Hymenolepsis nana
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Hymenolepis nana is a protozoan parasite that causes hymenolepiasis, commonly known as dwarf tapeworm infection. It has both a direct life cycle, transmitted from person to person through ingestion of infectious eggs, and an indirect life cycle transmitted through intermediate hosts like fleas or grain beetles. Symptoms only occur with heavy infections and include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headaches. Diagnosis is made by finding the parasite's eggs in a stool sample. Treatment involves the drug praziquantel. Prevention focuses on good hygiene, sanitation, and controlling rodents and insects to avoid transmission.
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Trichuris trichiura, also known as the whipworm, inhabits the large intestine of humans. The female produces 2,000-10,000 eggs per day which are passed in feces. Eggs become infective in soil after 2-3 weeks. People are infected by ingesting infective eggs from contaminated food, water, or hands. Worms attach to the intestinal mucosa and can live up to 5 years. Heavy infections may cause symptoms like bloody mucus stool. Diagnosis is by finding eggs in stool samples through sedimentation or flotation techniques.
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Pinworm, or Enterobius vermicularis, is a common parasitic worm that infects the human large intestine. The adult female worm lives in the caecum and colon and lays thousands of eggs per night around the anal area. The eggs are infectious within 6 hours of being laid and can remain viable for up to 2 weeks in moist conditions. People become infected by ingesting the eggs, often through hand-to-mouth contact. The life cycle is direct with no intermediate host. Pinworm infection is most common in children and can cause symptoms like anal itching and sleep disturbance.
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Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcosis is caused by the tissue-invasive larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus. Three main species can infect humans: E. granulosus, E. vogeli, and E. multilocularis. E. granulosus causes cystic hydatid disease, forming fluid-filled cysts in organs. Its life cycle involves canine definitive hosts and ungulate intermediate hosts. Humans are accidental dead-end hosts. The cysts grow slowly and can cause pressure effects or spread following rupture. Diagnosis involves imaging and serology tests. Treatment involves surgery and anti-parasitic drugs.
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Enterobius
Pinworm, or Enterobius vermicularis, is a common parasitic worm that infects the human large intestine. The adult female worm lives in the caecum and colon and lays thousands of eggs per night around the anal area. The eggs are infectious within 6 hours of being laid and can remain viable for up to 2 weeks in moist conditions. People become infected by ingesting the eggs, often through hand-to-mouth contact. The life cycle is direct with no intermediate host. Pinworm infection is most common in children and can cause symptoms like anal itching and sleep disturbance.
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Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant intestinal roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine of humans. It has a worldwide distribution, especially in tropical and subtropical areas with poor sanitation. The adult worms can reach lengths of 20-35 cm in females and 15-30 cm in males. The life cycle involves fertilized eggs passing in feces and developing into infective larvae outside the body. People become infected by ingesting these embryonated eggs. The larvae hatch in the intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall, migrate through the lungs, are swallowed and pass into the intestine where they mature into adult worms. Most infections are asymptomatic, but symptoms can include abdominal pain,
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Hymenolepiasis is caused by Hymenolepis nana (the dwarf tapeworm,a type of intestinal worm or helminth infecting humans, especially children.
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2. The adult worms can cause intestinal obstruction, while migrating larvae can cause aspiration pneumonia. Symptoms range from none to severe abdominal pain.
3. Diagnosis involves finding the eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs like albendazole or mebendazole. Maintaining good sanitation is important for prevention.
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- The adult worm lays eggs that pass in feces and hatch as larvae in soil. These larvae penetrate the skin, migrate through lungs, are swallowed and mature in the small intestine.
- Infection causes ground itch, creeping eruption, and iron-deficiency anemia marked by pallor and weakness. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in feces or larvae in sputum. Treatment includes albendazole and iron supplements.
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Enterobius vermicularis(pin worm)
Enterobius vermicularis, also known as the pinworm or threadworm, is a common intestinal parasite in humans. It has a worldwide distribution. The female pinworm is 8-13 mm long and lives in the colon, where it lays eggs. The eggs can cause itching when they are deposited around the anus by the female at night. Infection occurs through ingestion of pinworm eggs. Proper hygiene practices can help prevent the spread of pinworm infection.
