Water is the most abundant substance on Earth's surface, exists as a liquid, solid, and gas, and has many unique properties. It has high values for melting point, heat of fusion, boiling point, heat of vaporization, specific heat, and surface tension compared to other solvents. These properties allow water to absorb large amounts of heat while resisting changes in state, helping to moderate Earth's climate. The density of water is highest at 4°C and lowest as ice, allowing ice to float in liquid water. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules gives water its cohesive and adhesive properties that are important for life.
The ability of water to form hydrogen bonds gives it amazing properties including: ability to dissolve hydrophilic (ionic and polar) but not hydrophobic (nonionic, nonpolar) molecules so as to be the "universal solvent," liquid state over large earthly temperature range, high heats of fusion and vaporization, high specific heat, high surface tension, cohesion and adhesion, lower density as solid, low viscosity, equal ionization into proton donor and acceptor for neutral pH. These properties make life on earth possible
Properties of water and aqueous solutionssabir shah
Akhuwat Faisalabad Institute Of Research Science and
Technology.....
This video is a course context of 1st prof Bs (hons) biotechnology.. which is prepared by momin khan niazi...........
The ability of water to form hydrogen bonds gives it amazing properties including: ability to dissolve hydrophilic (ionic and polar) but not hydrophobic (nonionic, nonpolar) molecules so as to be the "universal solvent," liquid state over large earthly temperature range, high heats of fusion and vaporization, high specific heat, high surface tension, cohesion and adhesion, lower density as solid, low viscosity, equal ionization into proton donor and acceptor for neutral pH. These properties make life on earth possible
Properties of water and aqueous solutionssabir shah
Akhuwat Faisalabad Institute Of Research Science and
Technology.....
This video is a course context of 1st prof Bs (hons) biotechnology.. which is prepared by momin khan niazi...........
a presentation of how life originated on earth due to chemicals and how these chemicals represent the building blocks of life all around us.
by Dr. tithi parija (asst. professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology
The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being fresh water. Of the fresh water, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. In addition, the lower mantle of inner earth may hold as much as 5 times more water than all surface water combined (all oceans, all lakes, all rivers).
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
a presentation of how life originated on earth due to chemicals and how these chemicals represent the building blocks of life all around us.
by Dr. tithi parija (asst. professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology
The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being fresh water. Of the fresh water, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. In addition, the lower mantle of inner earth may hold as much as 5 times more water than all surface water combined (all oceans, all lakes, all rivers).
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
1. Water
Water (H2O, HOH) is the most abundant molecule on
earth's surface, constituting about 70% of the planet's
surface.
In nature it exists in liquid, solid, and gaseous states.
It is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and gas
states at standard temperature and pressure.
At room temperature, it is a nearly colorless with a hint of
blue, tasteless, and odorless liquid.
Many substances dissolve in water and it is commonly
referred to as the universal solvent.
2. Properties and Behavior
• Water is the essential solvent of life and the main
chemical constituent of all cells.
• In many ways, water is a miracle liquid.
• It is essential for all living things (on this planet at
least), and it is often referred to as a universal
solvent because many substances dissolve in it.
• These unique properties of water result from the
ways in which individual H2O molecules interact
with each other.
3. Unique properties
• Despite its low molecular weight, it is liquid
at most environmental temperature. Other
molecules having similar molecular
weights (e.g., ammonia, methane, and
H2S) are gasses.
4. In comparison with other solvents, water has high
values for
• Melting point:- The melting point of a solid is the
temperature range at which it changes state from solid
to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid
phase exists in equilibrium. The melting point of ice
is 0 °C (32 °F, 273 K) at standard pressure,
• Heat of fusion:- The heat of fusion is the amount
of heat energy needed to convert one gram of a solid
into its liquid form. The heat of fusion for ice/water is
333 J/g
• Boiling point- The boiling point of an element or a
substance is the temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the liquid equals the environmental
pressure surrounding the liquid. The boiling point of
water is 100 °C (212 °F) at standard pressure
5. In comparison with other solvents, water has
high values for
• Heat of vaporization - It is the energy
required to transform a given quantity of a
substance into a gas, heat of vaporization of
water (40.65 kJ·mol−1
• Specific heat- It is the measure of the heat
energy required to increase the temperature of a
unit quantity of a substance by unit degree
• Surface tension- Surface tension is a property
of the surface of a liquid. It is what causes the
surface portion of liquid to be attracted to another
surface, such as that of another portion of liquid
6. • Each of these properties serves to constrain
major temperature fluctuation and to keep water
in a liquid state.
• Water absorbs more heat energy per gram for
every degree rise in temperature than other
common solvents and therefore acts to moderate
temperature changes.
• Likewise , to convert one gram of water from
liquid to the vapor (gas) state at its boiling point,
an additional 2259J(540cal) must be absorbed.
• This high heat of vaporization , together with
high surface tension of liquid water, tend to keep
water in liquid state.
