Hypothyroidism
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This document discusses different types of hypothyroidism including cretinism, adult hypothyroidism, and myxoedema. Cretinism is fetal or infantile hypothyroidism which can be endemic or sporadic and causes symptoms like a hoarse cry and umbilical hernia. Adult hypothyroidism causes symptoms like bradycardia, cold extremities, dry skin/hair, puffy eyes, hoarse voice, slowed movements, and delayed ankle jerks. Myxoedema is a severe form of hypothyroidism that requires treatment with oral thyroxine, triiodothyronine, or intravenous thyroxine along with corticosteroids and antibiotics.
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Hypothyroidism
This document discusses hypothyroidism and myxedema coma. It begins with an introduction defining hypothyroidism and its causes. Myxedema coma is described as a metabolic crisis characterized by uncorrected hypothyroidism and precipitating stressors causing mental status changes, hypothermia, and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and lab tests. Treatment involves supportive care and thyroid hormone replacement, with myxedema coma being a medical emergency. Special populations like pregnant and elderly patients require careful management.
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder where the thyroid gland produces insufficient hormones. It affects 1.8% of the population and is more prevalent in females and the elderly. The most common cause is Hashimoto's thyroiditis which results in lymphocytic infiltration and thyroid damage. Symptoms of hypothyroidism are non-specific but include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, and low heart rate. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine to normalize thyroid levels. Special care is needed in pregnancy, myxedema coma, and avoiding overtreatment.
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism can be primary, meaning it is caused by a problem in the thyroid gland itself, or secondary, caused by a lack of TSH from the pituitary gland. Primary causes include congenital defects, iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and surgery or radiation treatment of the thyroid. Secondary hypothyroidism is caused by problems of the pituitary gland or peripheral resistance to thyroid hormone. Diagnosis is made through blood tests showing low T3 and T4 and high TSH for primary hypothyroidism. Treatment is lifelong thyroid hormone replacement, usually levothyroxine. Dosage depends on age, severity, and other factors.
Diseases of thyroid gland
The document discusses the thyroid gland and hypothyroidism. It provides details on the anatomy, histology, synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. It also describes the clinical features of hypothyroidism including constitutional symptoms like cold intolerance and fatigue. Laboratory tests for investigating thyroid function and disorders are outlined, including measurement of thyroid hormones and thyroid antibodies. Physical examination findings for the thyroid gland are also reviewed.
Hypothyroidism
A complete presentation on hypothroidism endocrine disorder based on latest editon of harrison and reference books. this presentation will help to learn about this second most common endocrine disorder.
HYPOTHYROIDISM.& MYXEDEMA CRISIS
1) A 38-year-old lady presented with generalized weakness, joint pain, cold intolerance, and occasional vomiting. Laboratory tests showed mild anemia and elevated uric acid and CPK levels.
2) A 65-year-old woman was found confused by police and unable to answer questions. On examination, she had hypothermia, bradycardia, and low blood pressure.
3) Both patients likely have hypothyroidism, with the second presenting with myxedema crisis, a life-threatening complication of severe, untreated hypothyroidism precipitated by an illness or event.
Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis is a general term that refers to “inflammation of the thyroid gland”. Thyroiditis includes a group of individual disorders causing thyroidal inflammation but presenting in different ways. For example, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States.
Graves’ disease (An autoimmune Disease)
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroxine. Some common symptoms include anxiety, eye irritation, increased sweating, and weight loss. The disease is triggered by antibodies that stimulate thyroid cells to overproduce hormones. Treatments include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine, or surgery to destroy the thyroid gland, followed by thyroid hormone replacement medication. Eye problems related to Graves' disease may also require additional treatments.
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Hypothyroidism
This document discusses hypothyroidism and myxedema coma. It begins with an introduction defining hypothyroidism and its causes. Myxedema coma is described as a metabolic crisis characterized by uncorrected hypothyroidism and precipitating stressors causing mental status changes, hypothermia, and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and lab tests. Treatment involves supportive care and thyroid hormone replacement, with myxedema coma being a medical emergency. Special populations like pregnant and elderly patients require careful management.
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder where the thyroid gland produces insufficient hormones. It affects 1.8% of the population and is more prevalent in females and the elderly. The most common cause is Hashimoto's thyroiditis which results in lymphocytic infiltration and thyroid damage. Symptoms of hypothyroidism are non-specific but include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, and low heart rate. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine to normalize thyroid levels. Special care is needed in pregnancy, myxedema coma, and avoiding overtreatment.
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism can be primary, meaning it is caused by a problem in the thyroid gland itself, or secondary, caused by a lack of TSH from the pituitary gland. Primary causes include congenital defects, iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and surgery or radiation treatment of the thyroid. Secondary hypothyroidism is caused by problems of the pituitary gland or peripheral resistance to thyroid hormone. Diagnosis is made through blood tests showing low T3 and T4 and high TSH for primary hypothyroidism. Treatment is lifelong thyroid hormone replacement, usually levothyroxine. Dosage depends on age, severity, and other factors.
