Hydrology
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Water has several unique physical properties that are important for life on Earth. It has a high specific heat, meaning it takes a large amount of energy to change its temperature. It also conducts heat well and remains liquid over a wide range of temperatures from 0-100 degrees Celsius. Water is a universal solvent and has high surface tension due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. Osmosis is the passage of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low concentration. Surface tension causes water to form drops and stick to vertical surfaces. Water temperature affects organisms' growth, reproduction, and density stratification in bodies of water.
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When rain reaches the ground, it can infiltrate into the soil and become groundwater, evaporate, or run off as surface water. The infiltration rate depends on factors like slope, soil saturation, porosity, permeability, and vegetation. Around 50% of rain typically evaporates, 18% infiltrates into the groundwater, and 32% runs off. Groundwater resides in aquifers below the water table. Pumping groundwater can lower the water table and dry up wells, springs, streams, and wetlands over time.
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2. The polarity and hydrogen bonding of water molecules results in water having a high heat of vaporization, specific heat, and heat of fusion. These high heat values allow water to stabilize temperatures on Earth.
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SYSTEM APPROACH IN HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIC INPUT & OUTPUT
VARIATION IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
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PRECIPITATION
INTERCEPTION
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CLIMATE CHANGE
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
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The document provides information about the properties of water. It begins by explaining the structure of the water molecule as made up of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms in a bent shape. It then discusses seven key properties of water: 1) Polarity 2) Capillary action 3) Surface tension 4) Heat capacity 5) Heat of vaporization 6) Density 7) Being a universal solvent. For each property it provides details on how it arises from the molecular structure of water and demonstrations of the properties.
Water ppt 2
Water has extraordinary properties including cohesion, adhesion, a high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and being less dense as a solid than a liquid. These properties allow water to move through plants via capillary action, absorb large amounts of heat with little temperature change, and allow ice to float, which is important for overwintering aquatic life. Water's hydrogen bonding and surface tension also influence its interactions with other substances and surfaces.
Properties of water
Water has unique properties that allow life to exist on Earth. It has a chemical formula of H2O and forms hydrogen bonds between molecules. These bonds give water high surface tension, heat capacity, and ability to dissolve many substances. Water's polarity and hydrogen bonding allow it to dissolve more substances than any other liquid. Its high heat capacity and heat of vaporization help regulate temperatures on Earth. Water's density peaks at 4°C, causing ice to float, which protects aquatic life below freezing surfaces. These unusual properties are crucial for life.
Moisture
Water has unusual properties like surface tension and the ability to moderate temperatures on Earth because its polar molecular structure allows it to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. These hydrogen bonds give water high heat capacity and allow it to absorb large amounts of heat with only small temperature changes. Water's density maximum at 4°C also contributes to stabilizing ecosystems and preventing abrupt seasonal changes.
Chemical and physical features of seawater and the
Water is a polar molecule that can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas. It has unique properties including its ability to dissolve more substances than any other natural liquid. Seawater consists of dissolved salts and gases. Surface currents are driven by wind and deflected by the Coriolis effect, forming gyres. Deeper circulation is driven by water density variations from temperature and salinity changes, in a process called thermohaline circulation. Waves are caused by wind while tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.
Physical Oceanography & Coastal Shoreline 2011
The document summarizes various topics in physical oceanography and coastal shoreline science. It discusses tides and how the gravitational pull of the moon and sun cause the rise and fall of ocean waters. It also describes ocean waves, density and temperature variations in ocean water layers, ocean currents like the Coriolis effect and global circulation patterns. Finally, it briefly touches on coastal features like beaches, estuaries, and how human structures can disrupt sediment transport.
Chemical and physical features of seawater and the
The document summarizes key aspects of ocean water including its unique properties, states, heat absorption, role as a solvent, and composition of seawater. It also discusses ocean circulation patterns driven by wind and thermohaline circulation, as well as waves and tides. Surface currents are formed through wind patterns and deflected by the Coriolis effect, while deep circulation is driven by water density variations from temperature and salinity changes.
