The document summarizes key chemical and physical features of seawater and the world's oceans. It discusses the nature of water at an atomic level and how hydrogen bonding gives water unique properties. It describes the three states water can exist in and how heat affects phase changes. It also outlines how seawater is composed of dissolved salts and ions from weathered rocks. Additional topics covered include salinity, temperature and density relationships; dissolved gases; water transparency; ocean currents driven by wind and the Coriolis effect; and the three-layer structure of the ocean.
Water is a polar molecule that can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas. It has unique properties including its ability to dissolve more substances than any other natural liquid. Seawater consists of dissolved salts and gases. Surface currents are driven by wind and deflected by the Coriolis effect, forming gyres. Deeper circulation is driven by water density variations from temperature and salinity changes, in a process called thermohaline circulation. Waves are caused by wind while tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.
Heat and temperature are not the same - temperature is an object's response to heat input or removal. Water moderates global temperatures through its thermal properties - it stores heat during the day and releases it at night. The structure and movement of oceans depends on water density, which varies with temperature and salinity. A water molecule is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules give water many unique properties, such as high surface tension and the ability to absorb large amounts of heat with little temperature change. Ocean stratification into layers depends on variation in temperature and salinity with depth.
The document discusses several key physical properties of water and the water cycle:
1) Water has a unique molecular structure that allows it to exist in solid, liquid, and gas forms on Earth. It takes a significant amount of energy to change between these phases due to hydrogen bonding between molecules.
2) The vapor pressure of water increases with temperature, as warmer air can hold more water vapor. When air reaches saturation, the rate that molecules enter and leave liquid water is equal.
3) Relative humidity compares the actual vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure, ranging from 0-100%. Dew point temperature indicates the water content of air.
Most of Earth's water is found in oceans, which cover most of the planet's surface. The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Evaporation occurs when water is heated by the sun and turns into water vapor, which rises up into the atmosphere and can form clouds and precipitation that falls back to Earth. [END SUMMARY]
The document discusses the distribution and movement of water on Earth. 97% of Earth's water is found in oceans, where salinity varies by location. Ocean currents are influenced by winds and temperature differences. Glaciers and icebergs contain 2% of water and include valley, continental, and ice shelf glaciers. Groundwater and soil moisture make up 0.7% of water, and surface freshwater like lakes and rivers contain 0.01%. Water is essential for life but can become polluted from various sources. Atmospheric moisture in the form of humidity, clouds, fog, and precipitation amounts to only 0.001% of Earth's water.
This document discusses the properties and composition of water and seawater. It explains that water molecules are polar due to hydrogen bonding between oxygen and hydrogen atoms. This polarity allows water to act as a universal solvent and gives it unusual properties like high heat capacity and surface tension. The document also describes seawater, noting that it has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand and contains dissolved ions from rivers and ocean ridges. Salinity variations in the ocean are driven by evaporation, precipitation, and melting ice.
The document discusses the water cycle and atmospheric processes involving water. It describes the different states of water and the processes of changing between states, such as melting, evaporation, and condensation. It also discusses humidity, cloud formation mechanisms like lifting and cooling of air, cloud classification, how precipitation forms within clouds, and the different forms of precipitation like rain, snow, hail, and sleet.
This document provides an overview of key concepts relating to the structure and processes of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the composition of the atmosphere and how it is made up of different layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. It explains how solar energy is transferred to and through the atmosphere using radiation, conduction and convection, driving weather and climate. Temperature, heat, dew point and other meteorological variables are also defined.
Water is a polar molecule that can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas. It has unique properties including its ability to dissolve more substances than any other natural liquid. Seawater consists of dissolved salts and gases. Surface currents are driven by wind and deflected by the Coriolis effect, forming gyres. Deeper circulation is driven by water density variations from temperature and salinity changes, in a process called thermohaline circulation. Waves are caused by wind while tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.
Heat and temperature are not the same - temperature is an object's response to heat input or removal. Water moderates global temperatures through its thermal properties - it stores heat during the day and releases it at night. The structure and movement of oceans depends on water density, which varies with temperature and salinity. A water molecule is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules give water many unique properties, such as high surface tension and the ability to absorb large amounts of heat with little temperature change. Ocean stratification into layers depends on variation in temperature and salinity with depth.
The document discusses several key physical properties of water and the water cycle:
1) Water has a unique molecular structure that allows it to exist in solid, liquid, and gas forms on Earth. It takes a significant amount of energy to change between these phases due to hydrogen bonding between molecules.
2) The vapor pressure of water increases with temperature, as warmer air can hold more water vapor. When air reaches saturation, the rate that molecules enter and leave liquid water is equal.
3) Relative humidity compares the actual vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure, ranging from 0-100%. Dew point temperature indicates the water content of air.
Most of Earth's water is found in oceans, which cover most of the planet's surface. The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Evaporation occurs when water is heated by the sun and turns into water vapor, which rises up into the atmosphere and can form clouds and precipitation that falls back to Earth. [END SUMMARY]
The document discusses the distribution and movement of water on Earth. 97% of Earth's water is found in oceans, where salinity varies by location. Ocean currents are influenced by winds and temperature differences. Glaciers and icebergs contain 2% of water and include valley, continental, and ice shelf glaciers. Groundwater and soil moisture make up 0.7% of water, and surface freshwater like lakes and rivers contain 0.01%. Water is essential for life but can become polluted from various sources. Atmospheric moisture in the form of humidity, clouds, fog, and precipitation amounts to only 0.001% of Earth's water.
This document discusses the properties and composition of water and seawater. It explains that water molecules are polar due to hydrogen bonding between oxygen and hydrogen atoms. This polarity allows water to act as a universal solvent and gives it unusual properties like high heat capacity and surface tension. The document also describes seawater, noting that it has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand and contains dissolved ions from rivers and ocean ridges. Salinity variations in the ocean are driven by evaporation, precipitation, and melting ice.
