Hypothesis
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This document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a testable proposition about the relationship between two or more variables. The key points made are: 1) Constructing a hypothesis is important as it provides focus, clarity, and helps keep a research problem narrow. 2) Hypotheses have several functions, including enhancing objectivity, providing scope, and enabling theory testing. 3) For a hypothesis to be valid, it must be verifiable, related to existing knowledge, and precise, simple, and specific. 4) There are different types of hypotheses, including research hypotheses, alternate hypotheses, and null hypotheses, which propose no difference.
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Hypothesis in research by dr. sudhir sahu
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables that is tested through research. It provides direction for a study by guiding the collection of relevant data and classification of information. A hypothesis bridges inductive and deductive reasoning processes and prevents haphazard or fruitless data collection. There are different types of hypotheses defined by their format, such as questions, statements, or answers that can be null/statistical or declarative/research hypotheses and directional or non-directional.
Hypothesis Formulation
This document discusses hypothesis formulation in research. It defines a hypothesis as a statement about the relationship between two or more variables that is tested in a research study. A complete hypothesis includes the variables, population, and relationship between variables. There are different types of variables, populations, and relationships that can be included in a hypothesis. The document also outlines different types of hypotheses like simple, complex, directional, and non-directional and discusses how to properly formulate a hypothesis. Formulating a good hypothesis is important as it provides focus, direction, and guides the research process.
Hypothesis
a small and well descriptive presentation on hypothesis topic. it has all the information you need to know about the topic covering the types, characteristics and contributions you want to know about hypothesis.
Hypothesis
1. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested. It represents a relationship between two or more variables that can be measured.
2. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, directional, and null hypotheses. A good hypothesis is clear, testable, parsimonious, and related to existing theories.
3. Formulating a research hypothesis can be challenging due to a lack of theoretical knowledge or awareness of research techniques. Hypotheses must be stated in a way that allows for testing, such as using an if-then structure.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between two variables that is tested through research. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, empirical, null, and alternative hypotheses. Researchers use hypothesis testing procedures to evaluate hypotheses based on sample data and either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Type I and Type II errors can occur when evaluating hypotheses. Hypotheses help focus research, guide data collection, and allow conclusions to be drawn.
Research Problem, Hypothesis and the Conceptual Model
RESEARCH PROBLEM, IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHESES, KINDS OF HYPOTHESIS, PURPOSE OF HYPOTHESIS AND THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL
Introduction to Hypothesis
This presentation discusses the following topics:
Meaning of Hypothesis
Sources of Hypothesis
Variables in hypotheses
Need for Hypothesis
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Functions of Hypothesis
Hypothesis vs. Theory
Variables in Hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
Developing a Hypothesis
Parameters of Hypothesis
Checklist for Hypothesis
Examples
punar hyothesis
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a research hypothesis as a statement created by researchers to speculate on the outcome of an experiment. The hypothesis is at the core of any experimental design and is the ultimate aim. Researchers use inductive and deductive reasoning on observations to form a testable and falsifiable hypothesis. There are different types of hypotheses, including null, non-directional, directional, and causal hypotheses. The precursor to a hypothesis is usually a research problem framed as a question.
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Hypothesis in research by dr. sudhir sahu
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables that is tested through research. It provides direction for a study by guiding the collection of relevant data and classification of information. A hypothesis bridges inductive and deductive reasoning processes and prevents haphazard or fruitless data collection. There are different types of hypotheses defined by their format, such as questions, statements, or answers that can be null/statistical or declarative/research hypotheses and directional or non-directional.
Hypothesis Formulation
This document discusses hypothesis formulation in research. It defines a hypothesis as a statement about the relationship between two or more variables that is tested in a research study. A complete hypothesis includes the variables, population, and relationship between variables. There are different types of variables, populations, and relationships that can be included in a hypothesis. The document also outlines different types of hypotheses like simple, complex, directional, and non-directional and discusses how to properly formulate a hypothesis. Formulating a good hypothesis is important as it provides focus, direction, and guides the research process.
