Androgens are steroid hormones produced in adult female ovaries and male testis and in adrenal gland. It is essential for sexual development and reproduction.
The document summarizes the metabolism of androgens. It discusses how testosterone is produced in the testes from cholesterol through a series of reactions involving enzymes in Leydig cells. Testosterone can then be converted to the more potent dihydrotestosterone or estradiol in peripheral tissues. The production of testosterone is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Testosterone promotes male secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis during puberty. It can cause ambiguous genitalia and infertility if levels are deficient.
This document discusses the roles and functions of androgens and estrogens in the male and female body. It describes how androgens and estrogens contribute to sexual development and function, their clinical uses, and potential side effects of hormone therapy. The summary also outlines the menstrual cycle and the roles of various hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone in regulating the female reproductive cycle.
There are two types of glands - exocrine glands which secrete chemicals through ducts and endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones have different types and properties depending on their chemical structure, with steroid hormones being hydrophobic and able to influence gene expression. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to regulate hormone release, with the hypothalamus secreting tropic hormones and the pituitary gland secreting tropic and other hormones in response. Sexual development is determined by sex hormones like testosterone and their influence on internal and external genital development.
This document provides an overview of sex hormones, including androgens and estrogens. It discusses the main classes of sex hormones and where they are produced in the body. Testosterone is identified as the main androgen produced by the testes that promotes male sex characteristics and muscle building. Estradiol is identified as the primary estrogen produced by the ovaries that induces the estrous cycle in females. The document outlines the biological effects, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses and potential adverse effects of testosterone and other androgens.
The document discusses reproduction endocrinology, focusing on the role of gonads and hormones in sexual differentiation and the human menstrual cycle. It notes that in mammals, differences between males and females depend on the testes/ovaries and their hormones. In humans, the gonads differentiate in utero, and testes secretion masculinizes development, while their absence results in female development. The menstrual cycle involves cyclic growth and regression of follicles in the ovaries under hormonal control, potentially leading to ovulation and, if pregnancy does not occur, menstruation.
Sex reversal refers to the process by which an organism undergoes a change
in its sexual phenotype. Typically involving the transformation of primary
and/orsecondary sexual characteristics from one sex to another. This can
occur through genetic, hormonal, or environmental influences, leading to
the development of reproductive organs and features that are atypical
for the organism's genetic sex
Adrenocorticoids sex hormones & insulin.Lecturer notes-Dr.Jibachha SahDr. Jibachha Sah
Adrenocorticoids sex hormones & insulin is lecturer notes on pharmacology for B.V.Sc & A.H. sixth semester students of Nepal Polytechnic Institute,Chitwan,Nepal.This lecturer notes will beneficial other veterinary college students. I would like to comment and suggest from concerning specialist.Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com;mobile.00977-9845024121
Anabolic steroids mimic the effects of testosterone in the body. By taking supraphysiological doses, it disrupts the body's natural production of testosterone through a negative feedback loop. This can lead to infertility and other side effects by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The high levels of steroids also put stress on organs like the liver and can increase risks of certain cancers. The mood and behavioral changes are also side effects of the unnatural hormone fluctuations.
The document summarizes the metabolism of androgens. It discusses how testosterone is produced in the testes from cholesterol through a series of reactions involving enzymes in Leydig cells. Testosterone can then be converted to the more potent dihydrotestosterone or estradiol in peripheral tissues. The production of testosterone is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Testosterone promotes male secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis during puberty. It can cause ambiguous genitalia and infertility if levels are deficient.
This document discusses the roles and functions of androgens and estrogens in the male and female body. It describes how androgens and estrogens contribute to sexual development and function, their clinical uses, and potential side effects of hormone therapy. The summary also outlines the menstrual cycle and the roles of various hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone in regulating the female reproductive cycle.
There are two types of glands - exocrine glands which secrete chemicals through ducts and endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones have different types and properties depending on their chemical structure, with steroid hormones being hydrophobic and able to influence gene expression. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to regulate hormone release, with the hypothalamus secreting tropic hormones and the pituitary gland secreting tropic and other hormones in response. Sexual development is determined by sex hormones like testosterone and their influence on internal and external genital development.
This document provides an overview of sex hormones, including androgens and estrogens. It discusses the main classes of sex hormones and where they are produced in the body. Testosterone is identified as the main androgen produced by the testes that promotes male sex characteristics and muscle building. Estradiol is identified as the primary estrogen produced by the ovaries that induces the estrous cycle in females. The document outlines the biological effects, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses and potential adverse effects of testosterone and other androgens.
The document discusses reproduction endocrinology, focusing on the role of gonads and hormones in sexual differentiation and the human menstrual cycle. It notes that in mammals, differences between males and females depend on the testes/ovaries and their hormones. In humans, the gonads differentiate in utero, and testes secretion masculinizes development, while their absence results in female development. The menstrual cycle involves cyclic growth and regression of follicles in the ovaries under hormonal control, potentially leading to ovulation and, if pregnancy does not occur, menstruation.