The document discusses the water cycle and atmospheric processes involving water. It describes the different states of water and the processes of changing between states, such as melting, evaporation, and condensation. It also discusses humidity, cloud formation mechanisms like lifting and cooling of air, cloud classification, how precipitation forms within clouds, and the different forms of precipitation like rain, snow, hail, and sleet.
This document provides an overview of key concepts relating to the structure and processes of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the composition of the atmosphere and how it is made up of different layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. It explains how solar energy is transferred to and through the atmosphere using radiation, conduction and convection, driving weather and climate. Temperature, heat, dew point and other meteorological variables are also defined.
The document discusses the physical characteristics of inland water environments, including pressure, density, mobility, temperature, and thermal stratification. It notes that water density depends on dissolved substances, temperature, and pressure. It also explains that inland waters experience greater temperature fluctuations than marine environments. Thermal stratification causes inland waters to separate into three layers in summer - an upper epilimnion layer, a lower hypolimnion layer, and a middle thermocline/metalimnion layer transitioning between the two.
The document discusses various topics related to the hydrosphere including the composition of seawater, ocean topography, water purification methods, ocean zonation, the hydrologic cycle, tides, and water pollution. It provides details on the major oceans, depth and salinity of seawater, techniques for filtering and disinfecting water, the vertical zones of the ocean defined by light penetration, stages of the hydrologic cycle involving evaporation, transport, precipitation, and runoff, tidal patterns driven by the gravitational pull of the moon, and sources and measurement of water pollution.
The document summarizes key concepts about water, including its physical and chemical properties, the water cycle, humidity, phases of water, and more. It discusses how water vapor condenses to form clouds and rain, which then flows into rivers and oceans. The unique properties of water make it essential for life on Earth.
This document discusses various processes by which water changes phase from liquid to gas, including evaporation, transpiration, and sublimation. It provides details on the factors that control evaporation rates, such as energy inputs, temperature, humidity, wind, and water availability. It explains the differences between potential evapotranspiration (PET) and actual evapotranspiration (AET). Transpiration from plants and how it is affected by various environmental factors is also covered. Common methods for measuring and estimating evaporation and evapotranspiration are presented.
Temperature inversions occur when the normal atmospheric pattern of decreasing temperature with increasing altitude is reversed, so that temperature increases with height. There are several types of inversions including surface-based, subsidence, and frontal inversions. Surface inversions form near the ground due to radiational cooling at night or when warm air moves over a cooler surface. Subsidence inversions occur when descending air warms due to compression. Frontal inversions form at boundaries between differing air masses. Inversions can lead to severe weather like freezing rain or intense thunderstorms and trap pollutants causing smog.
This document discusses the properties of gases and air. It explains that gases have mass and take up space, have faster moving molecules than solids and liquids, expand to fill their container, have molecules spaced far apart with no bonds or fixed shape, and can be compressed. It then discusses the composition of air, temperature, pressure, density, humidity, and other gas properties.
The document summarizes key concepts about the water cycle and atmospheric moisture. It describes the three states of water, processes like evaporation and condensation, cloud formation mechanisms including convection and orographic lifting, different cloud types classified by height and shape, and various forms of precipitation including rain, snow, hail and acid rain. Diagrams illustrate concepts like the water cycle, adiabatic processes, cloud classification and hailstone formation.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. It is expressed on comparative scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin. Thermometers use materials like mercury that expand with increasing heat to measure temperature. Temperature inversions occur when warm air is above cooler air near the surface, trapping pollutants. Inversions impact air quality by preventing the dispersion of pollution. Clouds also impact temperature by reflecting sunlight to lower maximum temperatures while trapping heat at night to raise minimums.
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid or solid changes into a vapor. It occurs when molecules near the surface of a substance gain enough kinetic energy from heat to break away from intermolecular forces holding them together. The rate of evaporation depends on factors like temperature, pressure, concentration, and surface area. Evaporation plays an important role in nature and has several industrial applications such as drying, cooling, and distillation.
The document summarizes the layers of Earth's atmosphere and factors that influence weather and climate. It describes 5 main layers from the troposphere at Earth's surface to the exosphere at the top. Key points include how temperature decreases with altitude, composition varies between layers, and layers are identified by characteristics like density. Ocean currents and convection cycles transfer heat globally in complex patterns driving atmospheric circulation.
This document provides an overview of the water cycle and atmospheric moisture. It discusses the three states of water, the processes of evaporation, condensation, and sublimation. It describes how temperature and pressure affect the amount of water vapor air can hold. Cloud formation results from air rising and cooling, releasing water as condensation. Precipitation forms as cloud droplets grow very large. The document also discusses atmospheric stability and various mechanisms that cause air to rise and form clouds.
1) Water exists in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms. Water vapor accounts for around 4% of the atmosphere and plays an important role in determining weather through condensation and precipitation.
2) The amount of water vapor present in air is known as humidity, which is measured in terms of absolute or relative humidity. Evaporation from oceans and other water bodies adds water vapor to the atmosphere.
3) When air reaches its dew point temperature, water vapor condenses to form precipitation like rain, snow, sleet or hail which then falls to the Earth's surface through processes like convectional, orographic or frontal rainfall. The distribution of rainfall varies globally depending on factors like
Water vapor is the most important gas in the atmosphere and is the source of all condensation and precipitation. The water cycle begins with evaporation and includes condensation, precipitation, and water running off or sinking into the ground. Clouds are classified based on their height and form, with cirrus, cumulus and stratus being the main cloud types located in the high, middle and low levels of the atmosphere respectively. For precipitation to form, cloud droplets must grow substantially through processes like collision-coalescence in warm clouds and the Bergeron process in cold clouds. The type of precipitation reaching the surface depends on the temperature profile in the lower atmosphere.
1. Water has unusual properties due to the polarity of its molecules and their ability to form hydrogen bonds. This allows water to moderate temperatures, act as the solvent for life, and transport substances in organisms.
2. The polarity and hydrogen bonding of water molecules results in water having a high heat of vaporization, specific heat, and heat of fusion. These high heat values allow water to stabilize temperatures on Earth.