Hypothesis
a small and well descriptive presentation on hypothesis topic. it has all the information you need to know about the topic covering the types, characteristics and contributions you want to know about hypothesis.
Hypothesis
1. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested. It represents a relationship between two or more variables that can be measured.
2. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, directional, and null hypotheses. A good hypothesis is clear, testable, parsimonious, and related to existing theories.
3. Formulating a research hypothesis can be challenging due to a lack of theoretical knowledge or awareness of research techniques. Hypotheses must be stated in a way that allows for testing, such as using an if-then structure.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between two variables that is tested through research. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, empirical, null, and alternative hypotheses. Researchers use hypothesis testing procedures to evaluate hypotheses based on sample data and either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Type I and Type II errors can occur when evaluating hypotheses. Hypotheses help focus research, guide data collection, and allow conclusions to be drawn.
Research Problem, Hypothesis and the Conceptual Model
RESEARCH PROBLEM, IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHESES, KINDS OF HYPOTHESIS, PURPOSE OF HYPOTHESIS AND THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL
Introduction to Hypothesis
This presentation discusses the following topics:
Meaning of Hypothesis
Sources of Hypothesis
Variables in hypotheses
Need for Hypothesis
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Functions of Hypothesis
Hypothesis vs. Theory
Variables in Hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
Developing a Hypothesis
Parameters of Hypothesis
Checklist for Hypothesis
Examples
punar hyothesis
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a research hypothesis as a statement created by researchers to speculate on the outcome of an experiment. The hypothesis is at the core of any experimental design and is the ultimate aim. Researchers use inductive and deductive reasoning on observations to form a testable and falsifiable hypothesis. There are different types of hypotheses, including null, non-directional, directional, and causal hypotheses. The precursor to a hypothesis is usually a research problem framed as a question.
Types of hypothesis
This document discusses different types of hypotheses used in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested. The main types discussed are simple vs complex hypotheses, logical vs empirical hypotheses, directional vs non-directional hypotheses, associative vs causal hypotheses, and the null hypothesis vs the alternative hypothesis. It also discusses types of errors that can occur when testing hypotheses and concludes by emphasizing that hypotheses are provisional explanations that must be tested and can be replaced if not supported.
Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses, including:
1. A hypothesis is a prediction about possible outcomes of a study used to direct research. An example hypothesis predicts staff trained in change management will cope better with organizational changes.
2. Hypotheses should explain facts, direct relevant data collection, and prevent blind searches. They clarify research goals.
3. For a hypothesis to be good, it must be clear, testable, consistent with facts, and better than alternative hypotheses.
Generating the research hypothesis
Research involves systematically studying a topic to establish facts and reach new conclusions. A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work that can be tested through research. It relates an independent variable to a dependent variable. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis suggests a potential outcome. Alternative hypotheses can be directional, specifying the expected relationship, or non-directional, without a specified direction. Hypotheses guide research by providing a framework for data collection and interpretation.
types of hypothesis
The presentation discusses null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis expresses no difference or inequality between variables, while the alternative hypothesis expresses a difference or conflict. The null hypothesis is what researchers expect will definitely happen, while the alternative hypothesis is what researchers want to test. Examples are provided of null hypotheses stating children who eat oily fish do not show higher IQ increases than others, and that extroverts and introverts are equally healthy. The alternative hypotheses are that children eating oily fish will show higher IQ increases, and that introverts are not healthier than extroverts.
Hypothesis, Theories and Laws
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Hypothesis
Introduction to hypothesis, definitions, source, importance, features and types. Detailed description of types of Hypothesis with explanations.
Use of hypothesis in research and important points to notice while selecting types of hypothesis.
Research hypothesis
This document outlines the key aspects of developing a research hypothesis, including that not all research must have a hypothesis, the meaning of a hypothesis as a tentative explanation that can be tested, and the different types of hypotheses including the null hypothesis of no difference and alternative hypothesis. It also notes that study design and statistical analysis are focused on collecting evidence to test the stated hypotheses.