Sex reversal refers to the process by which an organism undergoes a change
in its sexual phenotype. Typically involving the transformation of primary
and/orsecondary sexual characteristics from one sex to another. This can
occur through genetic, hormonal, or environmental influences, leading to
the development of reproductive organs and features that are atypical
for the organism's genetic sex
Adrenocorticoids sex hormones & insulin.Lecturer notes-Dr.Jibachha SahDr. Jibachha Sah
Adrenocorticoids sex hormones & insulin is lecturer notes on pharmacology for B.V.Sc & A.H. sixth semester students of Nepal Polytechnic Institute,Chitwan,Nepal.This lecturer notes will beneficial other veterinary college students. I would like to comment and suggest from concerning specialist.Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com;mobile.00977-9845024121
Anabolic steroids mimic the effects of testosterone in the body. By taking supraphysiological doses, it disrupts the body's natural production of testosterone through a negative feedback loop. This can lead to infertility and other side effects by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The high levels of steroids also put stress on organs like the liver and can increase risks of certain cancers. The mood and behavioral changes are also side effects of the unnatural hormone fluctuations.
this presentation is about adrenal gland steroidogenesis and it also includes pathways of testosterone synthesis and its enzymes and mecahnism of actions
The document summarizes endocrine functions of the testes. It discusses hormones secreted by the testes including testosterone and its role in male puberty and development. It describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis that regulates testosterone production and discusses conditions like hypogonadism that can result from dysfunction of this axis. Specifically, it contrasts primary and secondary hypogonadism and their causes like Klinefelter's syndrome or Kallman's syndrome.
Androgens like testosterone are responsible for male sexual characteristics. Testosterone is produced primarily in the testes and stimulates the development of male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics at puberty. It also has anabolic effects like promoting muscle and bone growth. Anti-androgens can inhibit androgen production or block their effects, and are used to treat conditions like prostate cancer and excess hair growth in women. Common side effects of androgens and anti-androgens include sexual dysfunction and breast changes.
Estrogen là gì? Nguyên nhân và biểu hiện suy giảm Estrogen | Venus GlobalVENUS
Hiện nay có rất nhiều người đặt ra câu hỏi Estrogen có trong thực phẩm nào và Phytrogen có nguy hiểm tới sức khỏe không? Để giải đáp những thắc mắc này hãy cùng chúng tôi tìm hiểu ngay sau đây!
Nguồn: Trích https://venusglobal.com.vn/estrogen-co-trong-thuc-pham-nao/
#estrogen_có_trong_thực_phẩm_nào
#bổ_sung_estrogen_tự_nhiên
#bổ_sung_estrogen_bằng_cách_nào
#cách_bổ_sung_estrogen
This document discusses the hormonal control of the male and female reproductive systems. It provides details on:
- The main hormones involved (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone) and their sites of production and mechanisms of action
- Clinical uses of hormones and hormone therapies, including contraception and hormone replacement therapies
- Potential side effects of hormone administration, such as masculinization, fluid retention, risk of blood clots, and impaired growth in children
The document discusses the endocrinology of sex hormones and their effects on the periodontium. It covers the main sex steroid hormones - androgens like testosterone, estrogens like estradiol, and progestins like progesterone. It describes their mechanisms of action, roles in various physiological conditions like puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause. Fluctuations in sex hormone levels during these conditions can impact the periodontal tissues by altering the subgingival microbiota and increasing vascular permeability and inflammation. The periodontium is identified as a target tissue for sex hormones.
This document discusses male reproductive endocrinology and related disorders. It covers the physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and testosterone production. It then discusses specific conditions like gynecomastia and male hypogonadism. For gynecomastia, it describes the pathophysiology and treatments. For hypogonadism, it defines it and discusses the etiologies, symptoms, and diagnosis of both primary and secondary hypogonadism.
Animal Hormones And Behavior (Zoology).pdfAbdullah Khan
The document discusses hormones and their effects on behavior. It defines hormones as chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and affect growth, metabolism, and other processes. There are two main classes of motivated behaviors - regulatory behaviors controlled by homeostasis and non-regulatory behaviors like sexual behavior that are not. Sex hormones have both organizational effects during development that shape the brain and activation effects in adulthood that influence behaviors like sexual motivation. Pheromones are similar to hormones but work outside the body to induce responses in other individuals.
The growth hormone is produced by somatotropes cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Its release is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone release inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth and influences metabolism. Deficiencies cause dwarfism while overproduction causes gigantism or acromegaly. The gonads produce sex hormones and germ cells. Androgens are produced in males and influence physiological functions and metabolism. Estrogens are predominantly ovarian hormones and influence the menstrual cycle and female development. Progesterone is required for pregnancy and influences the uterus and mammary glands.
The document discusses hyperandrogenism and virilization. It begins by defining androgens and their effects on male characteristics. It then discusses the relationships between hormones and the sources of androgens. Several conditions are covered that can cause hyperandrogenism and virilization including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Cushing's syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and androgen-secreting tumors. The signs, symptoms, causes, and pathophysiology of each condition are described. Laboratory tests and ultrasound are discussed for evaluating patients. Lastly, a case scenario is presented of a woman with irregular periods and potential diagnosis of PCOS is discussed.
Testosterone is the primary sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Testosterone is a sex hormone that plays important roles in the body. In men, it's thought to regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm. A small amount of circulating testosterone is converted to estradiol, a form of estrogen.
If a male has a low level of testosterone, the symptoms can include erectile dysfunction, and reduced bone mass and sex drive. The hormone has many important functions, including: the development of the bones and muscles. the deepening of the voice, hair growth, and other factors related to appearance.