Diseases of thyroid gland
The document discusses the thyroid gland and hypothyroidism. It provides details on the anatomy, histology, synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. It also describes the clinical features of hypothyroidism including constitutional symptoms like cold intolerance and fatigue. Laboratory tests for investigating thyroid function and disorders are outlined, including measurement of thyroid hormones and thyroid antibodies. Physical examination findings for the thyroid gland are also reviewed.
Hypothyroidism
A complete presentation on hypothroidism endocrine disorder based on latest editon of harrison and reference books. this presentation will help to learn about this second most common endocrine disorder.
HYPOTHYROIDISM.& MYXEDEMA CRISIS
1) A 38-year-old lady presented with generalized weakness, joint pain, cold intolerance, and occasional vomiting. Laboratory tests showed mild anemia and elevated uric acid and CPK levels.
2) A 65-year-old woman was found confused by police and unable to answer questions. On examination, she had hypothermia, bradycardia, and low blood pressure.
3) Both patients likely have hypothyroidism, with the second presenting with myxedema crisis, a life-threatening complication of severe, untreated hypothyroidism precipitated by an illness or event.
Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis is a general term that refers to “inflammation of the thyroid gland”. Thyroiditis includes a group of individual disorders causing thyroidal inflammation but presenting in different ways. For example, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States.
Graves’ disease (An autoimmune Disease)
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroxine. Some common symptoms include anxiety, eye irritation, increased sweating, and weight loss. The disease is triggered by antibodies that stimulate thyroid cells to overproduce hormones. Treatments include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine, or surgery to destroy the thyroid gland, followed by thyroid hormone replacement medication. Eye problems related to Graves' disease may also require additional treatments.
Thyroid Disorders
The document discusses thyroid disorders and summarizes the key processes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation. It describes the causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, and treatment approaches for hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The main causes of hyperthyroidism are Graves' disease, toxic adenomas/nodules, and subacute thyroiditis. Hypothyroidism is most commonly caused by autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or occurs after thyroid surgery or radiation treatment.
Hypopituitarism
1) Hypopituitarism occurs when the pituitary gland loses its ability to produce hormones, resulting in deficiencies of growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, FSH, LH, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone.
2) It can be congenital due to genetic mutations or perinatal injuries, or acquired from brain damage, tumors, infections, or other causes that damage the pituitary gland.
3) Symptoms depend on which hormones are deficient but may include growth failure, hypoglycemia, delayed puberty, electrolyte imbalances, and diabetes insipidus. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy and monitoring hormone levels.
Thyroid disorders
The document provides information on thyroid disorders including:
- The thyroid gland regulates metabolism by producing thyroid hormones. Common disorders include hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), goiter (enlarged thyroid), and thyroid nodules.
- Hyperthyroidism causes an overactive thyroid and symptoms of rapid heartbeat. Common causes include Graves' disease and toxic nodules. Hypothyroidism is an underactive thyroid with symptoms like fatigue. Hashimoto's disease and thyroid removal commonly cause it.
- Goiter is an enlarged thyroid often due to iodine deficiency or inflammation. Thyroid nodules are abnormal growths that may be cancerous
Graves disease in children and adolscent
- The 15-year-old patient was diagnosed with Graves' disease at age 9 and was treated with medication which has now been weaned off.
- Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in pediatric patients, accounting for 10-15% of thyroid disorders in those under 18.
- It results from antibodies that bind to receptors on the thyroid, causing enlarged thyroid and excessive hormone production. Symptoms include goiter, tachycardia, weight loss, and occasionally eye involvement.
Hypothyroidism
This document provides an overview of hypothyroidism, including its definition, effects on different organ systems, types, causes, investigations, and treatment. Some key points are:
- Hypothyroidism is a deficiency in thyroid hormone secretion, occurring in 2-15% of the population more commonly in women. Risk increases with age.
- It affects the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, central nervous, neuromuscular, gastrointestinal, and hematological systems, causing decreased metabolism.
- Types include primary, central, and congenital hypothyroidism. Causes include iodine deficiency, autoimmune disease, surgery, radiation, and certain drugs.
- Investigations include thyroid function tests and antibodies
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Thyroid final
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
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This document discusses hypothyroidism, including its physiology, assessment, causes, features, and management. It covers various types of hypothyroidism such as congenital hypothyroidism, acquired hypothyroidism, goiter, and iodine deficiency disorders. The assessment of thyroid function involves measuring TSH, T3, and T4 levels. Hypothyroidism can be primary, secondary, or peripheral. It discusses the etiology, clinical features, evaluation, and treatment of these conditions. Congenital hypothyroidism requires early diagnosis and treatment to prevent intellectual disabilities.
Disorder of Hypothalamus
This document provides information about the hypothalamus including its location, functions, imaging, diseases, and effects of dysfunction. Key points include:
- The hypothalamus is a small region at the base of the brain that controls homeostasis and regulates functions like fluid balance, temperature, hunger, and circadian rhythms.
- MRI is commonly used to image the hypothalamus. Conditions like craniopharyngioma, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and strokes can cause hypothalamic diseases or lesions.