Research Methodology
This document discusses hypothesis construction in research methodology. It defines a hypothesis as a proposed explanation or relationship between variables that is testable but unproven. Hypotheses provide focus and direction for a study by indicating what data to collect. There are two main types: research hypotheses that predict a relationship, stated as equality; and alternative hypotheses that predict an alternative if the null is false, stated as inequality. Hypotheses must be simple, verifiable, related to existing knowledge, and operationalizable. Errors can occur if the study design, sampling, data collection, analysis, or conclusions are flawed. Qualitative research does not strictly require or test hypotheses but may formulate them to highlight phenomena and relationships.
Hypothesis
This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by explaining that a hypothesis is an assumption or proposed explanation made on limited information to guide an investigation. The document then provides several definitions of a hypothesis from different authors. It outlines the key characteristics of a good hypothesis, including being clear, precise, testable, and relating to the research problem. The document also differentiates between different types of hypotheses, such as universal, existential, null, alternate, directional, and non-directional hypotheses. It concludes by discussing how research hypotheses are derived from existing theories or observations.
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Hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables that is tested for reliability and validity. There are several types of hypotheses including null, alternative, descriptive, relational, non-directional, causal, statistical, and complex hypotheses. Hypotheses should be clear, testable, specific, consistent with known facts, and explain the phenomenon under investigation. Common sources of hypotheses include observation, analogies, intuitions, previous study findings, and theories.
Hypotheses
This document discusses hypotheses and assumptions in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative prediction about the relationship between two variables, while an assumption is a statement taken as true without proof. The document outlines different types of hypotheses, including simple/complex, associative/causal, directional/non-directional, null/research hypotheses. It also discusses different types of assumptions like universal, theory-based, empirical, and methodological assumptions. The importance of clearly outlining assumptions and hypotheses in research is emphasized.
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Developing hypothesis report
1. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made to explain a phenomenon or guide an investigation. It can be a conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested.
2. The main functions of a hypothesis are to provide focus for a study by specifying what aspects to investigate and what data to collect. Developing a hypothesis enhances objectivity.
3. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for a study, it should be simple, specific, conceptually clear, capable of being verified, and related to existing knowledge. The outcome of testing a hypothesis may prove it right, partially right, or wrong.
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The document defines a hypothesis as a tentative generalization that requires empirical testing. It discusses different types of hypotheses including those that affirm characteristics, associate variables, or establish causal relationships. Hypotheses can originate from general culture, scientific theories, analogies, or personal experience. For a hypothesis to be workable, it should be specific, conceptually clear, testable with available techniques, relate to existing theory, simple, and capable of empirical testing. Formulating hypotheses provides a point of inquiry, direction for research, and allows selection of relevant facts and conclusions. The document also introduces the null hypothesis as a negative formulation of the actual research hypothesis.
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This document provides an overview of grounded theory as a qualitative research methodology. It discusses key concepts of grounded theory including that it is used for theory generation rather than verification, relies on induction rather than deduction, and aims to systematically discover theory from data as concepts emerge. The document reviews grounded theory processes such as open coding, selective coding, sorting memos, and writing up findings. It also discusses criteria for evaluating grounded theories and the potential applicability of grounded theory for design research problems that have a significant social dimension.
Types of hypotheses
The document discusses the different types of hypotheses used in research, including directional and non-directional hypotheses, declarative hypotheses that state relationships between variables, null hypotheses that state no significant differences exist, question form hypotheses used to raise research questions, alternative hypotheses that anticipate differences between variables, and predication form hypotheses that state expected principles for action research studies.
Hypothesis
The document defines and discusses hypotheses in research contexts. It provides that a hypothesis is a formal, testable statement of the expected relationship between independent and dependent variables. The document outlines several definitions of a hypothesis provided by authors and discusses the key characteristics of a good hypothesis. It also differentiates between different types of hypotheses such as universal, existential, null, alternate, non-directional, directional, and research hypotheses. The purpose, components, and process of hypothesis making and testing are described.