Men with high testosterone can experience a variety of troubling symptoms and possible health consequences. Excess testosterone can lead to more aggressive and irritable behavior, more acne and oily skin, even worse sleep apnea (if you already have it), and an increase in muscle mass.
Puberty is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain that stimulate changes in the body. For girls, puberty typically begins between ages 10-11 and ends around 15-17, marked by breast development, pubic hair growth, and first menstruation around age 12. For boys it typically begins around 11-12 and ends around 16-17, marked by testicle and penis growth, pubic hair, and voice deepening. These changes are driven by rising levels of hormones like estrogen, testosterone, and LH/FSH from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads. Earlier puberty onset has been observed in recent decades potentially due to improved nutrition and environmental factors.
This document discusses sex hormones, including androgens (male sex hormones like testosterone), estrogens (female sex hormones), and progesterone (the corpus luteum hormone). It covers the classification, sources, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, and uses of these steroidal hormones. The hormones are produced in the gonads and act on secondary sex characteristics and reproductive functions through binding intracellular receptors and regulating gene expression.
Estrogens (also called Oestrogens) are steroid hormone that are important for development and functioning of females of the species. They are named so because they play an important role in the estrous cycle. Their name comes from estrus/oistros (period of fertility for female mammals) + gen/gonos = to generate.
Estrogen carries physiological messages to body organs and systems. These messages differ for each body organ and system. Estrogen sends messages to the uterus to grow and replace the lining that is shed during the previous menses.
This lecture discusses endocrine functions of the testes. It identifies hormones secreted by the testes including testosterone and DHT. It describes the mechanism of action of testicular androgens and their physiological effects relating to age and roles in male puberty. Finally, it correlates this knowledge to the pathogenesis of male hypogonadism.
Disorders of female reproductive system and menopause - A glimpse for physici...Chetan Ganteppanavar
The document discusses the female reproductive system. It summarizes that the female reproductive system regulates hormonal changes responsible for puberty and the menstrual cycle through dynamic interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. This results in repeated cycles of follicle development, ovulation, and preparation of the uterine lining for potential implantation. The document then goes on to describe the anatomy and blood supply of the external and internal female genital organs.
The document discusses the female reproductive system. It summarizes that the female reproductive system regulates hormonal changes responsible for puberty and reproduction through dynamic interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. This results in repetitive cycles of follicle development, ovulation, and preparation of the uterine lining for potential implantation. The document then goes on to describe the anatomy and blood supply of the external and internal female genital organs.
Estrogens are sex hormones responsible for female sexual development and regulation. The main types are estradiol, estrone, and estriol, which are produced in the ovaries, adrenal glands, and fat tissue. Estrogens act by binding to estrogen receptors and regulating gene expression. They are used for hormone replacement therapy and contraception. Selective estrogen receptor modulators like tamoxifen can have estrogen-like effects in some tissues but block estrogen in breast tissue. Aromatase inhibitors prevent estrogen production and are used to treat breast cancer.
This document provides an overview of testosterone, including its structure, secretion, effects, and mechanisms of action. Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone. It is secreted primarily by the testes in males and the ovaries in females. Testosterone promotes the development of male secondary sex characteristics, increases muscle and bone mass, and supports male sexual functions and spermatogenesis. It works primarily by binding to androgen receptors in cells or being aromatized into estradiol. Abnormalities in testosterone levels or signaling can result in various medical conditions.
Neuro-Endocrinal regulation of Menstrual cycleEneutron
The document discusses the neuroendocrine regulation of the menstrual cycle, which is a complex genetically determined system involving the genitals, central nervous system, and target organs. It describes the 5 levels of regulation, including the target organs, ovaries, hypophysis, hypothalamus, and extra-hypothalamic structures. The hormones involved and their effects on the female reproductive system and other organs are also outlined. The activation and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis at the start of puberty that leads to the initiation of menstrual cycles is briefly explained.
Spotted ratfish belongs to order chimera, class condricthyes. It is a marine water fish. Whole body is pigmented with white spots. and has long rat like tail. male anf females have distinct apperance. Males have claspers for transfer of sperms to the female body.
ACTH is a polypeptide tropic hormone.
Produced by the pituitary gland in the brain.
Composed of 39 Amino acid.
It has a molecular weight of 4540 Da.
Stimulate the adrenal glands to produce and release cortisol into the bloodstream.
this presentation is about adrenal gland steroidogenesis and it also includes pathways of testosterone synthesis and its enzymes and mecahnism of actions
The document summarizes endocrine functions of the testes. It discusses hormones secreted by the testes including testosterone and its role in male puberty and development. It describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis that regulates testosterone production and discusses conditions like hypogonadism that can result from dysfunction of this axis. Specifically, it contrasts primary and secondary hypogonadism and their causes like Klinefelter's syndrome or Kallman's syndrome.
Androgens like testosterone are responsible for male sexual characteristics. Testosterone is produced primarily in the testes and stimulates the development of male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics at puberty. It also has anabolic effects like promoting muscle and bone growth. Anti-androgens can inhibit androgen production or block their effects, and are used to treat conditions like prostate cancer and excess hair growth in women. Common side effects of androgens and anti-androgens include sexual dysfunction and breast changes.