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Hymenolepis nana- Dwarf Tapeworm
Hymenolepiasis is caused by Hymenolepis nana (the dwarf tapeworm,a type of intestinal worm or helminth infecting humans, especially children.
Wuchereria bancrofti
- Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of humans.
- The parasite has a two-host lifecycle, with humans as the definitive host and various mosquito species as the intermediate host. Microfilariae ingested by a mosquito develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to another human.
- In humans, adult worms cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, leading to symptoms like lymph edema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Occult filariasis involves high eosinophilia without microfilaremia. Diagnosis involves microfilariae detection in blood
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2. It provides details on the classification, morphology, life cycle, behavior, habitat, and medical importance of different Glossina species.
3. Specifically, it notes that Glossina palpalis transmits Gambiense sleeping sickness mainly in West and Central Africa, while G. morsitans transmits Rhodesiense sleeping sickness in East Africa.
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Strongyloides is a parasitic roundworm infection that was first described in French troops in Vietnam in the late 19th century. It is most common in tropical areas. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some can become severe or critical if left untreated. The parasite enters the body through exposed skin and has a complex life cycle involving an internal autoinfection that can cause chronic or disseminated infections in immunosuppressed individuals. Diagnosis is usually by microscopic identification of larvae in stool samples. Treatment is recommended for all infected individuals due to risk of severe disease.
Ascaris lumbricoides
1. Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest roundworm that commonly infects humans, inhabiting the small intestine. It is highly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation.
2. The adult worms can cause intestinal obstruction, while migrating larvae can cause aspiration pneumonia. Symptoms range from none to severe abdominal pain.
3. Diagnosis involves finding the eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs like albendazole or mebendazole. Maintaining good sanitation is important for prevention.
Trichuris trichiura
Trichuris trichuria, also known as the whipworm, is a soil-transmitted helminth that inhabits the large intestine. The male worm is 30-45mm while the female is 35-50mm. The female lays 3,000-10,000 eggs per day that are passed in feces. Under favorable conditions, the eggs embryonate in 2-3 weeks and can cause infection if swallowed. Heavy infections can cause symptoms like bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anemia. Diagnosis is via stool examination and treatment is with mebendazole or albendazole.
Rabies virus
Rabies is an ancient viral disease transmitted through animal bites that is nearly always fatal without preventative treatment. The rabies virus is an enveloped bullet-shaped particle that contains a single-stranded RNA genome encoding five viral proteins. It is transmitted primarily through the bites of rabid dogs and bats. After an incubation period, the disease causes acute encephalitis leading to delirium, hydrophobia, and death. Diagnosis involves detecting the virus or antibodies in tissues or saliva. While there is no treatment once symptoms appear, vaccination both before and after exposure can successfully prevent the disease.
Wuchereria bancrofti
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and infects over 120 million people globally, causing swelling and damage to the lymphatic system over time. The adult worms live in the human lymph vessels and can cause lymphedema, elephantiasis, and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome in some infected individuals. Diagnosis involves blood sampling to look for microfilariae or detect circulating filarial antigens, while treatment consists of antifilarial drugs like diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellents
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This document describes the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). It notes that the adult worm lives in the small intestine of humans and passes eggs in feces. Pigs become intermediate hosts by ingesting eggs, where the larvae (cysticerci) form cysts mainly in muscle. Humans are infected by eating undercooked pork containing cysticerci. Symptomatic cysticercosis can occur if eggs are ingested, causing lesions in brain, eyes or other tissues. Diagnosis involves serology, imaging and stool examination. Treatment includes praziquantel or albendazole to kill adult worms and cysticerci.
Hook worm
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Enterobius vermicularis
Enterobius vermicularis is more common in families and institutions like orphanages and schools than the general population because it spreads easily in crowded, unsanitary conditions where personal hygiene is poor. The pinworm lays its eggs around the anus, most often at night, and the eggs can spread through contaminated hands, clothes, bedding or other objects. Transmission is facilitated by close contact between infected and uninfected individuals in crowded living environments.
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- Ancylostoma duodenale, commonly known as the old world hookworm, infects humans in tropical and subtropical regions. It lives in the small intestine and feeds on host blood, causing iron-deficiency anemia.