Hypothesis
The document discusses hypothesis, its meaning, purpose, characteristics, types and testing. Some key points:
- Hypothesis is a conjectural statement proposed for testing through research. It suggests a possible relationship between two or more variables.
- The purpose of a hypothesis is to guide research and provide a framework to organize conclusions. It helps define relevant and irrelevant facts.
- There are different types of hypotheses like simple, complex, null, research, directional, non-directional.
- A hypothesis must be testable, clear, precise and related to the research problem.
- Testing a hypothesis involves collecting data, evaluating the null hypothesis to accept or reject it based on results.
Research
The document outlines the process of research according to Anjali Rai. It describes research as the systematic collection and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic. It then lists the 11 steps in the management research process: 1) formulating the research problem, 2) extensive literature review, 3) developing working hypotheses, 4) preparing the research design, 5) determining the sample design, 6) collecting data, 7) executing the project, 8) analyzing data, 9) testing hypotheses, 10) generalizing and interpreting results, and 11) preparing the report. Each step is then further explained in bullet points providing details of the process.
Hypothesis, theory and scientific laws.
This document provides an overview of hypotheses, theories, and scientific laws. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative explanation for observed facts that can be tested. A theory is a well-established explanation that organizes facts and allows for predictions. The document outlines the key elements of theories, such as assumptions, theoretical terms, and theorems. It also discusses different types of theories and their functions in scientific research and knowledge discovery. Scientific laws are general statements about relationships between natural phenomena that are well-established through repeated empirical evidence.
Research Methodology hypothesis (1).ppt
This document discusses hypotheses, including:
1. An hypothesis is a tentative statement about a population parameter that may be true or false and can be tested.
2. Hypotheses differ from problems in that problems are formulated as questions while hypotheses are suggested solutions.
3. Hypotheses give direction to investigations by structuring the next phase and providing continuity in examining the problem.
Does preregistration improve the interpretability and credibility of research...
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Types of hypothesis
This document discusses different types of hypotheses used in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested. The main types discussed are simple vs complex hypotheses, logical vs empirical hypotheses, directional vs non-directional hypotheses, associative vs causal hypotheses, and the null hypothesis vs the alternative hypothesis. It also discusses types of errors that can occur when testing hypotheses and concludes by emphasizing that hypotheses are provisional explanations that must be tested and can be replaced if not supported.
Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses, including:
1. A hypothesis is a prediction about possible outcomes of a study used to direct research. An example hypothesis predicts staff trained in change management will cope better with organizational changes.
2. Hypotheses should explain facts, direct relevant data collection, and prevent blind searches. They clarify research goals.
3. For a hypothesis to be good, it must be clear, testable, consistent with facts, and better than alternative hypotheses.
Generating the research hypothesis
Research involves systematically studying a topic to establish facts and reach new conclusions. A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work that can be tested through research. It relates an independent variable to a dependent variable. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis suggests a potential outcome. Alternative hypotheses can be directional, specifying the expected relationship, or non-directional, without a specified direction. Hypotheses guide research by providing a framework for data collection and interpretation.
types of hypothesis
The presentation discusses null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis expresses no difference or inequality between variables, while the alternative hypothesis expresses a difference or conflict. The null hypothesis is what researchers expect will definitely happen, while the alternative hypothesis is what researchers want to test. Examples are provided of null hypotheses stating children who eat oily fish do not show higher IQ increases than others, and that extroverts and introverts are equally healthy. The alternative hypotheses are that children eating oily fish will show higher IQ increases, and that introverts are not healthier than extroverts.
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Introduction to hypothesis, definitions, source, importance, features and types. Detailed description of types of Hypothesis with explanations.
Use of hypothesis in research and important points to notice while selecting types of hypothesis.