- Dysfunction of the hypothalamus can result in endocrine disorders, autonomic dysregulation, temperature dysregulation, and disturbances in appetite/weight control. Prec
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism, also known as thyrotoxicosis, results from elevated thyroid hormones in the blood and causes hypermetabolism. Graves' disease is the most common cause, an autoimmune disorder where thyroid receptor antibodies stimulate excess thyroid hormone production. Women are more frequently affected than men. Laboratory tests show suppressed TSH and increased thyroid hormone levels. Graves' disease in pregnancy can cause fetal and neonatal hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism if not properly managed.
Parathyroid disorders
This document discusses disorders of the parathyroid gland including hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism. It describes various causes of hypoparathyroidism including genetic disorders, autoimmune disorders, surgical complications, and functional immaturity in infants. Symptoms include low calcium levels, muscle cramps, and seizures. Treatment involves calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Causes of hyperparathyroidism are also outlined such as tumors and genetic disorders. Symptoms include high calcium levels and bone abnormalities. Treatment is surgical removal of the overactive parathyroid gland.
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The document discusses thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs. It describes the thyroid gland and its hormones including thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin. It discusses hypothyroidism which is a deficiency of thyroid hormones, and hyperthyroidism which is an excess of thyroid hormones. Common causes and treatments of hypothyroidism include Hashimoto's disease treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Graves' disease is an autoimmune cause of hyperthyroidism treated with antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, or surgery.
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This document discusses hypothyroidism, including its causes, signs and symptoms, and clinical manifestations. It begins by listing various causes of primary and secondary hypothyroidism such as autoimmune disorders, iatrogenic causes, congenital disorders, and infiltrative disorders. It then describes the common signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism which affect the skin, eyes, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, neurological and neuromuscular systems, and other body systems. The document also discusses laboratory abnormalities seen in hypothyroidism and compares features of primary and secondary hypothyroidism.
Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).
GREEK :- THYREOS – SHIELD ; EIDOS – FORM
1.LOCATION:- Anterior to trachea in between the cricoid cartilage and the suprasternal notch.
2.SHAPE:- It has 2 lobes connected with an isthmus, each lobe in turn has two poles.
3.Weighs around 10-20 gm, highly vascular and soft in consistency.
4. 4 Parathyroid glands which secrete PTH are located posterior to each pole of thyroid
The RLN traverse the lateral border of thyroid gland and must be identified during thyroid surgery to avoid injury and vocal cord paralysis.
Develops from the floor of primitive pharynx during the 3rd week of gestation.
Fetal cells in which developmental transcription factors TTF-1,TTF-2 & PAX-8 are expressed selectively form the thyroid gland ,secondly they result in induction of thyroid specific genes
Tg,TPO,NIS,TSH-R.
Mutations-THYROID AGENESIS & DYSHORMONOGENESIS(CONG. HYPOTHYROIDISM).
The developing gland migrates along the thyroglossal duct to reach its final location in the neck.
LINGUAL THYROID AND THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST.
Thyroid hormone synthesis begins at about 11 weeks of gestation.
Until 11 week of gestation and even later, it is the maternal thyroid hormones which cross the placenta to reach the fetus and aid its development.
Therefore a child born to a hypothyroid mother would suffer from features of congenital hypothyroidism.
Secondly if the mother has TSH-R blocking antibodies or has received anti thyroid therapy during pregnancy, might lead to transient congenital hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism
This document summarizes hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in the elderly. It discusses laboratory tests for thyroid function like TSH, T4, and T3. It describes signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism like fatigue, weight gain, and constipation. Physical exam findings in hypothyroidism include bradycardia, puffy features, and dry skin. Myxedema coma is a life-threatening complication of untreated hypothyroidism. Symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, palpitations, and tremors. Physical exam may reveal lid lag, goiter, and tachycardia. Thyroid storm is a medical emergency caused by excessive thyroid hormone levels
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Thyroid gland disorders
This document discusses various thyroid disorders including goiter, cretinism, myxedema, Hashimoto's disease, Graves' disease, and thyroid nodules. It provides information on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. Goiter is commonly caused by iodine deficiency and can lead to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Cretinism causes physical and mental stunting and is treated with thyroid supplements. Myxedema is caused by diminished thyroid hormone production and causes edema of the skin. Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune condition where the thyroid is gradually destroyed, while Graves' disease leads to thyroid overactivity from abnormal antibodies. Thyroid nodules can
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Disorders of the parathyroid glands
The document discusses disorders of the parathyroid glands. It describes how parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood by stimulating bone resorption and calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. PTH also stimulates vitamin D production, which increases calcium absorption in the intestines. Disorders discussed include hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. Treatment involves managing calcium levels, identifying and removing tumors, and replacing hormones.
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a hypometabolic state caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormones. It can be primary, secondary, or tertiary in nature. Primary hypothyroidism is usually due to autoimmune thyroiditis or iatrogenic causes like radiation or surgery. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, and constipation. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine to restore euthyroidism. Monitoring includes clinical evaluation and measurement of TSH and free T4 levels.
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The document discusses thyroid disorders and summarizes the key processes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation. It describes the causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, and treatment approaches for hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The main causes of hyperthyroidism are Graves' disease, toxic adenomas/nodules, and subacute thyroiditis. Hypothyroidism is most commonly caused by autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or occurs after thyroid surgery or radiation treatment.