3. Oceans and lakes don't freeze solid because ice floats, with ice being less dense than liquid water. This property has important consequences for the survival of aquatic life.
In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol comprising a visible mass of minute liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or particles suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body
Contrails are line-shaped clouds produced by aircraft engine exhaust or changes in air pressure, typically at aircraft cruise altitudes several miles above the Earth's surface. Contrails are composed primarily of water, in the form of ice crystals
Temperature radiation climatology-Climatology ChapterKaium Chowdhury
This document discusses various factors that influence global and local temperatures, including:
- Temperature decreases with increasing altitude due to the environmental lapse rate.
- Incoming solar radiation varies depending on factors like latitude, time of day, season, and cloud cover.
- Outgoing longwave radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, contributing to the greenhouse effect.
- Ocean currents and atmospheric winds transfer heat energy from the equator toward the poles.
- Latent heat transport through evaporation and condensation also helps regulate global temperatures.
AS Geography - factors affecting temperature and Humiditynazeema khan
This document discusses factors that influence global temperature differences, including:
- Latitude affects temperature, with the equator being hottest and poles coldest due to the sun's angle. Seasons are also influenced by latitude.
- Proximity to bodies of water influences climate, with coastal areas having more moderate temperatures due to the ocean's heat capacity.
- Ocean currents transport heat energy around the globe.
- Temperature decreases with increasing altitude.
- Clouds impact temperatures by reflecting sunlight but also trapping heat at night.
- Wind can transport hot or cold air masses to influence local temperatures.
This document defines over 50 key terms related to weather and climate, including:
- Absolute humidity, which is the mass of water vapor in a given volume of air.
- Air masses, which are large bodies of air with similar temperature and humidity characteristics.
- Climate, which is the average weather condition at a particular place over a period of time.
- Fronts, such as cold fronts and warm fronts, which are the leading edges of air masses with different temperatures.
This document discusses water and moisture in the atmosphere. It covers the global distribution of water, properties of water including its phases and heat properties. It also discusses concepts of humidity including relative humidity and specific humidity. Atmospheric stability is influenced by environmental and adiabatic lapse rates. Clouds and fog form when rising air parcels become saturated.
Moisture exists in the atmosphere in gaseous, liquid, and solid forms. Water vapor is the gaseous form and is an important greenhouse gas. Clouds consist of liquid water or ice crystals, while rain, snow, and hail are liquid or solid precipitation. Evaporation from oceans and transpiration from plants are major sources of atmospheric moisture. Relative humidity measures the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum it can hold at a given temperature.
The document summarizes key aspects of ocean water including its unique properties, states, heat absorption, role as a solvent, and composition of seawater. It also discusses ocean circulation patterns driven by wind and thermohaline circulation, as well as waves and tides. Surface currents are formed through wind patterns and deflected by the Coriolis effect, while deep circulation is driven by water density variations from temperature and salinity changes.
The ocean absorbs gases from the atmosphere, with the largest amounts being nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Gases enter the ocean through the atmosphere, underwater volcanoes, marine organisms, and rivers. Colder ocean water can hold more dissolved gases than warmer water. The ocean acts as a carbon sink, absorbing more carbon than the atmosphere and trapping it for long periods. While ocean water appears to be pure, it actually contains dissolved salts and minerals that make up 3.5% of its composition. These dissolved solids come from volcanic eruptions, weathering of rocks, and chemical reactions on the seafloor.
The document discusses the physical characteristics of inland water environments, including pressure, density, mobility, temperature, and thermal stratification. It notes that water density depends on dissolved substances, temperature, and pressure. It also explains that inland waters experience greater temperature fluctuations than marine environments. Thermal stratification causes inland waters to separate into three layers in summer - an upper epilimnion layer, a lower hypolimnion layer, and a middle thermocline/metalimnion layer transitioning between the two.
The document discusses various topics related to the hydrosphere including the composition of seawater, ocean topography, water purification methods, ocean zonation, the hydrologic cycle, tides, and water pollution. It provides details on the major oceans, depth and salinity of seawater, techniques for filtering and disinfecting water, the vertical zones of the ocean defined by light penetration, stages of the hydrologic cycle involving evaporation, transport, precipitation, and runoff, tidal patterns driven by the gravitational pull of the moon, and sources and measurement of water pollution.
The document summarizes key concepts about water, including its physical and chemical properties, the water cycle, humidity, phases of water, and more. It discusses how water vapor condenses to form clouds and rain, which then flows into rivers and oceans. The unique properties of water make it essential for life on Earth.
This document discusses various processes by which water changes phase from liquid to gas, including evaporation, transpiration, and sublimation. It provides details on the factors that control evaporation rates, such as energy inputs, temperature, humidity, wind, and water availability. It explains the differences between potential evapotranspiration (PET) and actual evapotranspiration (AET). Transpiration from plants and how it is affected by various environmental factors is also covered. Common methods for measuring and estimating evaporation and evapotranspiration are presented.
Temperature inversions occur when the normal atmospheric pattern of decreasing temperature with increasing altitude is reversed, so that temperature increases with height. There are several types of inversions including surface-based, subsidence, and frontal inversions. Surface inversions form near the ground due to radiational cooling at night or when warm air moves over a cooler surface. Subsidence inversions occur when descending air warms due to compression. Frontal inversions form at boundaries between differing air masses. Inversions can lead to severe weather like freezing rain or intense thunderstorms and trap pollutants causing smog.
This document discusses the properties of gases and air. It explains that gases have mass and take up space, have faster moving molecules than solids and liquids, expand to fill their container, have molecules spaced far apart with no bonds or fixed shape, and can be compressed. It then discusses the composition of air, temperature, pressure, density, humidity, and other gas properties.
The document summarizes key concepts about the water cycle and atmospheric moisture. It describes the three states of water, processes like evaporation and condensation, cloud formation mechanisms including convection and orographic lifting, different cloud types classified by height and shape, and various forms of precipitation including rain, snow, hail and acid rain. Diagrams illustrate concepts like the water cycle, adiabatic processes, cloud classification and hailstone formation.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. It is expressed on comparative scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin. Thermometers use materials like mercury that expand with increasing heat to measure temperature. Temperature inversions occur when warm air is above cooler air near the surface, trapping pollutants. Inversions impact air quality by preventing the dispersion of pollution. Clouds also impact temperature by reflecting sunlight to lower maximum temperatures while trapping heat at night to raise minimums.