Estrogen là gì? Nguyên nhân và biểu hiện suy giảm Estrogen | Venus GlobalVENUS
Hiện nay có rất nhiều người đặt ra câu hỏi Estrogen có trong thực phẩm nào và Phytrogen có nguy hiểm tới sức khỏe không? Để giải đáp những thắc mắc này hãy cùng chúng tôi tìm hiểu ngay sau đây!
Nguồn: Trích https://venusglobal.com.vn/estrogen-co-trong-thuc-pham-nao/
#estrogen_có_trong_thực_phẩm_nào
#bổ_sung_estrogen_tự_nhiên
#bổ_sung_estrogen_bằng_cách_nào
#cách_bổ_sung_estrogen
This document discusses the hormonal control of the male and female reproductive systems. It provides details on:
- The main hormones involved (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone) and their sites of production and mechanisms of action
- Clinical uses of hormones and hormone therapies, including contraception and hormone replacement therapies
- Potential side effects of hormone administration, such as masculinization, fluid retention, risk of blood clots, and impaired growth in children
The document discusses the endocrinology of sex hormones and their effects on the periodontium. It covers the main sex steroid hormones - androgens like testosterone, estrogens like estradiol, and progestins like progesterone. It describes their mechanisms of action, roles in various physiological conditions like puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause. Fluctuations in sex hormone levels during these conditions can impact the periodontal tissues by altering the subgingival microbiota and increasing vascular permeability and inflammation. The periodontium is identified as a target tissue for sex hormones.
This document discusses male reproductive endocrinology and related disorders. It covers the physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and testosterone production. It then discusses specific conditions like gynecomastia and male hypogonadism. For gynecomastia, it describes the pathophysiology and treatments. For hypogonadism, it defines it and discusses the etiologies, symptoms, and diagnosis of both primary and secondary hypogonadism.
Animal Hormones And Behavior (Zoology).pdfAbdullah Khan
The document discusses hormones and their effects on behavior. It defines hormones as chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and affect growth, metabolism, and other processes. There are two main classes of motivated behaviors - regulatory behaviors controlled by homeostasis and non-regulatory behaviors like sexual behavior that are not. Sex hormones have both organizational effects during development that shape the brain and activation effects in adulthood that influence behaviors like sexual motivation. Pheromones are similar to hormones but work outside the body to induce responses in other individuals.
The growth hormone is produced by somatotropes cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Its release is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone release inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth and influences metabolism. Deficiencies cause dwarfism while overproduction causes gigantism or acromegaly. The gonads produce sex hormones and germ cells. Androgens are produced in males and influence physiological functions and metabolism. Estrogens are predominantly ovarian hormones and influence the menstrual cycle and female development. Progesterone is required for pregnancy and influences the uterus and mammary glands.
The document discusses hyperandrogenism and virilization. It begins by defining androgens and their effects on male characteristics. It then discusses the relationships between hormones and the sources of androgens. Several conditions are covered that can cause hyperandrogenism and virilization including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Cushing's syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and androgen-secreting tumors. The signs, symptoms, causes, and pathophysiology of each condition are described. Laboratory tests and ultrasound are discussed for evaluating patients. Lastly, a case scenario is presented of a woman with irregular periods and potential diagnosis of PCOS is discussed.
Testosterone is the primary sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Testosterone is a sex hormone that plays important roles in the body. In men, it's thought to regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm. A small amount of circulating testosterone is converted to estradiol, a form of estrogen.
If a male has a low level of testosterone, the symptoms can include erectile dysfunction, and reduced bone mass and sex drive. The hormone has many important functions, including: the development of the bones and muscles. the deepening of the voice, hair growth, and other factors related to appearance.
Men with high testosterone can experience a variety of troubling symptoms and possible health consequences. Excess testosterone can lead to more aggressive and irritable behavior, more acne and oily skin, even worse sleep apnea (if you already have it), and an increase in muscle mass.
Puberty is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain that stimulate changes in the body. For girls, puberty typically begins between ages 10-11 and ends around 15-17, marked by breast development, pubic hair growth, and first menstruation around age 12. For boys it typically begins around 11-12 and ends around 16-17, marked by testicle and penis growth, pubic hair, and voice deepening. These changes are driven by rising levels of hormones like estrogen, testosterone, and LH/FSH from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads. Earlier puberty onset has been observed in recent decades potentially due to improved nutrition and environmental factors.
This document discusses sex hormones, including androgens (male sex hormones like testosterone), estrogens (female sex hormones), and progesterone (the corpus luteum hormone). It covers the classification, sources, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, and uses of these steroidal hormones. The hormones are produced in the gonads and act on secondary sex characteristics and reproductive functions through binding intracellular receptors and regulating gene expression.
Estrogens (also called Oestrogens) are steroid hormone that are important for development and functioning of females of the species. They are named so because they play an important role in the estrous cycle. Their name comes from estrus/oistros (period of fertility for female mammals) + gen/gonos = to generate.
Estrogen carries physiological messages to body organs and systems. These messages differ for each body organ and system. Estrogen sends messages to the uterus to grow and replace the lining that is shed during the previous menses.
This lecture discusses endocrine functions of the testes. It identifies hormones secreted by the testes including testosterone and DHT. It describes the mechanism of action of testicular androgens and their physiological effects relating to age and roles in male puberty. Finally, it correlates this knowledge to the pathogenesis of male hypogonadism.