Hypopituitarism
1) Hypopituitarism occurs when the pituitary gland loses its ability to produce hormones, resulting in deficiencies of growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, FSH, LH, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone.
2) It can be congenital due to genetic mutations or perinatal injuries, or acquired from brain damage, tumors, infections, or other causes that damage the pituitary gland.
3) Symptoms depend on which hormones are deficient but may include growth failure, hypoglycemia, delayed puberty, electrolyte imbalances, and diabetes insipidus. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy and monitoring hormone levels.
Thyroid disorders
The document provides information on thyroid disorders including:
- The thyroid gland regulates metabolism by producing thyroid hormones. Common disorders include hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), goiter (enlarged thyroid), and thyroid nodules.
- Hyperthyroidism causes an overactive thyroid and symptoms of rapid heartbeat. Common causes include Graves' disease and toxic nodules. Hypothyroidism is an underactive thyroid with symptoms like fatigue. Hashimoto's disease and thyroid removal commonly cause it.
- Goiter is an enlarged thyroid often due to iodine deficiency or inflammation. Thyroid nodules are abnormal growths that may be cancerous
Graves disease in children and adolscent
- The 15-year-old patient was diagnosed with Graves' disease at age 9 and was treated with medication which has now been weaned off.
- Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in pediatric patients, accounting for 10-15% of thyroid disorders in those under 18.
- It results from antibodies that bind to receptors on the thyroid, causing enlarged thyroid and excessive hormone production. Symptoms include goiter, tachycardia, weight loss, and occasionally eye involvement.
Hypothyroidism
This document provides an overview of hypothyroidism, including its definition, effects on different organ systems, types, causes, investigations, and treatment. Some key points are:
- Hypothyroidism is a deficiency in thyroid hormone secretion, occurring in 2-15% of the population more commonly in women. Risk increases with age.
- It affects the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, central nervous, neuromuscular, gastrointestinal, and hematological systems, causing decreased metabolism.
- Types include primary, central, and congenital hypothyroidism. Causes include iodine deficiency, autoimmune disease, surgery, radiation, and certain drugs.
- Investigations include thyroid function tests and antibodies
13 eval of giddiness
This document provides an overview of evaluating patients presenting with dizziness or vertigo. It discusses classifying vertigo based on duration, whether it is central or peripheral in origin, and non-vestibular causes. A thorough history and physical exam including neurologic and vestibular testing is outlined. Key diagnostic tests like Dix-Hallpike, caloric testing, and VEMP are described. Common causes of vertigo like BPPV, vestibular neuronitis, and Meniere's disease are highlighted based on presenting symptoms, exam findings, and test results.
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Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
Hypothyroidism by aina
This document discusses hypothyroidism, including its physiology, assessment, causes, features, and management. It covers various types of hypothyroidism such as congenital hypothyroidism, acquired hypothyroidism, goiter, and iodine deficiency disorders. The assessment of thyroid function involves measuring TSH, T3, and T4 levels. Hypothyroidism can be primary, secondary, or peripheral. It discusses the etiology, clinical features, evaluation, and treatment of these conditions. Congenital hypothyroidism requires early diagnosis and treatment to prevent intellectual disabilities.
Disorder of Hypothalamus
This document provides information about the hypothalamus including its location, functions, imaging, diseases, and effects of dysfunction. Key points include:
- The hypothalamus is a small region at the base of the brain that controls homeostasis and regulates functions like fluid balance, temperature, hunger, and circadian rhythms.
- MRI is commonly used to image the hypothalamus. Conditions like craniopharyngioma, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and strokes can cause hypothalamic diseases or lesions.
- Dysfunction of the hypothalamus can result in endocrine disorders, autonomic dysregulation, temperature dysregulation, and disturbances in appetite/weight control. Prec
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism, also known as thyrotoxicosis, results from elevated thyroid hormones in the blood and causes hypermetabolism. Graves' disease is the most common cause, an autoimmune disorder where thyroid receptor antibodies stimulate excess thyroid hormone production. Women are more frequently affected than men. Laboratory tests show suppressed TSH and increased thyroid hormone levels. Graves' disease in pregnancy can cause fetal and neonatal hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism if not properly managed.
Parathyroid disorders
This document discusses disorders of the parathyroid gland including hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism. It describes various causes of hypoparathyroidism including genetic disorders, autoimmune disorders, surgical complications, and functional immaturity in infants. Symptoms include low calcium levels, muscle cramps, and seizures. Treatment involves calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Causes of hyperparathyroidism are also outlined such as tumors and genetic disorders. Symptoms include high calcium levels and bone abnormalities. Treatment is surgical removal of the overactive parathyroid gland.
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The document discusses thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs. It describes the thyroid gland and its hormones including thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin. It discusses hypothyroidism which is a deficiency of thyroid hormones, and hyperthyroidism which is an excess of thyroid hormones. Common causes and treatments of hypothyroidism include Hashimoto's disease treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Graves' disease is an autoimmune cause of hyperthyroidism treated with antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, or surgery.