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid or solid changes into a vapor. It occurs when molecules near the surface of a substance gain enough kinetic energy from heat to break away from intermolecular forces holding them together. The rate of evaporation depends on factors like temperature, pressure, concentration, and surface area. Evaporation plays an important role in nature and has several industrial applications such as drying, cooling, and distillation.
The document summarizes the layers of Earth's atmosphere and factors that influence weather and climate. It describes 5 main layers from the troposphere at Earth's surface to the exosphere at the top. Key points include how temperature decreases with altitude, composition varies between layers, and layers are identified by characteristics like density. Ocean currents and convection cycles transfer heat globally in complex patterns driving atmospheric circulation.
This document provides an overview of the water cycle and atmospheric moisture. It discusses the three states of water, the processes of evaporation, condensation, and sublimation. It describes how temperature and pressure affect the amount of water vapor air can hold. Cloud formation results from air rising and cooling, releasing water as condensation. Precipitation forms as cloud droplets grow very large. The document also discusses atmospheric stability and various mechanisms that cause air to rise and form clouds.
1) Water exists in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms. Water vapor accounts for around 4% of the atmosphere and plays an important role in determining weather through condensation and precipitation.
2) The amount of water vapor present in air is known as humidity, which is measured in terms of absolute or relative humidity. Evaporation from oceans and other water bodies adds water vapor to the atmosphere.
3) When air reaches its dew point temperature, water vapor condenses to form precipitation like rain, snow, sleet or hail which then falls to the Earth's surface through processes like convectional, orographic or frontal rainfall. The distribution of rainfall varies globally depending on factors like
Water vapor is the most important gas in the atmosphere and is the source of all condensation and precipitation. The water cycle begins with evaporation and includes condensation, precipitation, and water running off or sinking into the ground. Clouds are classified based on their height and form, with cirrus, cumulus and stratus being the main cloud types located in the high, middle and low levels of the atmosphere respectively. For precipitation to form, cloud droplets must grow substantially through processes like collision-coalescence in warm clouds and the Bergeron process in cold clouds. The type of precipitation reaching the surface depends on the temperature profile in the lower atmosphere.
1. Water has unusual properties due to the polarity of its molecules and their ability to form hydrogen bonds. This allows water to moderate temperatures, act as the solvent for life, and transport substances in organisms.
2. The polarity and hydrogen bonding of water molecules results in water having a high heat of vaporization, specific heat, and heat of fusion. These high heat values allow water to stabilize temperatures on Earth.
3. Oceans and lakes don't freeze solid because ice floats, with ice being less dense than liquid water. This property has important consequences for the survival of aquatic life.
In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol comprising a visible mass of minute liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or particles suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body
Contrails are line-shaped clouds produced by aircraft engine exhaust or changes in air pressure, typically at aircraft cruise altitudes several miles above the Earth's surface. Contrails are composed primarily of water, in the form of ice crystals
Temperature radiation climatology-Climatology ChapterKaium Chowdhury
This document discusses various factors that influence global and local temperatures, including:
- Temperature decreases with increasing altitude due to the environmental lapse rate.
- Incoming solar radiation varies depending on factors like latitude, time of day, season, and cloud cover.
- Outgoing longwave radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, contributing to the greenhouse effect.
- Ocean currents and atmospheric winds transfer heat energy from the equator toward the poles.
- Latent heat transport through evaporation and condensation also helps regulate global temperatures.
AS Geography - factors affecting temperature and Humiditynazeema khan
This document discusses factors that influence global temperature differences, including:
- Latitude affects temperature, with the equator being hottest and poles coldest due to the sun's angle. Seasons are also influenced by latitude.
- Proximity to bodies of water influences climate, with coastal areas having more moderate temperatures due to the ocean's heat capacity.
- Ocean currents transport heat energy around the globe.
- Temperature decreases with increasing altitude.
- Clouds impact temperatures by reflecting sunlight but also trapping heat at night.
- Wind can transport hot or cold air masses to influence local temperatures.
This document defines over 50 key terms related to weather and climate, including:
- Absolute humidity, which is the mass of water vapor in a given volume of air.
- Air masses, which are large bodies of air with similar temperature and humidity characteristics.
- Climate, which is the average weather condition at a particular place over a period of time.
- Fronts, such as cold fronts and warm fronts, which are the leading edges of air masses with different temperatures.
This document discusses water and moisture in the atmosphere. It covers the global distribution of water, properties of water including its phases and heat properties. It also discusses concepts of humidity including relative humidity and specific humidity. Atmospheric stability is influenced by environmental and adiabatic lapse rates. Clouds and fog form when rising air parcels become saturated.
Moisture exists in the atmosphere in gaseous, liquid, and solid forms. Water vapor is the gaseous form and is an important greenhouse gas. Clouds consist of liquid water or ice crystals, while rain, snow, and hail are liquid or solid precipitation. Evaporation from oceans and transpiration from plants are major sources of atmospheric moisture. Relative humidity measures the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum it can hold at a given temperature.
The document summarizes key aspects of ocean water including its unique properties, states, heat absorption, role as a solvent, and composition of seawater. It also discusses ocean circulation patterns driven by wind and thermohaline circulation, as well as waves and tides. Surface currents are formed through wind patterns and deflected by the Coriolis effect, while deep circulation is driven by water density variations from temperature and salinity changes.
The ocean absorbs gases from the atmosphere, with the largest amounts being nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Gases enter the ocean through the atmosphere, underwater volcanoes, marine organisms, and rivers. Colder ocean water can hold more dissolved gases than warmer water. The ocean acts as a carbon sink, absorbing more carbon than the atmosphere and trapping it for long periods. While ocean water appears to be pure, it actually contains dissolved salts and minerals that make up 3.5% of its composition. These dissolved solids come from volcanic eruptions, weathering of rocks, and chemical reactions on the seafloor.
