Hypothyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone to meet the body’s needs. Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormone than the body needs.

1. Safad R. Isam
Msn,CollegeoNursing,UniversityofBaghdad

2. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland
located in the front of the neck below the larynx,
or voice box. The thyroid gland makes thyroid
hormones, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and
calcitonin, which circulate in the bloodstream

6. 1-physical assessment.
2-blood tests
*TSH test
*T4 test
*T3 test
*TSI (Thyroid-stimulating Immunoglobulin) test
*Anti-thyroid antibody test
3-Radiologic test
(
radioactive iodine uptake
)
*RAIU
*Thyroid Scan

7. What is hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the
thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid
hormone to meet the body’s needs. Thyroid
hormone regulates metabolism—the way the
body uses energy—and affects nearly every
organ in the body. Without enough thyroid
hormone, many of the body’s functions slow down

8. Hypothyroidism has several causes, including
 Hashimoto’s disease (homework)
 thyroiditis, or inflammation of the thyroid
 congenital hypothyroidism
 surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid
 radiation treatment of the thyroid
 some medications, as in amiodarone.
*Less commonly, hypothyroidism is caused by too much or too
little iodine in the diet or by abnormalities of the pituitary gland.

9.  have had a thyroid problem before, such as a goiter
 have had surgery to correct a thyroid problem
 have received radiation to the thyroid, neck, or chest
 have a family history of thyroid disease
 have other autoimmune diseases
 have Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects
females
 are older than age 60
have been pregnant
.

10.  fatigue
 weight gain
 a puffy face
 cold intolerance
 joint and muscle pain
 constipation
 dry skin
 dry, thinning hair
 decreased sweating
 heavy or irregular menstrual periods and impaired fertility
 depression
 slowed heart rate
However, hypothyroidism develops slowly, so many people don’t notice
symptoms of the disease.

13. Cause
Test
TSH T3/T4 Antithyroid Antibody
Hashimoto-s (thyroiditis) disease ↑ ↓ or N +
Hashimoto-s (thyroiditis)
disease (later stage)
↑ ↓ +
Pituitary abnormality ↓ ↓ -

14. Health care providers treat hypothyroidism with
synthetic thyroxine, a medication that is
identical to the hormone T4. The exact dose will
depend on the patient’s age and weight, the
severity of the hypothyroidism, the presence of
other health
problems

15. Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that occurs when
the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormone
than the body needs. Hyperthyroidism is
sometimes called thyrotoxicosis, the technical
term for too much thyroid hormone in the blood.

17. Hyperthyroidism has several causes, including
 Graves’ disease
 thyroid nodules
 thyroiditis, or inflammation of the thyroid
 consuming too much iodine
 overmedicating with synthetic thyroid hormone

18.  have had a thyroid problem before, such as goiter or
thyroid surgery
 have pernicious anemia; type 1 diabetes; or primary
adrenal insufficiency, a hormonal disorder
 have a family history of thyroid disease
 eat large amounts of food containing iodine, such as
kelp, or use iodine-containing medications such as
amiodarone, a heart medication
 are older than 60 years
. have been pregnant
* Women are five to 10 times more likely than men.

19. You may have no symptoms at all. Or:
 irritability
 fatigue
 heat intolerance
 trouble sleeping
 hand tremors
 rapid and irregular heartbeat
 frequent bowel movements or diarrhea
 weight loss
 mood swings
 goiter, which is an enlarged thyroid that may cause the neck to look swollen and
can interfere with normal breathing and swallowing
. Exophthalmos (eye bulging)
*, hyperthyroidism can lead to heart problems, bone problems, and a dangerous
condition called thyroid storm

22. Symptoms
Symptoms are severe and may include:
 Agitation
 Change in alertness (consciousness)
 Confusion
 Diarrhea
 Fever (40.5-41.1 C)
 Pounding heart (tachycardia)
 Restlessness
 Shaking
 Sweating

23. 1-congestive heart failure
2-pulmonary edema
can develop rapidly and lead to
death

24. Cause
Test
TSH T3/T4 TSI RAIU
Graves' Disease ↓ ↑ + ↑
Thyroiditis (early
stage)
↓ ↑ - ↓
Thyroid nodules (hot,
or toxic)
↓ ↑ - ↑ or N

25.  Medications
 Radioiodine Therapy
 Thyroid Surgery