- The adult worm lays eggs that pass in feces and hatch as larvae in soil. These larvae penetrate the skin, migrate through lungs, are swallowed and mature in the small intestine.
- Infection causes ground itch, creeping eruption, and iron-deficiency anemia marked by pallor and weakness. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in feces or larvae in sputum. Treatment includes albendazole and iron supplements.
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Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is the smallest and most common tapeworm found in the human intestine. It inhabits the proximal ileum and is most prevalent in warm climates. H. nana has a direct lifecycle through ingestion of eggs or an indirect lifecycle involving rat fleas as intermediate hosts. Most infections are asymptomatic but some people experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, and pruritis. Diagnosis is made by finding the pathogen's distinctive eggs on microscopic examination of feces. Treatment involves niclosamide or praziquantel which act against both adult worms and larvae. Maintaining hygiene and sanitation helps prevent transmission.
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Leishmaniasis.ppt
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandfly bites. It presents clinically as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis depending on the infecting species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous involvement can also affect mucosal tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs like the liver and spleen and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasites in tissues or cultures and treatment depends on the clinical form and involves antimonial drugs or amphotericin B.
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Enterobius vermicularis, also known as the pinworm or threadworm, is a common intestinal parasite in humans. It has a worldwide distribution. The female pinworm is 8-13 mm long and lives in the colon, where it lays eggs. The eggs can cause itching when they are deposited around the anus by the female at night. Infection occurs through ingestion of pinworm eggs. Proper hygiene practices can help prevent the spread of pinworm infection.
ascaris lumbricoids
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine of humans. It is one of the most common intestinal parasites worldwide. The life cycle involves ingestion of Ascaris eggs from contaminated soil, hatching of larvae in the intestine, migration through the lungs, and maturation into adult worms in the small intestine. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some people experience abdominal pain, nausea, coughing or vomiting worms. Diagnosis is made by finding Ascaris eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves deworming medications like albendazole or mebendazole. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to prevent fecal contamination of soil
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Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is the most common tapeworm infection in humans. It can be found worldwide but is most common in areas with poor sanitation. H. nana lives in the small intestine and can reproduce asexually inside the host, allowing infections to persist for years. Symptoms may include nausea, weakness, and diarrhea. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding H. nana eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves antiparasitic medications like praziquantel or niclosamide. Prevention focuses on good hygiene, sanitation, and eliminating rodent hosts.
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Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is the most common tapeworm infection in humans. It can be found worldwide but is most common in areas with inadequate sanitation. H. nana infects humans, mice and rats by ingesting its eggs, which can survive up to 10 days in the environment. Symptoms may include nausea, weakness, and diarrhea. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves praziquantel or other anti-parasitic medications. Prevention focuses on good hygiene, sanitation, and eliminating rodent carriers.
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GIARDIA LAMBLIA
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
lec-7- parasitology. abdul salam najim mohammed
1. Enterobius vermicularis, also known as the pinworm, is a parasitic nematode classified in the phylum Nematoda. It infects the human large intestine and is the most common helminth infection in the United States and worldwide.
2. The pinworm life cycle involves ingestion of embryonated eggs, hatching of larvae in the small intestine, migration of worms to the colon where they mature over 7-8 weeks, and nighttime migration of gravid females to the perianal area to deposit eggs which can become infectious within 3-4 hours.
3. Pinworm infection is diagnosed by finding adult worms or eggs in the perianal area,
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This document summarizes soil-transmitted helminthic infections (STH), which include ascariasis, hookworm infections, and whipworm. STH affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide and are transmitted through contact with infective eggs in soil. The eggs are passed in feces and can contaminate environments, especially in areas with poor sanitation. Common symptoms of STH infections include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anemia. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to reduce transmission, as well as periodic deworming treatments in endemic areas.
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- People become infected by ingesting these eggs. The larvae hatch and migrate through the lungs before reaching the intestine where they mature into adult worms.
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Nematodes are roundworms that belong to the phylum Nematoda and include many parasitic species. They have thread-like unsegmented bodies and can infect humans through the skin or orally. Common nematode infections in humans are ascariasis caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, trichuriasis caused by Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm infections caused by Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. These are diagnosed by finding eggs in stool samples under a microscope. They are treated with anthelmintic medications like mebendazole or albendazole.
