement and treatment. Parameters specific to respiratory
function can also be measured.
DEFINITION
Continuous cardiovascular and pulmonary monitoring allows for prompt
identification and initiation of treatment.

3. TYPES OF MONITORS
Non Ambulatory Monitors
Ambulatory Monitors
1. Holter Monitor 2. Event Recorder 3. Mobile Cardiac Telemetry (MCT)

4. 4. Insertable Cardiac Monitor (ICM)/Implantable Loop Recorder

5. DESCRIPTION

7. DEFIBRILLATOR
Defibrillator is a device that delivers therapeutic
dose of electrical energy (electric shock) to the
affected heart (fibrillated heart or other shockable
rhythm) to force the heart to produce more normal
cardiac rhythm.

8. CARDIOVERSION
AND
DEFIBRILLATOR

9. CARDIOVERSION DEFIBRILLATOR
 Synchronised delivery of shock to
the QRS complex
 Less energy shock
 Used in Stable patient
 Indications: Unstable atrial
fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial
tachycardia and supraventricular
tachycardias
 Non- synchronised delivery of
shock randomly during the
cardiac cycle.
 Used in Unstable patient
 High energy shock
 Indications: VF,VT

11. TYPES OF DEFIBRILLATOR
1. MANUAL EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR
BIPHASICMONOPHASIC

12. 2. MANUAL INTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR

13. 3. AUTOMATIC EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR
Semi Automatic
AED
AED
Fully Automatic
AED

14. 4. IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR
ICD

15. 5. WEARABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR
LIFE
VEST

16. PREPARATION BEFORE PLACEMENT OF
CARDIAC MONITORING
• Site preparation
• Electrode placement
• Connection of cable to electrode patches
• Placement of blood pressure cuff
• Placement of Saturation Probe

17. ECG
• Three electrode
• Five electrode
• Ten electrode
WILLIAM EINTHOVEN
TYPES OF ELECTRODE PLACEMENT
TYPES OF LEADS
 Standard limb lead
 Augmented leads
 Precordial leads

18. ELECTRODE & LEAD

19. Standard leads form the points as
what is known as Einthoven’s
triangle

20. Precordial Leads

27. PULSE OXIMETRY
A pulse oximeter uses two frequencies of light (red and infrared) to determine
the percentage (%) of hemoglobin in the blood that is saturated with oxygen.

29. PaO2 Oxygen molecule
dissolved in plasma
SaO2 Oxygen bound to
haemoglobin
Each RBC contains approximately 270 million hemoglobin molecules
Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups

30. BLOOD PRESSURE
DR. NIKOLAI KOROTKOFF
Non Invasive BP
Invasive BP

32. Pain
 Pain
 Petchiae,ecchymoses
 Limb edema
 Venous stasis,
thrombophlebitis
 Peripheral neuropathy
 Hemorrahage, hematoma
 Arterial embolization
 Local infection
 Peripheral neuropathy
 Atriovenous fistula
COMPLICATIONS OF BP MONITORING
Non Invasive BP Invasive BP

33. RESPIRATORY RATE

34. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

35. EVALUATION

36. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Luckmann and Sorenson, Medical Surgical Nursing: A psychological approach, W, B Saunders Company, 1978
Cahill, Matthew. Providing Cardiovascular Care. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation, 1996.
Marriott, Henry J. L. Pearls and Pitfalls in Electrocardiography: Pithy, Practical Pointers 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins, 1998.
Milford, Cheryl, and Purvis, Gladys. Cardiovascular Care- In Nursing Procedures 3rd ed. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse
Corporation, 2000.
Black, M Joyce, Medical Surgical Nursing: Clinical management of positive outcomes, Vol I and II, 8th edition, Saunders
and Elsevier publications, 2009
Woods, Susan, and Sivarajan, Erika. Cardiac Nursing 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 2000.
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