The document discusses several key properties of water and their importance. It explains that water's ability to form hydrogen bonds allows it to be an excellent solvent and gives it high surface tension and specific heat. These properties help moderate Earth's temperature and allow life to exist through processes like transpiration and evaporative cooling. Water's hydrogen bonding also gives it unusual properties when freezing that have environmental impacts. Overall, the document emphasizes how water's unique molecular structure makes it perfectly suited for its role in climate and as the medium for life.
The document discusses several key topics:
1) The water cycle, including evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, and how ocean currents regulate Earth's temperature.
2) The properties of ocean water, including its salinity, temperature zones, and role in temperature regulation.
3) The hydrosphere, including fresh water sources like rivers and groundwater, and the biosphere, where life exists due to factors like liquid water and moderate temperatures.
4) How ecosystems are open or closed systems, and how energy and matter flow within the biosphere.
Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O). It is a polar molecule with unevenly distributed charges that allow it to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. This polarity gives water unique properties including surface tension, capillary action, and the ability to dissolve many other polar substances and ions. Water also has a high heat capacity due to hydrogen bonding, which stabilizes its temperature.
This document provides information on various topics related to oceanography. It discusses features of the ocean floor like the continental shelf and slope. It also covers properties of water such as its incompressibility and transparency to sound. Additionally, it summarizes the dissolved salts in seawater, how fresh water density varies with temperature, and temperature variations in the ocean. Further topics include salinity, density, freezing points, energy spectrums, sound speed, and ocean circulation forces like winds, Coriolis effect, and Ekman transport. The document also briefly outlines surface currents, deep water currents, upwelling and downwelling, and interactions between surface and deep sea currents.
The sun provides the primary source of energy driving ocean currents through heating the surface waters unevenly, with the greatest heating at the equator. Density differences created by variations in temperature and salinity are the main factors influencing ocean circulation patterns. Water properties like temperature, salinity, and density only change at the surface of the ocean and create distinct water masses.
Water is the universal solvent due to its polar nature as a dipolar molecule. Its hydrogen bonds allow it to dissolve most substances found in nature. The document discusses water's unique properties including its high specific heat, freezing point, and boiling point which help regulate Earth's climate. It also examines the composition of seawater and how salinity varies globally and with depth due to evaporation, precipitation, and ocean circulation patterns.
Water has unique properties that allow life to exist on Earth. It has a chemical formula of H2O and forms hydrogen bonds between molecules. These bonds give water high surface tension, heat capacity, and ability to dissolve many substances. Water's polarity and hydrogen bonding allow it to dissolve more substances than any other liquid. Its high heat capacity and heat of vaporization help regulate temperatures on Earth. Water's density peaks at 4°C, causing ice to float, which protects aquatic life below freezing surfaces. These unusual properties are crucial for life.
Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O). It is a polar molecule due to the uneven distribution of charges across the bonds. This polarity allows water to form hydrogen bonds between molecules and gives water its unique properties, such as high heat capacity and surface tension. The polarity also causes water to be hydrophilic, attracting other polar substances but repelling nonpolar substances. Most of Earth's water is salt water found in oceans, where dissolved ions like sodium and chloride give it a salty taste.
The document summarizes key characteristics and properties of water molecules and seawater. It discusses how water can change states between solid, liquid and gas. It describes how density, pressure, temperature and salinity affect water properties. It also covers how light, sound and ions behave in seawater, and how salinity is measured. Desalination processes are mentioned along with common gases in the atmosphere and oceans.
Chemistry of-water-2-physical-and-chemical-properties-of-water-updatedStephanie Mae Beleña
Water is formed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonded together in a polar covalent structure. This structure allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds that give water its unique properties including being a liquid over a wide range of temperatures and able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid. Water's polarity and hydrogen bonding allow it to have high surface tension, specific heat, and can change between solid, liquid, and gas states near room temperature. These properties make water essential for life and allow it to function as the universal solvent.
Explore the dynamic world of ocean water and currents with this engaging PPT lesson by IAS Next. Dive deep into the intricate mechanisms governing ocean currents, their impact on climate, marine life, and more. Gain insights into the significance of understanding oceanic processes for various competitive exams, including IAS. This comprehensive presentation combines visuals and informative content to make learning about oceanography both educational and enjoyable.
Water, Hydrogen Bonds, and the Hydrologic CycleBrad Dougherty
Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms that are covalently bonded together into polar molecules. The polarity of water molecules allows them to form hydrogen bonds with nearby water molecules, giving water its unique properties. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for water's high boiling point, its ability to absorb large amounts of heat, and why ice floats on liquid water. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of Earth, including processes such as evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
This presentation is in two parts made by me for non technical staff of Kindasa water during my tenure, any person may use this for education purpose with my identity,
This presentation discusses several key properties of water including:
1. Water's unique physical properties like its high heat capacity and ability to form hydrogen bonds allow it to exist as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures.
2. Water is an excellent solvent due to its polar nature which allows it to dissolve many other substances.
3. Water's high heat capacity and heat of vaporization enable it to moderate temperature changes and influence climate patterns. Its varying density with temperature also impacts ocean circulation.
The document summarizes key concepts in oceanography, including:
1) The ocean covers 71% of the Earth's surface and is divided into four major basins. It contains 97% of the planet's water and influences climate regulation, oxygen production, and heat storage.
2) Ocean currents are driven by prevailing winds and the Coriolis effect, forming surface gyres and deep circulation currents. The global ocean conveyor belt involves sinking of dense water masses.
3) Ocean properties vary with depth, forming three layers - a warm mixed surface layer, a thermocline of rapid temperature drop, and cold deep water below. Temperature, salinity, and pressure interact to influence ocean density stratification.