Hypothyroidism hypothyroidism-hypothyroidism-is-a-clinical2911
This document discusses hypothyroidism, including its causes, signs and symptoms, and clinical manifestations. It begins by listing various causes of primary and secondary hypothyroidism such as autoimmune disorders, iatrogenic causes, congenital disorders, and infiltrative disorders. It then describes the common signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism which affect the skin, eyes, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, neurological and neuromuscular systems, and other body systems. The document also discusses laboratory abnormalities seen in hypothyroidism and compares features of primary and secondary hypothyroidism.
Thyroid and its pathology (Hypothyroidism).
GREEK :- THYREOS – SHIELD ; EIDOS – FORM
1.LOCATION:- Anterior to trachea in between the cricoid cartilage and the suprasternal notch.
2.SHAPE:- It has 2 lobes connected with an isthmus, each lobe in turn has two poles.
3.Weighs around 10-20 gm, highly vascular and soft in consistency.
4. 4 Parathyroid glands which secrete PTH are located posterior to each pole of thyroid
The RLN traverse the lateral border of thyroid gland and must be identified during thyroid surgery to avoid injury and vocal cord paralysis.
Develops from the floor of primitive pharynx during the 3rd week of gestation.
Fetal cells in which developmental transcription factors TTF-1,TTF-2 & PAX-8 are expressed selectively form the thyroid gland ,secondly they result in induction of thyroid specific genes
Tg,TPO,NIS,TSH-R.
Mutations-THYROID AGENESIS & DYSHORMONOGENESIS(CONG. HYPOTHYROIDISM).
The developing gland migrates along the thyroglossal duct to reach its final location in the neck.
LINGUAL THYROID AND THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST.
Thyroid hormone synthesis begins at about 11 weeks of gestation.
Until 11 week of gestation and even later, it is the maternal thyroid hormones which cross the placenta to reach the fetus and aid its development.
Therefore a child born to a hypothyroid mother would suffer from features of congenital hypothyroidism.
Secondly if the mother has TSH-R blocking antibodies or has received anti thyroid therapy during pregnancy, might lead to transient congenital hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism
This document summarizes hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in the elderly. It discusses laboratory tests for thyroid function like TSH, T4, and T3. It describes signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism like fatigue, weight gain, and constipation. Physical exam findings in hypothyroidism include bradycardia, puffy features, and dry skin. Myxedema coma is a life-threatening complication of untreated hypothyroidism. Symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, palpitations, and tremors. Physical exam may reveal lid lag, goiter, and tachycardia. Thyroid storm is a medical emergency caused by excessive thyroid hormone levels
Chapter 42-endocrine-and-thyroid-disorder-i
TRUE. Acute hypercalcemic crisis is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment and close monitoring to prevent complications like cardiac arrhythmias, renal failure, and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Thyroid gland disorders
This document discusses various thyroid disorders including goiter, cretinism, myxedema, Hashimoto's disease, Graves' disease, and thyroid nodules. It provides information on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. Goiter is commonly caused by iodine deficiency and can lead to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Cretinism causes physical and mental stunting and is treated with thyroid supplements. Myxedema is caused by diminished thyroid hormone production and causes edema of the skin. Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune condition where the thyroid is gradually destroyed, while Graves' disease leads to thyroid overactivity from abnormal antibodies. Thyroid nodules can
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Addison's disease, also known as adrenocortical insufficiency, is a hormonal disorder caused by destruction or dysfunction of the adrenal glands, resulting in insufficient production of cortisol and often aldosterone. It can be primary, meaning the adrenal glands are directly damaged, or secondary, when the pituitary gland or hypothalamus fails to stimulate the adrenals. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and hyperpigmentation. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low cortisol and high ACTH. Treatment is lifelong corticosteroid and mineralocorticoid hormone replacement therapy. Left untreated, it can cause an Addisonian crisis with shock.
Disorders of the parathyroid glands
The document discusses disorders of the parathyroid glands. It describes how parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood by stimulating bone resorption and calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. PTH also stimulates vitamin D production, which increases calcium absorption in the intestines. Disorders discussed include hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. Treatment involves managing calcium levels, identifying and removing tumors, and replacing hormones.
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a hypometabolic state caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormones. It can be primary, secondary, or tertiary in nature. Primary hypothyroidism is usually due to autoimmune thyroiditis or iatrogenic causes like radiation or surgery. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, and constipation. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine to restore euthyroidism. Monitoring includes clinical evaluation and measurement of TSH and free T4 levels.
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Myxoedema coma is a life-threatening manifestation of severe, untreated hypothyroidism. It occurs when the body's compensatory mechanisms for coping with low thyroid hormone levels are overwhelmed, such as by infection, drugs, or other illness. Left untreated, it can affect multiple organ systems as the adaptations that help maintain homeostasis start to fail. Symptoms include deterioration of mental status, reduced brain function, hypothermia, slowed metabolism and reflexes, bradycardia, edema, and respiratory issues. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are needed to avoid permanent brain damage or death.