7. • At other temperature extreme, large amount of energy
(335J or 80cal/ gm) must be lost for water to be converted
from liquid to the solid state.
• Calories is define as amount of energy required to raise
the temperature of one gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5°C
• Water has the second highest specific heat capacity
(Specific heat capacity, often shortened to specific heat
)of all known substances, after ammonia, as well as a
high heat of vaporization , both of which are a result of the
extensive hydrogen bonding between its molecules.
• These two unusual properties allow water to moderate
Earth's climate by buffering large fluctuations in
temperature.
9. • The specific enthalpy of fusion of water is
333.55 kJ·kg−1 at 0 °C. Of common
substances, only that of ammonia is higher.
• This property confers resistance to melting
upon the ice of glaciers and drift ice.
• Drift ice is ice that floats on the surface of
the water in cold regions, as opposed to
fast ice, which is attached ("fastened") to a
shore.
• Usually drift ice is carried along by winds
and sea currents, hence its name, "drift
ice".
10. Enthalpy of fusion
• The standard enthalpy of fusion (symbol:
ΔHfus), also known as the heat of fusion or
specific melting heat
• It is the amount of thermal energy which must be
absorbed or evolved for 1 mole of a substance
to change states from a solid to a liquid or vice
versa.
• It is also called the latent heat of fusion or the
enthalpy change of fusion, and the
temperature at which it occurs is called the
melting point.
11. • Before the advent of mechanical refrigeration, ice was in common use
to retard food spoilage .
• Although water is often called the "universal solvent", not all
substances dissolve in water.
• Water does dissolve most salts and other ionic compounds, as well as
nonionic polar and nonpolar groups compounds such as sugars,
alcohols and other molecules that contain hydroxyl(OH), aldehyde
and ketone groups.
• Many substances that contain both polar and non-polar groups (such
as soap, fatty acid, and glycerophosphatides) do not dissolve in water,
but they do form micelles.
• A micellar arrangement is not a true solution but is a suspension or
dispersion.
12. • The behavior of soap molecules in water is a good and
also common example of micelle formation.
• Soap molecules form by the saponification of fatty acid ,
consist of long , non-polar hydrocarbon chain terminating
in a polar carboxyl group that is ionically bonded to a
ions such as Na+ and K+
• When disperse in water, the soap molecules aggregate
to form spherical clusters called micelles, in which polar
carboxyl groups of the soap molecules are arranged at
the surface of the sphere, where they form week bonds
with the surrounding water and the non-polar
hydrocarbon chain project inward
13. Density of water and ice
• The density of water is dependent on its
temperature, but the relation is not linear
and is not even monotonic (see following
table).
• When cooled from room temperature
liquid water becomes increasingly dense,
just like other substances. But at
approximately 4°C, water reaches its
maximum density
14.
15. • As it is cooled further under ambient conditions, it
expands to become less dense.
• This unusual negative thermal expansion is attributed to
strong, orientation-dependent, intermolecular
interactions
• The solid form of most substances is denser than the
liquid phase; thus, a block of the solid will sink in the
liquid. But, by contrast, a block of common ice floats in
liquid water because ice is less dense than liquid water.
• Upon freezing, the density of ice decreases by about
9%.
• The reason for this is the 'cooling' of intermolecular
vibrations allowing the molecules to form steady
hydrogen bonds with their neighbors and thereby
gradually locking into positions reminiscent of the
hexagonal packing achieved upon freezing to ice
16. • While the hydrogen bonds are shorter in the
crystal than in the liquid, this locking effect
reduces the average coordination number of
molecules as the liquid approaches nucleation.
Other substances that expand on freezing are
antimony,
bismuth,
gallium,
germanium,
silicon,
acetic acid.
18. • Beading of rain water on the surface of a waxed
automobile.
• Water adheres weakly to wax and strongly to
itself, so water clusters into drops.
• Surface tension gives them their near-spherical
shape, because a sphere has the smallest
possible surface area to volume ratio
• Formation of drops occurs when a mass of liquid
is stretched. If a stream of water were running
from the faucet, the stream would break up into
drops during its fall.
• Gravity stretches the stream, then surface
tension pinches it into spheres.
19. • Two nice and simple experimental demonstrations can be
done to show the role of surface tension and solid-liquid
adhesion forces.
• Flotation of objects denser than water occurs when the
object is non-wettable and its weight is small enough to be
borne by the forces arising from surface tension.
• Separation of oil and water is caused by a tension in the
surface between dissimilar liquids. This type of surface
tension is called "interface tension", but its physics are the
same.
• Tears of wine is the formation of drops and rivulets on the
side of a glass containing an alcoholic beverage. Its cause
is a complex interaction between the differing surface
tensions of water and ethanol.
20. • Emulsions are a type of solution in which
surface tension plays a role.
• Tiny fragments of oil suspended in pure water
will spontaneously assemble themselves into
much larger masses.
• But the presence of a surfactant (a substance which
tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is
dissolved), provides a decrease in surface tension,
which permits stability of minute droplets of oil
in the bulk of water (or vice versa).