Seawater makes up about 96.5% of the oceans and has an average salinity of around 3.5%, meaning it contains approximately 35 grams of dissolved salts per kilogram. The major salts are sodium and chloride ions. Seawater is denser than freshwater due to these dissolved salts. Oceanography studies all aspects of the oceans, including their physical, chemical, geological, and biological properties and processes. It aims to understand ocean systems and how humans impact them. The oceans are divided into basins and cover over 70% of the Earth's surface. Seawater properties like density, freezing point, and conductivity are determined by its salt content and water composition.
Water has unique properties that allow life to exist on Earth. Its molecular structure, with hydrogen bonds between water molecules, gives water special characteristics including a high heat capacity and heat of vaporization. This allows water to absorb large amounts of heat with minimal temperature change, acting as a thermal buffer for both living things and the global climate. The density of water peaks at 4°C then decreases as it approaches the freezing point of 0°C, allowing ice to float on liquid water.
The document discusses the importance of water and its unique properties. It covers how water is essential for life, affects politics and economies, and moves through the hydrologic cycle. It also explains water's molecular structure, polarity, and hydrogen bonding which allow it to exist as a liquid at room temperature and give it special characteristics like surface tension and viscosity.
This document discusses suffixes and terminology used in medicine. It begins by listing common combining forms used to build medical terms and their meanings. It then defines several noun, adjective, and shorter suffixes and provides their meanings. Examples are given of medical terms built using combining forms and suffixes. The document also examines specific medical concepts in more depth, such as hernias, blood cells, acromegaly, splenomegaly, and laparoscopy.
The document is a chapter from a medical textbook that discusses anatomical terminology pertaining to the body as a whole. It defines the structural organization of the body from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It also describes the body cavities and identifies the major organs contained within each cavity, as well as anatomical divisions of the abdomen and back.
This document is from a textbook on medical terminology. It discusses the basic structure of medical words and how they are built from prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. Some key points:
- Medical terms are made up of elements including roots, suffixes, prefixes, and combining vowels. Understanding these elements is important for analyzing terms.
- Common prefixes include hypo-, epi-, and cis-. Common suffixes include -itis, -algia, and -ectomy.
- Dozens of combining forms are provided, such as gastro- meaning stomach, cardi- meaning heart, and aden- meaning gland.
- Rules are provided for analyzing terms, such as reading from the suffix backward and dropping combining vowels before suffixes starting with vowels
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 25 on Cancer from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by a team that includes Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 24 on Immunology from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are highly specialized cells that process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. This chapter discusses the structure and function of neurons, how they communicate with each other via synapses, and how signals are propagated along neurons through changes in their membrane potentials. Neurons play a vital role in the nervous system by allowing organisms to process information and coordinate their responses.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 22 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "The Molecular Cell Biology of Development" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 21 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cell Birth, Lineage, and Death" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 20 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Regulating the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 19 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Integrating Cells into Tissues" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses microtubules and intermediate filaments, which are types of cytoskeletal filaments that help organize and move cellular components. Microtubules are involved in processes like cell division and intracellular transport, while intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help integrate the nucleus with the cytoplasm. Together, these filaments play important structural and functional roles in eukaryotic cells.
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This document is the copyright page for Chapter 16 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Signaling Pathways that Control Gene Activity" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 15 of the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira. It provides the chapter title "Cell Signaling I: Signal Transduction and Short-Term Cellular Responses" and notes the copyright is held by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 14 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Vesicular Traffic, Secretion, and Endocytosis" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses how proteins are transported into membranes and organelles within cells. Proteins destined for membranes or organelles have targeting signals that are recognized by transport systems. The transport systems then direct the proteins to their proper destinations, such as inserting membrane proteins into membranes or delivering soluble proteins into organelles.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 12 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cellular Energetics" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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3. The nature of water
Atom: The basic unit of
matter
The smallest unit into
which an element can be
divided and still retain
its properties
4. The nature of water
Element: A substance composed entirely of one type of
atom
Molecule: Larger particle composed of two or more
atoms chemically bonded together
5. The nature of water
Hydrogen bonds: Weak
bonds between polar
molecules
polar molecule: a
molecule with uneven
distribution of charge
The reason for water’s
unique properties
6.
7. States of Water
Liquid, Gas/Vapor, and Solid/Crystalline
Water is the only substance that naturally occurs in all
three forms
8. States of Water
Liquid -> Gas/Vapor
Evaporation: The breaking of hydrogen bonds allows
water to change from the liquid phase into the gaseous
phase
9. States of Water
Gas/Vapor -> Liquid
Condensation: The formation of hydrogen bonds
allows water molecules to come together and change
from a gaseous phase to a liquid phase
10. States of Water
Solid -> Gas/Vapor
Sublimation: The
direct change in
phase from a solid to
a gas without a
change in phase to a
liquid in between
12. States of Water
Density = Mass/Volume
Water is the only known substance that is less dense as
a solid than it is as a liquid
13.
14. Heat and Water
Latent heat of melting:
The amount of heat
required to melt a
substance
highest among
common substances
due to hydrogen
bonding
15. Heat and Water
Heat capacity: The amount of heat needed to raise a
substance’s temperature by a given amount
reflects how much heat a substance can store
water can absorb large amounts of heat without altering
much
why water is used a common coolant
ex. car engines
16. Heat and Water
Latent heat of evaporation: the amount of heat energy
that is needed to evaporate a substance
water has a high latent heat of evaporation
also due to hydrogen bonding
Only fastest moving bonds are broken, allowing those
molecules with more energy to evaporate
lower energy molecules are left behind
17. Heat and Water
Evaporative cooling: the lower
speed and therefore lower
temperature of molecules
remaining in the liquid phase
after evaporation of the fastest
molecules
how evaporating sweat cools our
skin
18.
19. Water as a Solvent
Seawater is a solution: A mixture consisting of two
parts a solvent and a solute which is evenly dissolved
throughout the mixture
The solute is the substance being dissolved
The solvent is the substance that causes the dissolving
20. Water as a Solvent
Often considered
the “Universal
solvent”
can dissolve more
things than any
other natural
substance
21. Water as a Solvent
Salts: Substances made up of particles with opposite
charges
Ions: Electrically charged particles that result from the
loss or gain of an electron
ex. NaCl -> Na+ and Cl-
22. Water as a Solvent
Dissociation: The separation of two oppositely charged
particles in a substance into their individual ions
ex. NaCl -> Na+ and Cl-
23.