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This document outlines the key aspects of developing a research hypothesis, including that not all research must have a hypothesis, the meaning of a hypothesis as a tentative explanation that can be tested, and the different types of hypotheses including the null hypothesis of no difference and alternative hypothesis. It also notes that study design and statistical analysis are focused on collecting evidence to test the stated hypotheses.
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This document discusses hypothesis construction in research methodology. It defines a hypothesis as a proposed explanation or relationship between variables that is testable but unproven. Hypotheses provide focus and direction for a study by indicating what data to collect. There are two main types: research hypotheses that predict a relationship, stated as equality; and alternative hypotheses that predict an alternative if the null is false, stated as inequality. Hypotheses must be simple, verifiable, related to existing knowledge, and operationalizable. Errors can occur if the study design, sampling, data collection, analysis, or conclusions are flawed. Qualitative research does not strictly require or test hypotheses but may formulate them to highlight phenomena and relationships.
Hypothesis
This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by explaining that a hypothesis is an assumption or proposed explanation made on limited information to guide an investigation. The document then provides several definitions of a hypothesis from different authors. It outlines the key characteristics of a good hypothesis, including being clear, precise, testable, and relating to the research problem. The document also differentiates between different types of hypotheses, such as universal, existential, null, alternate, directional, and non-directional hypotheses. It concludes by discussing how research hypotheses are derived from existing theories or observations.
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This document discusses hypotheses and assumptions in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative prediction about the relationship between two variables, while an assumption is a statement taken as true without proof. The document outlines different types of hypotheses, including simple/complex, associative/causal, directional/non-directional, null/research hypotheses. It also discusses different types of assumptions like universal, theory-based, empirical, and methodological assumptions. The importance of clearly outlining assumptions and hypotheses in research is emphasized.
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Science is knowledge through observation and experimentation. It is facts of principles gained by systematic study. In order to participate in doing science, we must adhere to a "philosophy of science:" There is order to the universe, humans are able to comprehend this order, and scientists should be able to repeat experiments. There are two major kinds of science - empirical science and forensic science. However, science can't answer a lot of questions, and scientists often make mistakes.
Developing hypothesis report
1. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made to explain a phenomenon or guide an investigation. It can be a conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested.
2. The main functions of a hypothesis are to provide focus for a study by specifying what aspects to investigate and what data to collect. Developing a hypothesis enhances objectivity.
3. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for a study, it should be simple, specific, conceptually clear, capable of being verified, and related to existing knowledge. The outcome of testing a hypothesis may prove it right, partially right, or wrong.
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The document defines a hypothesis as a tentative generalization that requires empirical testing. It discusses different types of hypotheses including those that affirm characteristics, associate variables, or establish causal relationships. Hypotheses can originate from general culture, scientific theories, analogies, or personal experience. For a hypothesis to be workable, it should be specific, conceptually clear, testable with available techniques, relate to existing theory, simple, and capable of empirical testing. Formulating hypotheses provides a point of inquiry, direction for research, and allows selection of relevant facts and conclusions. The document also introduces the null hypothesis as a negative formulation of the actual research hypothesis.
Grounded Theory and Design
This document provides an overview of grounded theory as a qualitative research methodology. It discusses key concepts of grounded theory including that it is used for theory generation rather than verification, relies on induction rather than deduction, and aims to systematically discover theory from data as concepts emerge. The document reviews grounded theory processes such as open coding, selective coding, sorting memos, and writing up findings. It also discusses criteria for evaluating grounded theories and the potential applicability of grounded theory for design research problems that have a significant social dimension.
Types of hypotheses
The document discusses the different types of hypotheses used in research, including directional and non-directional hypotheses, declarative hypotheses that state relationships between variables, null hypotheses that state no significant differences exist, question form hypotheses used to raise research questions, alternative hypotheses that anticipate differences between variables, and predication form hypotheses that state expected principles for action research studies.