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Myxedema & hypothyroid
This document presents a case of a 47-year-old male who presented with symptoms of falls, leg edema and pain, fatigue, headaches, shortness of breath, and weight gain. Laboratory tests found very high TSH levels consistent with severe hypothyroidism. The patient was diagnosed with myxedema coma, a life-threatening complication of longstanding, untreated hypothyroidism. Treatment for myxedema coma involves intensive care admission, parenteral thyroxine replacement, electrolyte management, and avoiding sedation to prevent further deterioration.
Addison’s Disease
- Addison's disease is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones like cortisol. It requires lifelong treatment with hydrocortisone and sometimes fludrocortisone.
- The document discusses diagnostic testing for Addison's disease including the short synacthen test, causes of the condition, and monitoring and treatment options. It also presents results from synacthen tests at the author's hospital over the past few years.
- Based on the results, a baseline cortisol level greater than 350 nmol/L reliably ruled out adrenal insufficiency in patients, suggesting it could be a useful screening test for primary care physicians.
Endocrine disorders ppt
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and pituitary gland. It discusses that the endocrine system and nervous system control body systems through hormone secretion. It describes the different types of hormones and how they are regulated. It focuses on disorders of the pituitary gland including hypopituitarism, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, gigantism, Sheehan's syndrome, and pituitary tumors. It also discusses diabetes insipidus and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone. Nursing diagnoses and management are mentioned for various endocrine disorders.
Disorders of adrenal gland
1. The document discusses disorders of the adrenal gland including anatomy, histology, functions, and various disorders affecting the adrenal cortex and medulla.
2. Key disorders covered include Cushing's syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism, adrenocortical carcinoma, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal insufficiency, pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma.
3. Diagnosis and treatment approaches are summarized for each disorder, including the role of surgery, particularly laparoscopic adrenalectomy.
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Addison's disease is a rare condition caused by insufficient production of hormones by the adrenal glands. It results in a decrease in glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Symptoms include chronic fatigue, weight loss, and hyperpigmentation. While current treatment replaces the missing hormones, research aims to regenerate damaged adrenal cortex cells through stem cell stimulation in order to cure the disease.
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Peripheral Neuropathy an overview; description of clinical manifestations of a wide array of peripheral neuropathies.
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this presentation contains the detailed radiological invesstigations and treatment of Cushing's syndrome.
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Peripheral neuropathy
The document discusses various types of peripheral neuropathy, including definitions, mechanisms of damage, classification based on examination findings, associated laboratory and diagnostic testing, and treatment approaches. Peripheral neuropathy can be caused by numerous systemic diseases and conditions and presents with a variety of symptoms depending on the affected nerve fibers and distribution of the neuropathy. A thorough evaluation is required to determine the underlying cause and guide management strategies.
Cushing's syndrome
Cushing's syndrome is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of the hormone cortisol and results from tumors in the pituitary gland or adrenal glands overproducing cortisol. Symptoms include upper body obesity, high blood pressure, fragile bones, and depression. Treatments depend on the underlying cause but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or drugs to inhibit cortisol production such as Korlym. Cushing's syndrome is rare, affecting about 10-15 people per million.
Cushing’s powerpoint
This is my PowerPoint that was presented at pioneer Pacific College. It took alot of work with my failing memory but I did It! I want to get the word out about Cushing's and my journey with this awful disease. The first picture is me now.
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The document discusses the pituitary gland (hypophysis), which regulates other endocrine glands. It is located below the hypothalamus and has an anterior lobe that secretes hormones like growth hormone. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary through releasing and inhibitory hormones. The pituitary's hormones target various tissues and have roles like stimulating growth, milk production, and controlling metabolism. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy, histology, development, and functions of the pituitary gland and its relationship to the hypothalamus.
Adrenal Disorders.ppt
Adrenal disorders involve deficiencies or excesses of hormones produced by the adrenal glands. Primary adrenal insufficiency, such as Addison's disease, results from damage to the adrenal cortex and insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and low blood pressure. Treatment involves replacing the deficient hormones through medications. Yoga practices like breathing exercises, stretches, and meditation can help manage stress and symptoms.
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This document provides an overview of Cushing's syndrome, including definitions, clinical features, etiology, diagnostic approach, and treatment. It discusses the different types of Cushing's syndrome such as Cushing's disease, adrenal adenoma, ectopic ACTH syndrome, and discusses conditions like Cushing's syndrome in more detail. The diagnostic approach section outlines establishing the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome through tests like the 24-hour urinary free cortisol and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, and determining if it is ACTH-dependent or independent.
Disorders of pituitary gland
The document discusses several disorders of the pituitary gland including gigantism, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, dwarfism, acromicria, Simmond's disease, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, diabetes insipidus, and dystrophia adiposogenitalis. It describes the causes, signs and symptoms, and characteristics of each disorder. The disorders result from hyperactivity or hypoactivity of the pituitary gland and can be caused by tumors, injuries, or genetic factors that impact hormone production and regulation.
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This document discusses endocrine disorders and their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [1] Endocrine disorders can be caused by issues with the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, or hormone-producing glands and can result from congenital defects, infections, autoimmunity, tumors or unknown causes. [2] Too much or too little hormone production can occur due to failures in the feedback systems that control hormone levels or dysfunction of the endocrine glands themselves. [3] The document focuses on disorders of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism), adrenal gland (Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome) and their clinical presentations and management.