• One end of surfactants molecule is attracted to water, while the
other end is attracted to dirt and grease. So the surfactant
molecules help water to get a hold of grease, break it up, and
wash it away.
22. • The dipole forms across the water molecule as a result of the
polar covalent bonding between hydrogen and oxygen .
• Because the bonding electrons are shared unequally by the
hydrogen and oxygen atoms, a partial negative charge (ð-)
forms at the oxygen end of the water molecule, and a partial
positive charge (ð+) forms at the hydrogen ends.
• Since the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the molecule carry
opposite (though partial) charges, nearby water molecules are
attracted to each other like tiny little magnets.
• The electrostatic attraction between the ð+ hydrogen and the ð-
oxygen in adjacent molecules is called hydrogen bonding.
24. • Hydrogen bonding makes water molecules "stick" together.
While hydrogen bonds are relatively weak compared to
other types of bonds, they are strong enough to give water
many unique properties.
• For example, hydrogen bonds sank the Titanic, and
hydrogen bonds allow the Basilisk lizard to walk on water
(as a result, the Basilisk has earned the nickname "Jesus"
lizard).
• Just how does hydrogen bonding do this? Well, let's start
with the Titanic. The Titanic sank because it hit an iceberg
- a chunk of ice floating on the surface of the ocean.
• The reason ice floats is because of hydrogen bonding. In
water's liquid form, hydrogen bonding pulls water molecules
together. As a result, liquid water has a relatively compact,
dense structure.
25. • The structure that forms in the solid ice crystal actually has
large holes in it.
• Therefore, in a given volume of ice, there are fewer water
molecules than in the same volume of liquid water.
• In other words, ice is less dense than liquid water and will float
on the surface of the liquid. Throw in one really big chunk of
ice and a cruise ship, and you begin to see the problems that can
arise.
26. Surface Tension
• Neighboring water molecules are attracted to one another.
• Molecules at the surface of liquid water have fewer neighbors
and, as a result, have a greater attraction to the few water
molecules that are nearby.
• This enhanced attraction is called surface tension. It makes the
surface of the liquid slightly more difficult to break through
than the interior.
27. • When a small object that would normally sink in water is
placed carefully on the surface, it can remain suspended on the
surface due to surface tension.
• The Basilisk lizard makes use of the high surface tension of
water to accomplish the incredible feat of walking on water's
surface.
• The Basilisk can't actually walk on water; rather, it runs on
water, moving its feet before they break through the
surface. Take a look:
28. Water as a Solvent
• The partial charge that develops across the water molecule
helps make it an excellent solvent.
• Water dissolves many substances by surrounding charged
particles and "pulling" them into solution.
• For example, common table salt, sodium chloride, is an ionic
substance that contains alternating sodium and chlorine ions.
29. • When table salt is added to water, the partial charges on the
water molecule are attracted to the Na+ and Cl- ions.
• The water molecules work their way into the crystal structure
and between the individual ions, surrounding them and slowly
dissolving the salt.
• The water molecules will actually line up differently
depending on which ions are being pulled into solution.
• The negative oxygen ends of water molecules will surround
the positive sodium ions; the positive hydrogen ends will
surround the negative chlorine ions.
31. • In a similar fashion, any substance that carries a net electrical
charge, including both ionic compounds and polar covalent
molecules (those that have a dipole), can dissolve in water.
• This idea also explains why some substances do not dissolve
in water.
• Oil, for example, is a non-polar molecule. Because there is no
net electrical charge across an oil molecule, it is not attracted
to water molecules and therefore does not dissolve in water.
32. The Dipole
• Because the valence electron in the water molecule spend more
time around the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atoms, the
oxygen end of the molecule develops a partial negative charge
(because of the negative charge on the electrons).
• For the same reason, the hydrogen end of the molecule develops
a partial positive charge.
• Ions are not formed; however, the molecule develops a partial
electrical charge across it called a dipole.
• The water dipole is represented by the arrow in which the head
of the arrow points toward the electron dense (negative) end of
the dipole and the cross resides near the electron poor (positive)
end of the molecule.
33. Water Hydrogen Bonding
• The hydrogen bond is really a special case of dipole forces.
• A hydrogen bond is the attractive force between the hydrogen
attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an
electronegative atom of a different molecule.
• Usually the electronegative atom is oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine,
which has a partial negative charge.
• The hydrogen then has the partial positive charge.
• To recognize the possibility of hydrogen bonding, examine the
Lewis structure of the molecule.
• The electronegative atom must have one or more unshared
electron pairs as in the case of oxygen and nitrogen, and has a
negative partial charge.
• The hydrogen, which has a partial positive charge tries to find
another atom of oxygen or nitrogen with excess electrons to
share and is attracted to the partial negative charge.
• This forms the basis for the hydrogen bond.
34. Water Hydrogen Bonding The properties of water are
closely related to hydrogen bonding. The polar nature of
the water molecule facilitates the hydrogen bond.