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The document defines and discusses hypotheses in research contexts. It provides that a hypothesis is a formal, testable statement of the expected relationship between independent and dependent variables. The document outlines several definitions of a hypothesis provided by authors and discusses the key characteristics of a good hypothesis. It also differentiates between different types of hypotheses such as universal, existential, null, alternate, non-directional, directional, and research hypotheses. The purpose, components, and process of hypothesis making and testing are described.
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The document discusses hypothesis, its meaning, purpose, characteristics, types and testing. Some key points:
- Hypothesis is a conjectural statement proposed for testing through research. It suggests a possible relationship between two or more variables.
- The purpose of a hypothesis is to guide research and provide a framework to organize conclusions. It helps define relevant and irrelevant facts.
- There are different types of hypotheses like simple, complex, null, research, directional, non-directional.
- A hypothesis must be testable, clear, precise and related to the research problem.
- Testing a hypothesis involves collecting data, evaluating the null hypothesis to accept or reject it based on results.
Research
The document outlines the process of research according to Anjali Rai. It describes research as the systematic collection and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic. It then lists the 11 steps in the management research process: 1) formulating the research problem, 2) extensive literature review, 3) developing working hypotheses, 4) preparing the research design, 5) determining the sample design, 6) collecting data, 7) executing the project, 8) analyzing data, 9) testing hypotheses, 10) generalizing and interpreting results, and 11) preparing the report. Each step is then further explained in bullet points providing details of the process.
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This document provides an overview of hypotheses, theories, and scientific laws. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative explanation for observed facts that can be tested. A theory is a well-established explanation that organizes facts and allows for predictions. The document outlines the key elements of theories, such as assumptions, theoretical terms, and theorems. It also discusses different types of theories and their functions in scientific research and knowledge discovery. Scientific laws are general statements about relationships between natural phenomena that are well-established through repeated empirical evidence.
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A hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions. It includes components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A research hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Following are the characteristics of the hypothesis:
• The hypothesis should be clear and precise to consider it to be reliable.
• If the hypothesis is a relational hypothesis, then it should be stating the relationship between variables.
• The hypothesis must be specific and should have scope for conducting more tests.
• The way of explanation of the hypothesis must be very simple and it should also be understood that the simplicity of the hypothesis is not related to its significance.
Sources of Hypothesis
Following are the sources of hypothesis:
• The resemblance between the phenomenon.
• Observations from past studies, present-day experiences and from the competitors.
• Scientific theories.
• General patterns that influence the thinking process of people.
Types of Hypotheses
There are six forms of hypothesis and they are:
• Simple hypothesis
• Complex hypothesis
• Directional hypothesis
• Non-directional hypothesis
• Null hypothesis
• Associative and casual hypothesis
How will Hypothesis help in the Scientific Method?
Researchers use hypotheses to put down their thoughts directing how the experiment would take place. Following are the steps that are involved in the scientific method:
• Formation of question
• Doing background research
• Creation of hypothesis
• Designing an experiment
• CDIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS
1.A research question and a hypothesis are both key of the research process,
but they serve different, purposes and have, distinct characteristics.
2.A research question is, a broad inquiry that defines the main focus, of a research study. It is an interrogative statement, that identifies the specific, aspect or problem that the, researcher intends to investigate.
3. Research questions are usually open-ended, and seek to explore, describe, or understand a phenomenon. They are formulated to guide the research process, and provide a clear direction for inquiry.
6 On the other hand, a hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction, that proposes a relationship, or difference between variables. It is based on existing theories, prior research, or observations, and represents an educated guess about the outcome, of the study.
7.Hypotheses are typically, formulated in a specific, and often directional manner. They aim to provide a tentative explanation or answer to the research question
8 A research hypothesis is a, statement that proposes, a relationship or difference, between variables. It serves as the basis for designing and conducting research studies to test its validity.