Disorders of female reproductive system and menopause - A glimpse for physici...Chetan Ganteppanavar
The document discusses the female reproductive system. It summarizes that the female reproductive system regulates hormonal changes responsible for puberty and the menstrual cycle through dynamic interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. This results in repeated cycles of follicle development, ovulation, and preparation of the uterine lining for potential implantation. The document then goes on to describe the anatomy and blood supply of the external and internal female genital organs.
The document discusses the female reproductive system. It summarizes that the female reproductive system regulates hormonal changes responsible for puberty and reproduction through dynamic interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. This results in repetitive cycles of follicle development, ovulation, and preparation of the uterine lining for potential implantation. The document then goes on to describe the anatomy and blood supply of the external and internal female genital organs.
Estrogens are sex hormones responsible for female sexual development and regulation. The main types are estradiol, estrone, and estriol, which are produced in the ovaries, adrenal glands, and fat tissue. Estrogens act by binding to estrogen receptors and regulating gene expression. They are used for hormone replacement therapy and contraception. Selective estrogen receptor modulators like tamoxifen can have estrogen-like effects in some tissues but block estrogen in breast tissue. Aromatase inhibitors prevent estrogen production and are used to treat breast cancer.
This document provides an overview of testosterone, including its structure, secretion, effects, and mechanisms of action. Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone. It is secreted primarily by the testes in males and the ovaries in females. Testosterone promotes the development of male secondary sex characteristics, increases muscle and bone mass, and supports male sexual functions and spermatogenesis. It works primarily by binding to androgen receptors in cells or being aromatized into estradiol. Abnormalities in testosterone levels or signaling can result in various medical conditions.
Neuro-Endocrinal regulation of Menstrual cycleEneutron
The document discusses the neuroendocrine regulation of the menstrual cycle, which is a complex genetically determined system involving the genitals, central nervous system, and target organs. It describes the 5 levels of regulation, including the target organs, ovaries, hypophysis, hypothalamus, and extra-hypothalamic structures. The hormones involved and their effects on the female reproductive system and other organs are also outlined. The activation and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis at the start of puberty that leads to the initiation of menstrual cycles is briefly explained.
Similar to Androgenic Hormones Disturbances.pdf (20)
Spotted ratfish belongs to order chimera, class condricthyes. It is a marine water fish. Whole body is pigmented with white spots. and has long rat like tail. male anf females have distinct apperance. Males have claspers for transfer of sperms to the female body.
ACTH is a polypeptide tropic hormone.
Produced by the pituitary gland in the brain.
Composed of 39 Amino acid.
It has a molecular weight of 4540 Da.
Stimulate the adrenal glands to produce and release cortisol into the bloodstream.
The cardiac hormone known as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which is generated by ventricular myocytes, is crucial for controlling blood pressure and fluid volume.
While serum BNP levels rise with age in healthy individuals, more research is necessary to fully understand this response and potential sex differences in the setting of drug-induced cardiac damage.
HYPER AND HYPO-ESTROGEN ACTIVITY DRIVEN-PATHOLOGIES ppt.pdfsaleeemmalik259
Estrogens are a group of hormones
that play an important role in the
normal sexual and reproductive
development in women.
They are also sex hormones.
The woman's ovaries make most
estrogen hormones, although the
adrenal gland and fat cells also
make small amounts of the
hormones.
Parathyroid gland response to low
serum calcium level by releasing
PTH.
❖PTH has direct action on bone and
kidney.
❖At a bone PTH inhibit osteoblas
activity and stimulates osteoclast
activity leading to bone breakdown
and calcium Release.
Hypothyroidism, a disabling
disorder caused by thyroid
hormone underproduction, has a
negative impact on quality of life.
• It manifests a wide range of
symptoms, the most prevalent of
which are depression, weariness,
weight gain, dry skin, and
bradycardia.
Hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune disorder.
It has a global prevalance of 0.2%-1.3%.
Also known as overactive thyroid.
Hyperactivity of thyroid gland with sustained increase in
synthesis and release of thyroid hormones.
It makes the thyroid bigger than usual.
LH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein
• One alpha and one beta subunit make
the full functional protein
• During the reproductive years, typical
levels of LH are between 1-20 IU/L
By binding to a new nuclear-associated receptor, opioid
growth factor (OGF), also known by its chemical name
[Met5]-enkephalin, promotes cellular homeostasis.
Serum OGF levels are high in diabetic individuals.
In the animal model, opioid receptor antagonists like
naltrexone (NTX) alleviate many of the consequences of
diabetes
26.Role of hormones during gender selection.pdfsaleeemmalik259
‘Male-typical development results from prenatal or neonatal exposure to testicular hormones,
whereas female-typical development happens in the absence of testicular hormones, according
to the classical model of hormonal influences on mammalian sexual differentiation.’
Endocrinology is the study of
hormones and their effects on
the body, focusing on the
endocrine systems and its role
in regulating various
physiological processes. Endocrinology has great potential for the welfare of human beings and it will open doors to the field of new researches.
Adrenal medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland which are present on the top of the kidneys. Adrenal medulla has rich supply of bloo and it secretes many important hormones epinephrine and nor epinephrine which helps to withstand in emergency situation. Removal of adrenal medulla in the rat model show the death of the rat because of incapibility to with hold emergency situation such as cold, stress etc.