Endocrine system diseases
The document provides an overview of several endocrine system diseases. It discusses pituitary gland diseases like acromegaly which results in GH hypersecretion in adulthood causing disfiguring bone and tissue overgrowth. It also discusses thyroid diseases including Graves' disease, a common cause of hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism. The document also summarizes parathyroid diseases, adrenal diseases like Cushing's syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and diabetic emergencies.
Hyperthyroidism &Hypothyroidism.pdf
The document discusses thyroid diseases including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It covers the thyroid gland functions and hormones, causes and symptoms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and treatments.
For hypothyroidism, it describes the causes such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and iodine deficiency. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, and dry skin. Diagnosis is made through blood tests showing low thyroid hormones and high TSH. Treatment is levothyroxine replacement.
For hyperthyroidism, it discusses conditions like Graves' disease. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, goiter, and eye changes. Symptoms include
Understanding Hypothyroidism in Adults: Pathogenesis, Etiology, Clinical Feat...
Understanding Hypothyroidism in Adults: Pathogenesis, Etiology, Clinical Feat...ESIC medical college Bihta
Title: Understanding Hypothyroidism in Adults: Pathogenesis, Etiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Myxedema
Introduction:
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder characterized by decreased thyroid hormone production, leading to various systemic manifestations. Myxedema represents severe hypothyroidism with distinctive clinical features and requires prompt diagnosis and management.
Pathogenesis:
Hypothyroidism typically arises from primary thyroid gland dysfunction, autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) being the most common cause worldwide. Other etiologies include iatrogenic causes (e.g., thyroidectomy, radioiodine therapy), iodine deficiency, congenital defects, and certain medications.Hypothyroidism
This document discusses hypothyroidism by defining it as an underproduction of thyroid hormones T4 and T3, listing its primary causes such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and drugs like amiodarone, describing its clinical manifestations like fatigue, dry skin, and weight gain, noting its laboratory findings including elevated TSH and low FT4, and explaining that autoimmune hypothyroidism is associated with thyroiditis and elevated anti-TPO antibodies.
Thyroid disorders
thyroid gland and its disorders must be treated with appropriate drugs by understanding its symptoms...
2 endocrinology contd
The document summarizes key topics in endocrinology, including disorders of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. It discusses hypothyroidism and its causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment with levothyroxine replacement. It also covers thyrotoxicosis, hyperparathyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and disorders of the adrenal cortex that can cause hormone deficiencies or excesses. The quiz at the end reviews topics like Cushing's syndrome and autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells in type 1 diabetes.
Presentation (1)-2.pptx
This document presents a case study of a 34-year-old woman with hypothyroidism. Her symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision, vertigo, cold intolerance, menorrhagia, and constipation. On examination, she appears thin, pale, and has delayed reflexes. Laboratory tests show elevated TSH and low T3 and T4, confirming hypothyroidism. Ultrasound reveals an enlarged liver and thyroid nodule. The document then discusses hypothyroidism, its causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management, including the use of levothyroxine treatment and monitoring of TSH levels. It also covers special populations like pregnant women, the elderly, and cases of myxedema
Hypothyroidism Mohit
Hypothyroidism is an underactive thyroid gland that results in reduced thyroid hormone levels in the blood. It is a clinical syndrome that can be caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis, radioactive iodine treatment, medications, thyroid surgery, or pituitary/hypothalamus disorders. Symptoms include fatigue, dry skin, constipation, depression, muscle weakness, and increased risk of heart problems. Diagnosis involves testing TSH and T4 hormone levels in blood tests and sometimes ultrasound. Treatment is through thyroid hormone supplementation using levothyroxine medication.
Medical management of Thyroid disease
This document discusses various thyroid disorders including thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, thyroid disease complicating pregnancy, and medical emergencies related to thyroid disease. Key points include: 5% of the world population suffers from thyroid disease; congenital hypothyroidism is one of the most common causes of preventable mental retardation worldwide; thyrotoxicosis is defined as excess thyroid hormone levels and its main causes are Graves' disease and multinodular goiter; hypothyroidism is commonly caused by iodine deficiency or Hashimoto's thyroiditis; and medical emergencies related to thyroid disease include thyrotoxic crisis characterized by high fever and hypothyroidism coma which has a high mortality
Endocrine lecture +spring+2012+student+copy
This document discusses various endocrine problems involving the pituitary gland and thyroid. It summarizes pituitary control of growth hormone and describes symptoms of growth hormone excess such as enlarged hands, feet, and tongue. It also discusses diagnostic studies and treatment for growth hormone excess. Transient diabetes insipidus and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone are described as potential postoperative complications. Diabetes insipidus, its causes and goals of treatment are summarized. Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid storm, thyroiditis, thyroid cancer, and thyroidectomy are briefly described. Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, hyperparathyroidism, and pheochromocytoma are also mentioned.