23. infections caused by helminths
This document summarizes several types of parasitic helminths (worms) that can infect humans. It describes the life cycles, geographical distribution, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of important nematode infections including hookworms, Strongyloides, ascariasis, enterobiasis, trichuriasis, and filariasis. Key points are that these soil-transmitted helminths typically have complex life cycles involving larval stages in soil that infect via skin penetration or ingestion, causing anaemia, pulmonary symptoms, or intestinal obstruction in heavy infections. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or larvae in stool or tissue samples, and treatment consists of anthelmintic medications like albendazole or me
Presentation
This document discusses three types of parasitic zoonoses: Taeniasis, Hydatid disease, and Leishmaniasis.
Taeniasis is caused by the tapeworms Taenia saginata and Taenia solium found in beef and pork respectively. Humans can be infected by eating undercooked meat containing the larvae. Hydatid disease is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus found in dogs. The larvae form cysts in humans that can cause serious health issues. Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sandfly bites and affects the skin or internal organs. It is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania and is endemic in many tropical and subt
Bertiellasis-an emerging zoonotic parasite.pptx
1. Bertiellosis is an intestinal infection caused by the tapeworm Bertiella that normally infects non-human primates.
2. A 3-year-old boy presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea and was found to be infected with Bertiella after stool examination revealed eggs containing a hexacanth embryo.
3. Bertiella is transmitted when people ingest soil or food contaminated with the parasite's intermediate host, orbatid mites, which can occur through children playing in dirt or putting dirty fingers in their mouth.
Echinococcusgranulosusandmultilocularis
Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that causes hydatid cysts in humans. It is most common in temperate sheep-raising areas like South America, East Africa, and central Russia. The highest prevalence is seen in Kenya. Humans typically become infected by ingesting E. granulosus eggs from sheep dog feces. The adult tapeworm lives in the small intestine of dogs. Eggs are passed in dog feces and can infect sheep. If humans ingest the eggs, the larvae can develop into cysts in organs like the liver and lungs. Symptoms depend on the location and size of the cysts. Diagnosis involves examination of cyst fluid for scolices or serological tests. Treatment involves
Mycology and parasitology
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Ascaris lumbricoides. It introduces Ascaris lumbricoides as the largest roundworm that commonly infects humans, especially children. It describes the worm's morphology, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that Ascaris lumbricoides lives in the small intestine and its eggs are transmitted through contaminated food or soil. The presentation covers the worm's worldwide prevalence, migration through the body, and methods for preventing further spread of infection.
Transgenic organisms and methods of their production.
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Nematodes
The document discusses different types of nematodes (roundworms) that can infect humans, including where they live in the body, their life cycles, modes of transmission, associated clinical features and treatment. It covers intestinal nematodes like ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworms, tissue-dwelling nematodes like filariasis, and strongyloidosis. Prevention involves improving hygiene, sanitation and health education. Common drugs used for treatment include mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel pamoate and levamizole.
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Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
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Epidemiology ,prevention and control of helminthic infections
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Incineration is the method of choice for treating large volumes of infectious waste, animal carcasses, and contaminated bedding materials. Because incinerators usually are located some distance from the laboratory, additional precautions for handling and packaging of infectious waste are necessary.
Types of Biomedical Waste Disposal
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Microwaving.
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Infectious Medical Waste is defined as medical waste capable of producing an infectious disease.
Waste is considered Infectious when it is:
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
All living things are divided into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms from the Bacteria and Archaea domains that have simpler cells without organelles. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi and protists and have more complex cells with organelles like mitochondria and a nucleus. The main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are that eukaryotes have a nucleus, larger and more complex ribosomes, and plant eukaryotes have a cell wall.
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All living things can be divided into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms found in Bacteria and Archaea that have simpler cells without organelles. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi and protists and have more complex cells with organelles like mitochondria and a nucleus. The main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are that eukaryotes have a nucleus, larger and more complex ribosomes, and plant eukaryotes have a cell wall.
Fungi
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi.
The word 'myco' is derived from the Greek word mýkēs meaning “mushroom, fungus”.