PropertiesofWater.ppt
Water makes up over 70% of the Earth's surface and nearly two-thirds of the human body. It exists naturally in three states - solid, liquid, and gas. Water is a polar molecule made of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom, giving it unique properties like surface tension and allowing it to act as a universal solvent. Water plays a vital role in many Earth processes and is essential for sustaining life.
Chemistry of-water-2-physical-and-chemical-properties-of-water-updated
Water is formed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonded together in a polar covalent structure. This structure allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds that give water its unique properties including being a liquid over a wide range of temperatures and able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid. Water's polarity and hydrogen bonding allow it to have high surface tension, specific heat, and can change between solid, liquid, and gas states near room temperature. These properties make water essential for life and allow it to function as the universal solvent.
Water.ppt
Water is the most abundant substance on Earth's surface, exists as a liquid, solid, and gas, and has many unique properties. It has high values for melting point, heat of fusion, boiling point, heat of vaporization, specific heat, and surface tension compared to other solvents. These properties allow water to absorb large amounts of heat while resisting changes in state, helping to moderate Earth's climate. The density of water is highest at 4°C and lowest as ice, allowing ice to float in liquid water. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules gives water its cohesive and adhesive properties that are important for life.
water_props.ppt
Water has unusual properties due to its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. Its polarity allows water to serve as a universal solvent and exhibit properties like surface tension, capillary action, and a high heat of vaporization. The hydrogen bonds give water a high heat capacity and allow ice to float, and are responsible for many of water's unique physical behaviors important for life.
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Hydrology
- 1. PRESENTED BY:- JYOTI RANJAN NAYAK
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Water has several other unique physical properties. These properties are: 1. Water has a high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance. Because water has a high specific heat, it can absorb large amounts of heat energy before it begins to get hot. 2. Water conducts heat more easily than any liquid except mercury. This fact causes large bodies of liquid water like lakes and oceans to have essentially a uniform vertical temperature profile.
- 3. 3. Water molecules exist in liquid form over an important range of temperature from 0 - 100° Celsius. This range allows water molecules to exist as a liquid in most places on our planet. 4. Water is a universal solvent. 5. Water has a high surface tension. In other words, water is adhesive and elastic, and tends to aggregate in drops rather than spread out over a surface as a thin film. This phenomenon also causes water to stick to the sides of vertical structures despite gravity's downward pull.
- 4. OSMOSIS • Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. • Osmosis , transfer of a liquid solvent through a semi-permeable membrane that does not allow dissolved solids (solutes) to pass.
- 6. SURFACE TENSION • Surface tension is a phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid, where the liquid is in contact with gas, acts like a thin elastic sheet. This term is typically used only when the liquid surface is in contact with gas (such as the air). If the surface is between two liquids (such as water and oil), it is called "interface tension." • Water has a greater surface tension than most other liquids because hydrogen bonds among surface water molecules resist stretching or breaking the surface. • Some animals can stand,walk, or run on water without breaking the surface.
- 7. Causes of Surface Tension • Various intermolecular forces, such as Van der Waals forces, draw the liquid particles together. • Surface tension (denoted with the Greek variable gamma) is defined as the ratio of the surface force F to the length d along which the force acts: gamma = F I d • Units of Surface Tension • Surface tension is measured in SI units of N/m (newton per meter), although the more common unit is the cgs unit dyn/cm (dyne per centimeter).
- 8. Examples of Surface Tension • Drops of water. • Insect walking on water. • Needle floating on water.
- 9. water temperature • Water temperature, of course,expresses how hot or cold the water is. Technically,heat is an indicator of the kinetic energy of water,or energy of motion. Increasing temperature indicates increasing energy, or molecular motion, of water. • Temperature Measurement Technology – • Water temperature can be measured with a thermistor, which is a metallic device that undergoes a predictable change in resistance in response to temperature changes. This resistance is measured and converted to a temperature reading in Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin.
- 10. Why is water temperature important? • Water temperature affects the growth and reproduction of living organisms. Many animals use temperature as a signal for when to reproduce and when to migrate. Generally, animals and plants grow faster at warmer temperatures, although all organisms have an upper temperature limit. • Water temperature has a tremendous impact on water density. Differences in water temperature and density cause stratification.