Management of Thyroid Disorders
This document provides an overview of thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, thyroiditis, toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular goiter, thyrotoxicosis factitia, struma ovarii, hydatidiform mole, TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma, nontoxic goiter, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. It discusses the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of these conditions. In particular, it provides detailed information on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, testing, and treatment approaches for hypothyroidism, Graves' disease, and toxic adenoma.
Hypo and Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland doesn't make enough thyroid hormone. This condition also is called underactive thyroid. Hypothyroidism may not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages
16 - Hypo and Hyperthyroidism.ppt
The document discusses thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiter, and thyroid nodules. It provides historical context on the evaluation and treatment of thyroid disease dating back to ancient times and outlines key advances in surgical techniques. Current understanding and management of thyroid disorders is also reviewed including causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Hypo and Hyperthyroidism.ppt
Thyroid disease is a general term for a medical condition that keeps your thyroid from making the right amount of hormones. Your thyroid typically makes hormones that keep your body functioning normally.
Thyroid emergencies
Thyroid storm and myxedema coma are life-threatening emergencies caused by excess or deficiency of thyroid hormones respectively. Thyroid storm results from excessive thyroid hormones and causes hypermetabolism affecting multiple systems. Myxedema coma occurs in severe long-standing hypothyroidism when precipitated by an event and causes physiological decompensation. Both require rapid diagnosis and aggressive treatment in an ICU setting to prevent high mortality rates. Treatment involves supportive care, thyroid hormone replacement, glucocorticoids, and correcting underlying conditions.
Thyroid disorders
This document discusses thyroid disorders, including the anatomy and histology of the thyroid gland, how the thyroid axis is regulated, classifications of hypothyroidism, clinical features, individual causes such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, diagnosis, and treatment. It provides detailed information on the thyroid gland, hypothyroidism, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
hypothyroidism.pptx
Hypothyroidism is a clinical syndrome resulting from a deficiency of thyroid hormones, which causes a generalized slowing of metabolic processes. It can occur in newborns (cretinism), adolescents (short stature, mental retardation), and adults (largely reversible symptoms after therapy). Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a common cause of hypothyroidism due to chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Symptoms vary depending on the severity and speed of thyroid hormone deficiency development and include fatigue, dry skin, constipation, weight gain, depression, and joint pain. Treatment involves lifelong levothyroxine replacement therapy to normalize thyroid hormone levels.
4-pituitary and thyroid ;lk;kdisorders.ppt
The pituitary gland is a small structure located at the base of the brain that secretes hormones controlling other endocrine glands. Hypopituitarism occurs when the pituitary gland fails to secrete sufficient hormones, causing weight loss, hair loss, and hypometabolism if hormones are not replaced. Pituitary tumors can cause gigantism, acromegaly, or Cushing's syndrome depending on location and are assessed using imaging and hormone level tests. Surgical removal of the pituitary treats tumors but requires lifelong hormone replacement.
Treatment hypothyroid
Hypothyroidism affects up to 0.5% of the US population and is most commonly caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Treatment focuses on thyroid hormone replacement therapy using levothyroxine. Replacement should begin at a low dose, especially in the elderly and those with cardiac risks, and the dose should be gradually increased while monitoring laboratory values. Annual monitoring of thyroid-stimulating hormone levels is usually unnecessary once a stable replacement dose is found, except possibly in older patients. Some patients may benefit from adding a low dose of triiodothyronine to levothyroxine therapy.
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Hypothyroidism
- 2. Terms Adult hypothyroidism Myxoedema Cretinism
- 3. Cretinism Fetal or infantile hypothyroidism Endemic and sporadic Sporadic –agenesis ,dyshormonogenesis Hoarse cry , macroglossia , umbilical hernia Immediate diagnosis and treatment
- 4. Adult type • bradycardia • cold extremities • dry skin and hair • periorbital puffiness • hoarse voice • bradykinesis, slow movements • delayed relaxation phase of ankle jerks. The symptoms are: • tiredness • mental lethargy • cold intolerance • weight gain • constipation • menstrual disturbance • carpal tunnel syndrome.
- 5. Myxoedema
- 6. Classification of hypothyroidism Autoimmune thyroiditis (chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis 1) Non-goitrous: primary myxoedema 2) Goitrous: Hashimoto’s disease
- 7. Classification Iatrogenic After thyroidectomy After radioiodine therapy Drug induced (antithyroid drugs,para- aminosalicylic acid and iodides in excess)
- 8. Classification Dyshormonogenesis Goitrogens Secondary to pituitary or hypothalamic disease Thyroid agenesis Endemic cretinism- Often goitrous and due to iodine deficiency
- 9. Dyshormonogenesis Deficient enzymes Autosomal recessive Young patients , thyromegaly , euthyroid state Pendred syndrome – TPO deficiency goitre , sensorineural deafness , abnormal bony labyrinth
- 10. Investigations and management TFT- low T3 , T4 and high TSH High titres of TPO antibodies Oral thyroxine (0.1 to 0.2 mg/day) or triiodothyronine (20mcg tds) Myxoedema – bolus 500mg of T4 or 10 mcg of T3 oral or IV 4-6 hourly Corticosteroids and broad spectrum antibiotics