Heinrich Anton de Bary is the father of Mycology.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms. These organisms are classified under kingdom fungi.
Fungi are diverse and widespread.
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Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that causes staphylococcal food poisoning, a form of gastroenteritis with rapid onset of symptoms. S. aureus is commonly found in the environment (soil, water and air) and is also found in the nose and on the skin of humans.
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3. DNA replication
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Infections spread from animals to human are called zoonotic infections.
The term zoonos is’ Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
Pathogens shared with wild or domestic animals cause more than 60% of infectious diseases in man.
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Ozone (O3) is a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen (O), and very reactive gas.
Bluish gas that harmful to breathe.
Is mostly found in the stratosphere, where it protects us from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Although it represents only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere, ozone is essential for life on Earth.
Ozone in the stratosphere— a layer of the atmosphere between 15 and 50 kilometers (10 and 31 miles) above us—acts as a shield to protect Earth’s surface from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.
HIV & AIDs.pptx
H: Infects only Human beings
I: Immunodeficiency Virus weakness the Immune system and increases the risk of infections
V: Virus that attacks the body and finally kills the body’s immune system
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Airborne spread of droplet nuclei
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Hymenolepsis nana
- 1. 1 Amjad Khan Afridi HYMENOLEPIS NANA Hymenolepis nana is protozoan parasite which cause disease called Hymenolepiasis. Hymenolepiasis is caused by two cestodes (tapeworm) species, Hymenolepis nana (the dwarf tapeworm, adults measuring 15 to 40 mm in length) and Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm, adults measuring 20 to 60 cm in length). Hymenolepis diminuta is a cestode of rodents infrequently seen in humans and frequently found in rodents. History In 1887, Grassi demonstrated that transmission from rat to rat did not require an intermediate host. Later, in 1921, Saeki demonstrated a direct cycle of transmission of H. nana in humans, transmission without an intermediate host. In addition to the direct cycle, Nicholl and Minchin demonstrated that fleas can serve as intermediate hosts between humans. Life cycle Direct life cycle: through ingestion of infectious eggs. Eggs may be passed directly from person to person, usually by children. Eggs may be ingested in food, especially grain products contaminated by rodent droppings (parasite is common in mice). Indirect life cycle: through ingestion of intermediate hosts (usually grain beetles) containing cysticercoid larvae; less common. After human ingestion, eggs hatch in intestine and embryos penetrate the mucosa, where they mature as cysticercoid larvae. Larvae subsequently emerge and reattach to the intestinal wall to complete their development into adult tapeworms in 2 - 3 weeks. Internal autoinfection: if eggs hatch shortly after being discharged from worm and rapidly invade the intestinal wall without leaving the body.
- 2. 2 Amjad Khan Afridi Symptoms Symptoms occur only with heavy infections. Symptoms include: Diarrhea Gastrointestinal discomfort Itchy anus Poor appetite Abdominal pain Headaches and weakness Poor appetite Dehydration (due to long-term diarrhea) Diagnosis Recovery of oval, thin shelled, colorless eggs, 30 - 47 μm, from stool Scolex has an armed rostellum Proglottids have all of their genital pores located on same side of strobila
- 3. 3 Amjad Khan Afridi Treatment Praziquantel, adults and children, 25mg/kg in a single-dose therapy. Alternatives: Niclosamide:adults, 2 gm in a single dose for 7 days; children 11-34 kg, 1 gm in a single dose on day 1 then 500 mg per day orally for 6 days; children > 34 kg, 1.5 gm in a single dose on day 1 then 1 gm per day orally for 6 days. Nitazoxanide:adults, 500 mg orally twice daily for 3 days; children aged 12-47 months, 100 mg orally twice daily for 3 days; children 4-11 years, 200 mg orally twice daily for 3 days. Oral praziquantel is available for human use in the United States. Niclosamide is unavailable in the United States. Nitazoxanide is available for human use in the United States. Prevention Good hygiene Public health and sanitation programs Elimination of infected rats help to prevent the spread of hymenolepiasis. Preventing fecal contamination of food and water in institutions and crowded areas is of primary importance. General sanitation and rodent and insect control (especially control of fleas and grain insects) are also essential for prevention of H. nana infection.