The document provides an overview of the hypothalamus, including its anatomical features, subdivisions, nuclei, and functions within the brain. It highlights its role in regulating various physiological processes, such as endocrine functions, temperature control, and emotional responses. Additionally, the document describes the connections of the hypothalamus to the limbic system and other brain regions.

1. HYPOTHALAMUS
NAME : ZOHA KHAN
BATCH : DPT BATCH II
SUBMITTED TO : DR SUMEET KUMAR.

2. CONTENT:
• Hypothalamus
• Physiological anatomy
• Functions of hypothalamus.

3. HYPOTHALAMUS:
• Latin word- hypo- below ; Thalamus- chamber.
• The hypothalamus is a part of diencephalon.
• Very small part of brain weighting about 4gms.
• As it implies it below the thalamus and is separated from it by hypothalamic
sulcus.
• Most part of hypothalamus is hidden.
• Regulate all vegetative and endocrine process.
• The most part of the diencephalon which lies below the thalamus.

4. PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY:
• External features.
• Subdivision and nuclei of hypothalamus.
• Connections of hypothalamus.

5. EXTERNAL FEATURES:
• BOUNDRIES:
• Superior. the hypothalamic sulcus separating it from the thalamus.
• Inferior. the optic chiasm , tuber cinereum , and mammillary bodies
• Medial. the lamina terminalis.
• Lateral. the tegmentum of the midbrain.
• Anterior. the third ventricle.
• Posterior. the internal capsule.

7. SUBDIVISION OF HYPOTHALAMUS:
From medial to lateral into three zones:
Periventricular.
Intermediate.
Lateral.
The periventricular and intermediate zones are often described together as
medial zone.
ZONES;

8. SUBDIVISION OF HYPOTHALAMUS:
• The hypothalamus also subdivided anterioposteriorly into four regions:
• The preoptic region.
• The supraoptic region.
• The tuberal. ( infundibulotuberal) includes infundibulum tubercinereum.
• The mammillary posterior. ( consist of mammillary body and area above it ).

9. NUCLEI OF HYPOTHALAMUS:
• NUCLEI:
Preoptic nuclei.
Suprachiasmatic, Supraoptic anterior, paraventricular.
Dorsomedial, lateral tuberal, ventromedial and arcuate nuclei.

11. REGION WISE DESCRIPTION OF NUCLEI:
• PREOPTIC REGION:
Lies anterior to hypothalamus along with lamina terminalis between optic chiasma and
anterior commissure.
• SUPRAOPTIC REGION:
Supraoptic nucleus: Medial, lateral and periventricular part.
Suprachiasmatic: involves circadian rhythm.
Anterior Nucleus: Thirst center.
Paraventricular.

12. CONTI..
• TUBERAL REGION:
• Arcuate or infundibular nucleus: composed of small neurons. Controls of
emotional behaviors and endocrine functions.
• Ventromedial : Satiety Centre
• Ventrolateral.
• Lateral nucleus: Feeding Centre.

13. CONTI..
• MAMILARY REGION:
• Mamillary Bodies:
• Medial intercalated nucleus: small neurons forms the bulk of mammillary body.
• Lateral intercalated nucleus: Receive termination of fornix and provide origin to
mammillothalamic tract and mammilotegmental tract.
• Posterior Hypothalamic nucleus.

14. CONNECTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS:
• Hypothalamus is concerned with the visceral function.
• Connected to various parts of limbic system, reticular formation
, autonomic centers in brainstem and spinal cord.
• It also releases secretions into the blood stream and into CSF.

15. FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS:
• Autonomic system
• Food Intake.
• Temperature.
• Thirst- Fluid regulation.
• Endocrine functions.
• Regulation of sexual activity and reproduction.
• Sleep and wakefulness.
• Emotion and stress.
• Reward and punishment.

16. https://www.slideshare.net/ananthatiger/anatomy-of-hypothalamus-
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