Aldosterone hormone is a mineralocorticoid produced in zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex that influences the water and salt balance in the body of organism.
HRT stands for Hormone replacement therapy supplementing women with hormones that are most lost during menopausal transition. It help to relieve symptoms with menopause.
Hunger sensing peptide hormone released from body to maintain body weight. Level of leptin has direct relation with body fat synthesized. Leptin is produced by WAT, BAT, Placenta and stomach.
Renin is not completely referred to as hormone, it has a role as a enzyme it hydrolyze angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1. Mature renin having 340 amino acids and has a mass of 37KD.
Amylin is a poorly understood glucoregulatory hormone that has considerable potential to target metabolic illness. It is released by beta cells of pancreas.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
4. ❖ Introduction
Androgens are steroid hormones.
Produced in the adult female ovaries and male testes, and in
adrenal glands.
Essential for sexual development and reproduction.
Also modulate other organs including bone, muscle, adipose
tissue, skin, hair , the brain, and the cardiovascular system,
thereby effecting growth, body shape and human behavior
(Elzenaty, 2022).
5. ❖ Discovery
Term “androgen” is derived from the Greek words “andros”
(meaning, man) and “gen” (meaning, to generate).
Concept of androgens, male sex hormones, dates back to the 18th
century when scientists began to understand their role in male
sexual development.
Androgens were first discovered in 1936.
Later, it is explained, they are also the original anabolic steroids
and the precursor of all estrogens, the female sex hormones.
6. ❖ Types of Androgens
Testosterone: the predominant androgen in all genders
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S)
Androstenedione
7. ❖ Concentration of Androgens in Males and
Females
Conc. in Males:
In male adults, testosterone is the most abundant androgen produced in testes
that is present in circulation.
Total testosterone concentrations are about 10-30 nmol/L at age 30 years in
men and decline at an average rate of 1-2% per year with aging.
Testosterone can be converted to the most potent endogenous androgen,
dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
DHT has about 5-10-fold greater affinity for androgen receptor compared to
testosterone (Elzenaty, 2022).
8. Conc. in Females:
In a 30 year old woman, the most abundant androgens in circulation are
dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHES-S; 1.2-10 nmol/L),
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; 0.1-23 nmol/L) and androstenedione
(0.5-7.9 nmol/L).
These all are considered weak androgens according to their low affinity
towards the androgen receptor.
However, these weak androgens can be metabolised to more potent
androgens (such as testosterone or dihydrotestosterone) in peripheral
tissue through multiple pathways (Elzenaty, 2022).
9. Conc. in Menstruating Females:
In menstruating women, circulating androgens originate in part from
the adrenal cortex ( mainly DHEA and DHEA-S) and more so from the
ovaries (androstenedione).
Total plasma testosterone levels of a 30 year old woman are about 10 to
15 fold lower than in a same –aged male (0.4-2.1 nmol/L).
After menopause, when ovarian steroidogenesis has ceased, circulating
androstenedione levels are cut in half and total testosterone levels
decrease by about 25% (Elzenaty, 2022).
10. ❖ Importance of Androgens in both Males and Females
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone which is responsible for the development of
male reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics such as facial and body hair,
deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass. It is also crucial for maintaining bone
density and muscle mass in both males and females.
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is derived from testosterone and is vital for the development
of male external genitalia. In females, it is involved in maintaining the health of hair
follicles and sebaceous glands.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is produced in larger quantities in females and serves
as a precursor to both testosterone and estrogen. It helps in maintaining hormonal balance in
both males and females.
Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) acts as a reservoir for DHEA and plays a
crucial role in various bodily functions, including immune response, in both males and
females. It is also essential for normal ovulation and plays a crucial role in initiating and
regulating puberty in females.
Androstenedione, a precursor to both testosterone and estrogen, has implications for
reproductive and bone health, and also helps in maintaining hormonal balance in the body,
in both males and females.
11. ❖ Production of Androgens
Production of androgens in adult gonads is controlled by the hypothalamus
pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis, which involves the gonadotropin releasing
hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular stimulating
hormone (FSH), and comprises of balanced feed-forward and feed-back loops.
This system is sex specific and characterized by the testis or ovary as target
organs.
Within the testis, leydig cells produce and secrete testosterone abundantly. By
contrast n the ovary, theca cells produce androstenedione, that is mostly
transferred to granulosa cells as precursor for the production of estrogens,
while only small amounts are secreted into circulation (Elzenaty, 2022).
13. Fig. 2: Androgen Secreting and Expressing Tissues
https://images.app.goo.gl/v7f5417eJnK9cvfr5
14. ❖ Role of Androgens
All Genders Males Females
Other body chemicals convert
androgen into estradiol, a
form of “estrogen”. This
hormone:
▪Bone density ▪Deep voice (vocal cord
lengthening)
▪Regulates mensturation
▪Muscle development ▪Hair growth on face, scalp,
chest, underarms, and genitals
▪Aids conception and
pregnancy
▪puberty ▪Sperm development ▪Minimizes bone loss
(osteoporosis)
▪Red blood cells production ▪Stimulates pubic and
underarms hair growth
▪Sexual desire and function
15. ❖ Androgenic Hormones Disturbances
Males and females need androgens and its action to develop normally and
stay healthy, but the dosage of androgens is highly sex specific.