24. Seawater
The characteristics of
seawater are due to two
things:
1. the nature of pure water
2. the materials dissolved in
the water
25. Seawater
Some of the material
dissolved in seawater is
the result of weathering
of surrounding rocks
Weathering: the
physical or chemical
breakdown of rocks
26. Seawater
Salinity: The total amount of
salt dissolved in seawater
Salinity is usually defined as the
amount of salt in grams that
remains when 1,000 grams of
seawater are evaporated
ex. 35 g remains, 35 parts per
1000 or 35 ppt
this is the average salinity of the
ocean
27. Seawater
Today electronic equipment is used to measure salinity
The conductivity of seawater is a good indicator of its
salinity - ions are charged
28. Seawater
Organisms are affected by the concentration of salts
and the types of salt found in particular seawater
ex. Cl usually makes up 55.03% no matter what else is
present
This idea is called the rule of constant proportions
relative amounts of the various ions in seawater are
always the same
29. Seawater
Water is primarily
removed by evaporation
and less by freezing
when seawater freezes,
the ions are excluded
from the ice
ice is almost pure water
Water is added by
precipitation
30.
31. Salinity, Temperature, Density
Temperature and salinity effect water’s density
it gets denser as it gets saltier, colder or both
Temperature in the open ocean varies from -2°C 30°C
(28-86°F)
Temperature varies more than salinity
32. Salinity, Temperature, Density
Sampling Bottles - measure temperature and salinity
ex. Niskin bottles
set up a rack with multiple bottles attached at different
locations, measure many depths at once
35. Salinity, Temperature, Density
Profile: a plot that shows temperature, salinity, or any
other characteristic of seawater at various depths in a
water column
36. Salinity, Temperature, Density
Today electronic sensors are
more commonly:
CTDs: Conductivity-
Temperature-Depth meters
XBTs: Expendable
Bathythermographs
disposable, temperature
measures
Problem: only measure one
location at a time
37.
38. Pressure
Organisms on land, at sea level, are under 1 atm of
pressure, or the pressure of the atmosphere above
them
39. Pressure
Organisms in the water are under pressure from the
atmosphere and the water above them
Every 10 ft of depth, 1 atm of pressure is added
Problem for fish as well
gas bladder
43. Dissolved Gases
3 most important for living organisms:
1. Oxygen (O2)
2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
3. Nitrogen (N2)
44. Dissolved Gases
Gas exchange: the movement of gases between the
atmosphere and the ocean
Gases dissolve better in cold water
Oxygen is not very soluble
The amount of oxygen in the water is strongly affected
by organisms through the processes of photosynthesis
and respiration
47. Dissolved Gases
CO2 is more easily dissolved, because it chemically
reacts with water
makes up more than 80% of the dissolved gas in the
ocean
only makes up 0.04% of air
Makes the ocean critical to understanding the effects
of human activities on the earth’s climate
48.
49. Transparency
Water is transparent
allows sunlight to enter
allows for photosynthesis to occur and life to continue
50. Transparency
Not all colors penetrate seawater equally
Clear ocean water is most transparent to blue light
Other colors are absorbed more than blue, so as the
depth increases only blue light can get through
51. Transparency
The transparency of
water is greatly affected
by the material
suspended in the water
and the gases dissolved
in the water
52.
53. The Coriolis Effect
The Earth is round, therefore anything that moves
over the surface tends to turn at least a little and
does not move directly in a straight line.
This bending is called the Coriolis Effect
named after Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis who discovered it
in 1835
54. The Coriolis Effect
In the Northern Hemisphere always turns to the right
In the Southern Hemisphere always turns to the left
55.
56. Wind Patterns
winds in our atmosphere are driven by heat energy
from the sun
As solar energy heats the Equator the air there
becomes less dense and rises.
Surrounding air gets sucked in to replace the risen air,
creating wind
The winds are bent due to the Coriolis effect
57. Wind Patterns
These winds near
the Equator are
called trade
winds
approach the
Equator at 45
angles
least variable of
the winds
58. Wind Patterns
Other winds
tend to be
more variable
Middle
latitudes -
westerlies
High latitudes
- polar
easterlies
61. Surface Currents
Due to the Coriolis effect,
when the wind moves off,
the water is pushed off at a
45 degree angle
The top layer of water then
pushes on the next layer and
again the Coriolis effect
comes into play
The next layer moves more
slowly and slightly towards
the right of the top layer
62. Surface Currents
Each successive layer in the water column follows this
pattern
Forms a pattern called the Ekman spiral after the
Swedish oceanographer who discovered it
ekman spiral
63. Surface Currents
At a depth of a
few 100 meters
the effect of the
wind is not felt
at all
The upper part
of the water
column that is
affected by the
wind is called
the Ekman layer
64. Surface Currents
Taken as a whole the
Ekman layer moves at 90
degrees from the wind
direction in a process
known as Ekman
transport
Equatorial currents move
parallel to the equator
65. Surface Currents
Under the influence of the Coriolis effect the wind-
driven surface currents combine into huge, more or
less circular systems called gyres
particularly good at carrying heat due to water’s high
heat capacity
67. Surface Currents
Large scale fluctuations in current patterns such as El
Nino can dramatically affect weather around the world
68.