What is science
This document discusses what science is and is not. It begins by stating that science attempts to disprove ideas rather than prove them, and is concerned with understanding the natural world through observation and experimentation. It notes several misconceptions, such as the idea that science can prove anything or that there is a linear progression from hypothesis to theory to law. Good science minimizes bias through random sampling, appropriate measurement techniques, and independent verification. It emphasizes that science provides the most reliable knowledge about the natural world but does not claim certainty, only degrees of probability. Overall, the document provides a concise overview of the scientific process and addresses common misconceptions about the limitations and objectives of science.
Presentation1a paul carpenter
The document discusses the concepts of research, the scientific method, and big data. It defines research as the systematic pursuit of knowledge to describe facts and observations, explain relationships between variables, and predict outcomes based on theories and models. The scientific method is described as cumulative, iterative, and objective but also influenced by values and beliefs. The document cautions that research studies often only apply conditionally and their results may not extrapolate if the conditions change. It notes that predicting human behaviors is more difficult than chemical reactions since people can alter their actions based on research findings. Finally, the document discusses how big data and data-driven decision making are influencing many fields but that larger data also increases potential for bias.
Hypothesis PPT FOR RESEARCH
This document discusses hypothesis in research. It defines hypothesis and explains its importance in giving focus and direction to a study. It outlines the key characteristics of a good hypothesis, including that it should be testable, limited in scope, and consistent with known facts. The document also describes different ways to formulate hypotheses, including through background knowledge, deductive reasoning, and analogy. Finally, it identifies several types of hypotheses such as directional, non-directional, null, and alternative hypotheses.
Hypotheses
1) A hypothesis is a tentative statement proposed for testing through scientific investigation. It predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
2) Hypotheses guide research design and analysis by specifying the variables to be studied and their expected relationships.
3) The main types of hypotheses are simple, complex, directional, non-directional, null, and alternative. Hypotheses can also be classified as associative, causal, statistical, or research hypotheses.
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Hypothesis
- 2. HYPOTHESIS • It is true hypothetically that an egg must turn into a Chicken?
- 3. HYPOTHESIS • Important considerations of work is constructing the hypothesis • It provides clarity • It help to keep focus on a research problem • It is not essential for a study or research work • Research conduct a valid investigation without constructing a hypothesis • However, It is always good to construct a hypothesis • That will help to narrow down your focus
- 4. HYPOTHESIS • A hypothesis lies in its ability to bring directions • and specificity to your research work A hypothesis is a proposition in testable form and predicts a particular relationship between two or more variables- Bailey (1978) Hypothesis is written in such a way that it can be proven or disproven by valid and reliable data-Grinnell (1988)
- 5. FUNCTIONS OF A HYPOTHESIS • (a)Enhance the objectivity and purpose • (b) Provide a focus and specific scope • (c) Help in prioritizing data collection • (d) Enable the formulation of theory to test what is true or not A hypothesis has several functions
- 6. CHARACTERISTICS • (a) A Hypothesis must be Capable of Verification • (b) A Hypothesis must be Related to the Existing Body of Knowledge • (C) A Hypothesis Needs to be Precise, Simple and Specific
- 7. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS • Research hypothesis forms the basis of investigation for a researcher • hypothesis can be classified into Research hypothesis and Alternate hypothesis. • Alternate hypothesis is a convention among the scientific community. • an alternate hypothesis is to openly specify the relationship that will be considered true in case the research hypothesis proves to be wrong
- 8. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS • Alternate hypothesis is the opposite of research hypothesis • a research on the IT literacy pattern in a community in relation to gender differences. • (a) There is no significant difference in the proportion of male and female with IT literacy in the community population • (b) A total of 70 percent of male and 30 per cent of female in this study are IT literate
- 9. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS • (c) A greater proportion of male than female are IT literate in this population • (d) There are twice as many male IT educated as female IT educated in this study population.
- 10. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS • TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS DETAILS Research hypothesis Hypothesis of differences Hypothesis of point occurrence Alternate Hypothesis Null hypothesis Hypothesis of no difference
- 11. THANK YOU