Both androgen deficiency and excess may lead to endocrine disorders that
may manifest with a phenotype of disorders of sex development at birth,
disturb pubertal development, and sexual functioning and fertility.
Both lack and excess of androgen action may also manifest at any time of
life with adverse effects on other organ systems including overall
metabolism, the cardiovascular system, muscles, bones, brain and
psychological system (Elzenaty, 2022).
16. ➢ Manifestations of genetic disorders of gonadal and
adrenal steroidogenesis:
During fetal development, the liver and the placenta play major roles in this
network.
The fetal liver, functions to metabolise and inactivate androgens, and while the
placenta is not considered an androgen producing organ, it does express all the
necessary steroidogenic enzymes to convert maternal progesterone to androgens,
including those that can biosynthesise testosterone.
Notably, placental aromatase would convert androstenedione and testosterone to
estrogens, while other androgens might not be biotransformed to estrogen
derivatives in vivo (Elzenaty, 2022).
17. As the development of the typical female and male external genitalia relies largely
on the absence or presence of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, any disturbance
in androgen production may result in apparent virilization of a female fetus or
under-masculinization of a male fetus.
After birth and minipuberty, gonadal steroidogenesis is quiescent until puberty,
when activation of the hypothalamus pituitary gonadal axis commands to resume
sex steroid production for normal sexual maturation, fertility and reproduction.
Also, in postnatal/adult life, steroids secreted by the adrenals and gonads are
converted to active and inactive metabolites by peripheral organs, and this complex
peripheral steroid metabolism may then be responsible for the formation of unusual
steroids through alternate pathways in genetic disorders of steroidogenesis
(Elzenaty, 2022).
18. ➢ Specific Monogenetic Defects of Androgen Biosynthesis:
Pathogenic variants in all genes involved in human androgen biosynthesis and
metabolism may cause androgen deficiency or excess.
Genetic defects affecting early steps of steroid biosynthesis and cortisol
production in particular are known as congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
According to the current disorders of sex development classification, these
disorders may be grouped in defects causing;
1. Male disorders of sex development CAH
2. Female disorders of sex development CAH
3. Disorders of sex development CAH in both chromosomal sexes (Elzenaty, 2022).
19. First group Second Group Third Group
Male disorders of sex development CAH Female disorders of sex development CAH Disorders of sex development CAH in both
chromosomalsexes
Mutations in the genes i.e. StAR,
CYP11A1, CYP17A1
Mutations in the genes i.e. CYP21A2 and
CYP11B1,
These genes are necessary for
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoid
synthesis, in adrenal cortex.
Genetic mutations in 3b-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase type II (HSD3B2) and
cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR)
Lack of androgens Excess of androgen
Individuals are not able to synthesize
cortisol and androgens.
It causes the lack of cortisol, that elevates
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and
thus increased adrenal androgen
production.
Manifest with cortisol deficiency
Affected chromosomalmale fetuses are
born with typical female external genitalia
and raised
Affected girls show variable degrees of
external genital virilization at birth
Variable severity of disorders of sex
development at birth in both chromosomal
sexes depending on the specific variants
Affected boys have no disorders of sex
development phenotype but still suffer from
neonatal onset adrenal insufficiency with
severe variants.
20. ➢ Genetic Defects of Androgen Action- Androgen
Insensitivity Syndromes
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare, inherited, sexual
development disorder. People with AIS are genetically male, but don’t
develop male external genitals because their bodies can’t respond to male
sex hormones. AIS can cause problems during puberty, as well as infertility.
Complete or partial androgen insensitivity syndromes (CAIS/PAIS) are
caused by genetic mutations affecting androgen receptors function. In these
syndromes of male phenotypic under-masculinization, androgen
concentrations are typically elevated (Elzenaty, 2022).
21. AIS Type I
AIS incidence is reported internationally in 1 in
20,400 live born male infants, with CAIS
occurring at a higher rate than PAIS.
AR mutations have been described in individuals
with AIS, classified as AIS type I.
In CAIS, severe hemizygous androgen receptor
mutations cause the loss of androgen receptor
signaling
▪ Affected male individuals show male typical inner
genital organs and undescended gonads with the
prostate, vas deferens and seminal vesicles missing.
External genitalia are typical female with a vaginal
pouch.
▪ Female carriers are phenotypically normal.
In male PAIS, the phenotypic variability in under-
masculinization is large and depends on the
residual activity of the androgen receptor.
▪ In the mildest form of PAIS, gynecomastia and
male infertility may be the only clinical signs.
AIS Type II
By contrast, individuals with AIS without
AR mutations are classified as AIS type II.
In these individuals largely unidentified
regulators or cofactors of the androgen
receptor (AR) are responsible for the
impaired AR signaling as revealed by an
AR-dependent bioassay using genital skin
fibroblasts and the targeted APOD as a
biomarker.
As AR activity can be regulated at various
levels, the possible mechanisms of AIS
type II are manifold. Thus far, altered DNA
methylation of the AR promoter has been
found in some individuals with PAIS.
22. ❖ Acquired Disorders of Androgen Excess
and Deficiency
Hyperandrogenism
It is a condition in which the
body produces too much
androgen. It is most common
in women of reproductive age,
but it can also occur in men
and children.
Hypoandrogenism
It is a condition in which the
body produces too little
androgen. It is most common
in men, but it can also occur in
women and children.