69. Three-Layered Ocean
Surface layer: 100-200m
thick
mixed by wind, waves and
current
“mixed layer”
heated by the sun
The warmer water floats in a
shallow “lens” on top and
there is a sharp transition to
the cooler water below
72. Three Layered Ocean
Thermocline: sudden changes
in temperature over small
depth intervals
When the weather cools, the
thermocline breaks down by
winds, waves and currents
73. Three Layered Ocean
Intermediate Layer: below the surface level
1,000-1,500 m in depth (200 – 1,200/1,700 m from the
surface)
main thermocline: a zone of transition between warm
surface water and the cold water below
rarely breaks down
feature of the open ocean
77. Stability and Overturn
How stable the water column is
depends on the density difference
between the layers
A more stable water column has
greater differences in density and
requires more energy to mix the
layers
78. Stability and Overturn
Sometimes the columns become unstable, meaning
the surface water is more dense than the water below
the surface water sinks causing downwelling
this water displaces and mixes with deeper water
79. Stability and Overturn
Process is known as overturn
Scientists identify overturn by looking at straight line
profiles
When difference is only slight and mixing occurs,
important for the productivity of temperate and polar
waters
80. Stability and Overturn
When large amounts of downwelling occurs, the
salinity of that area is changed
once it has sunk, temperature and salinity do not
change
81. Stability and Overturn
From this point on the volume of water or water mass
has a “fingerprint” - a characteristic combination of
temperature and salinity
This is called Thermohaline circulation
82.
83. Great Ocean Conveyor
Overturn rarely reaches the ocean bottom, only in a
few locations - Atlantic Ocean, south of Greenland
and just north of Antarctica
84. Great Ocean Conveyor
After sinking the water
spreads through the
Atlantic and to other
ocean basins
Water eventually rises
back to the surface
flows back to the
Atlantic where the cycle
begins again
This is called the Great
Ocean Conveyor
85. Great Ocean Conveyor
mixes the oceans
about every 4,000
years
critical to regulating
the earth’s climate
brings dissolved
oxygen to the deep sea
86. Great Ocean Conveyor
It is thought that alterations in the conveyor have
produced rapid climate changes, even ice ages, in the
past
87.
88. Waves
Wind causes waves
Wave: the undulation that forms as a disturbance
moves along the surface of the water
89. Waves
Crest: The highest
part of the wave
under a crest the
water moves up
and forward
Trough: The lowest
part of the wave
under a trough the
water moves down
and back
90. Waves
Basically, water particles don’t go anywhere when a
wave goes past, they just move in a circle
Waves carry energy, but not water
91. Waves
The size of a wave is
usually expressed as
the (amplitude)
wave height: the
vertical distance
from trough to crest
92. Waves
Wavelength: the horizontal distance between crests
Period: the time the wave takes to move past a given
point
93. Waves
The faster and longer the wind blows, the larger the
wave
The size of the wave also depends on fetch: the span of
open water over which the wind blows
94. Waves
Seas: While the wind is blowing it pushes the wave
crests up into sharp peaks and “stretches out” the
troughs, these waves are called seas
95. Waves
Waves move away from where they are generated
slightly faster than the speed of the wind
Once away from the wind they settle into swells
smoothly rounded crests and troughs
96. Waves
As waves approach the shoreline and reach shallow
water, they begin to “feel” the bottom of the ocean
The bottom forces the water particles to move in
elongated ellipses instead of circles, which slows the
wave
As the waves behind catch up the waves get closer
together, giving a shorter wavelength
98. Waves
As the waves behind
catch up the waves get
closer together, giving a
shorter wavelength
These waves pile up -
higher and steeper
Eventually topple over
or “break” - creating
surf
99. Waves
When two crests of two waves collide, they add
together producing a higher wave
This is called Wave Reinforcement
101. Waves
When a crest and a trough collide, they cancel each
other out
This is called wave cancellation
102.
103. Tides
The dominant force on near
shore sea life.
They alternately expose and
submerge organisms on the
shore, drive the circulation
of bays and estuaries,
trigger spawning and
influence the lives of marine
organisms in countless
other ways
104. Tides
The tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the
moon and sun/and the rotations of the sun, moon and
earth
105. Tides
The earth and moon both rotate around a common
point, their combined center of mass
This rotation produces a centrifugal force
106. Tides
Centrifugal force: The force that
tends to push a body away from the
center of rotation
force that pushes you outward on a
merry-go-round
balances the gravitational
attraction between the earth and
moon
without it the two would either fly
away from each other or crash
together
107. Tides
centrifugal force and the moon’s gravity are not in
perfect balance everywhere along the earth’s surface
the side of the earth nearest the moon, the moon’s
gravity is stronger
pulls water towards the moon
side away from the moon
centrifugal force is stronger
pushes water away from the moon
109. Tides
Earth is spinning on its axis
any given point on the earth’s surface will be the first
under a bulge then away from a bulge
high tide occurs when that point is under the bulge
110. Tides
Earth takes 24 hours to complete a rotation
Moon advances a little on its orbit every day
full tidal cycle takes 24 hours and 50 minutes
111. Tides
Tidal range: difference in water level between
successive high and low tides
112. Tides
Sun produces tidal bulges in the same way as the moon
Sun is larger than the moon but 400 times further
away
effect of the sun on the tides is half that of the moon
113. Tides
When the sun and the moon are in line with each
other, full moons and new moons the effects are added
together
tidal range becomes large
114. Tides
spring tides: the
tides with a large
tidal wave, occur
around the time of
new or full moons
occur once every
two weeks
115. Tides
When the sun and moon
are at right angles their
effects partially cancel
each other
Neap Tides: tides with a
small tidal range
Occurs when the moon is
in quarter (first or third)
116.
117. Tides
Tides in the real world
behave slightly
differently
They vary based on:
1. location
2. shape of the basin
3. depth of the basin
118. Tides
There are three types of tidal occurrences:
1. semi-diurnal
2. mixed semi-diurnal
3. diurnal
119. Tides
Semidiurnal tides: A tidal pattern with two high and
two low tides each day
East coast of N. America most of Europe and Africa
120. Tides
Mixed Semidiurnal tides: A tidal pattern with two
successive high tides of different heights each day
West coast of N. America and Canada
121. Tides
Diurnal tides: One high and one low tide every day
uncommon
coast of Antarctica and parts of the Gulf of Mexico
Caribbean and Pacific
122. Tides
Tide Tables: A table that gives the predicted time and
height of tides for particular points along a coast
give values for one particular place
124. Tides
Effected by channels, reefs, basins and other local
features
Weather patterns also effect tides
strong winds, can pile water up on shore