23. ➢ Androgen Excess in Males:
Symptoms Effects Treatment Common Disorder
▪ Increased Body
Hair
▪ Acne
▪ Muscle Mass
▪ Baldness
▪ Reduced
Testicular Size
▪An altered physical
appearance.
▪Potential
psychological effects.
▪LifestyleChanges:
managing weight,
improving diet, and
exercising can help.
▪Surgery: In cases of
tumors, surgical
removal may be
necessary.
▪ProstateCancer:
Prostate cancer
growth and
development critically
dependent on
androgens and
androgen receptor
signaling.
24. ➢ Androgen Excess in Females:
Symptoms Effects Treatment Common Disorder
▪Irregular Menstrual
Periods
▪Hirsutism
▪Acne
▪Male-Pattern Baldness
▪Weight Gain
▪Infertility
▪Emotional distress.
▪Infertility.
▪Metabolic issues like
insulin resistance
▪Medications:
Hormonal medications,
such as birth control
pills or anti-androgen
▪Lifestyle Changes
▪Surgery: In cases of
tumors, surgical
removal may be
necessary.
▪Management: For
conditions like PCOS,
managing insulin
resistance is key.
Polycystic ovary
syndrome (PCOS):
characterized by
hyperandrogenism,
menstrual disturbances
and polycystic ovaries.
25. ➢Androgen Deficiency in Males:
Causes Symptoms Effects Treatment
▪Fatigue
▪Decreased libido
▪Erectile dysfunction
▪Muscle loss
▪Decreased bone
density
▪Mood changes, such
as irritability and
depression
▪Decreased facial and
body hair growth
▪Testicular problems,
such as injury,
infection, or genetic
factors.
▪Age-related: As men
age, their natural
testosterone levels may
decline, leading to
symptoms of androgen
deficiency.
▪Decreased muscle
mass and strength
▪Weaker bones
(osteoporosis)
▪Lower sperm count
and fertility
▪Changes in body
composition, such as
increased fat mass
▪Decreased quality of
life
▪Testosterone
replacement therapy
(TRT) with gels,
injections, or patches
can raise testosterone
levels.
▪Lifestyle changes like
regular exercise, a
balanced diet, and
weight management
may also help.
26. ➢Androgen Deficiency in Females:
Causes Symptoms Effects Treatment
▪Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome (PCOS)
▪Premature Ovarian
Insufficiency
▪Irregular or absent
menstrual periods
▪Excess facial and body
hair (hirsutism)
▪Acne
▪Male-pattern baldness
▪Decreased libido
▪Mood changes
▪Infertility
▪PCOS can lead to
insulin resistance and
an increased risk of
type 2 diabetes.
▪Emotional distress due
to hirsutism and other
visible symptoms.
▪Management of PCOS
may involve birth
control pills, anti-
androgen medications,
or insulin- sensitizing
drugs.
▪Hormone replacement
therapy may be used for
premature ovarian
insufficiency.
27. ❖ Recent Approaches
Recently, androgen receptor (AR) expression and signaling is widely investigated in
hormone-dependent cancers such as prostate and breast. The incidence and mortality of
these cancers are, however, somewhat related to gender and, specifically, are higher in men
than in women (Sabbatino, 2023).
Among men, androgens are associated with a decrease in Alzheimer's disease risk.
Research increasingly suggests that changes in estrogen levels during aging may increase
risk for Alzheimer disease, the most common type of dementia. Among women,
genetically determined effects of sex hormones were limited or null. Among men, a higher
concentration of androgens decreased Alzheimer disease risk (Kusters, 2023).
According to the findings, male patients with COVID-19 infection are at an increased
risk for severe complications than females. This study reveals the role of androgen
receptor in COVID-19 infection (Mjaess, 2020)and (Lott, 2023).
28. ❖ Future Direction
As hormone replacement therapy is treatment for
various hormonal imbalances (excess or deficiency), so,
future researches are concerned about the wide spread
acceptance of the hormone replacement therapy and
development of safe regimes which minimize unwanted
side effects (Vigneswara & Hamoda, 2022).
29. ❖ References
Elzenaty, R. N., Du Toit, T., & Flück, C. E. (2022). Basics of androgen synthesis and action. Best Practice &
Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 36(4),101-665.
Kusters, C. D., Paul, K. C., Romero, T., Sinsheimer, J. S., & Ritz, B. R. (2023). Among men, androgens are
associated with a decrease in Alzheimer's disease risk. Alzheimer's & Dementia.
Lott, N., Gebhard, C. E., Bengs, S., Haider, A., Kuster, G. M., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., & Gebhard, C. (2023). Sex
hormones in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility: key players or confounders?. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 19(4),
217-231.
Mjaess, G., Karam, A., Aoun, F., Albisinni, S., & Roumeguère, T. (2020). COVID-19 and the male
susceptibility: the role ofACE2, TMPRSS2 and the androgen receptor. Progrès en urologie, 30(10), 484-487.
Sabbatino, E., Tutino, V., Licitra, F., Di Donato, M., Castoria, G., Migliaccio, A., & Giovannelli, P. (2023).
Role of the Androgen Receptor in Gender-Related Cancers. Endocrines,4(2), 407-426.
Vigneswaran, K., & Hamoda, H. (2022). Hormone replacement therapy–Current recommendations. Best
practice & research Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology,81, 8-21.