Heat and temperature are not the same - temperature is an object's response to heat input or removal. Water moderates global temperatures through its thermal properties - it stores heat during the day and releases it at night. The structure and movement of oceans depends on water density, which varies with temperature and salinity. A water molecule is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules give water many unique properties, such as high surface tension and the ability to absorb large amounts of heat with little temperature change. Ocean stratification into layers depends on variation in temperature and salinity with depth.

1. Heat and Temperature are not the same thing, Temperature is an objects response to an input (or removal)
of heat. - Not all substances respond in the same way
The influence of water on global temperatures. Liquid water’s thermal characteristics prevent broad swings
of temperature during day and right, and through a longer span, during winter and summer. Heat is stored
in the ocean during the day and released at night. The other big idea is the influence of density on ocean
structure. The oceans structure and large scale movement depends on changes in the density of seawater,
with density dependent on temperature and salt content.
Pure water is a compound- a substance that contains two or more different elements in a fixed proportion.
An element is a substance composed of identical particles, called atoms that can’t be broken into simpler
substances by chemical means.
Water is a molecule- a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds
Chemical bonds are the energy relationships between atoms that hold them together and are formed when
electrons (negatively charges particles are found toward the inside of an atom)
The bonds formed by shared pairs of electrons are known as covalent bonds
Protons are the positively charged particles
Polar molecule- When the water molecule behaves something like a magnet: ITS POSITIVE end attracts
particles that have a NEGATIVE END attracts particles that have
Hydrogen bond- A hydrogen bond between molecules is about 5% to 10% as strong as a covalent bond
within a molecule
Cohesion- gives water an unusually high surface tension
Surface tension is the results of a clean water glass being filled slightly above the rim
Adhesion is waters tendency to stick to other materials
Hydrogen bonds give water its blue color because a small amount of red light being absorbed leaving more
blue light to scatter back to our eyes
Why do hurricanes not originate in the sea of California? The water is too cold, sea surface, temperature is
too cool.
Hurricanes gradually weaken because their cutoff from their energy supply, moves over land and become
cut off from their main source of energy and warm water air that rests on the top of water
Can any good come out of a Hurricane? How can it benefit Humanity? Provides rain, brings moisture to the
land, making new crops to be irrigated-some places would be desert islands if it weren’t hit with hurricanes
What is water? What are some of the physical properties?
Takes a lot of energy to warm up a body of water
What is a water molecule?
Define the term salinity?
The total quantity or concentration of dissolved inorganic solids in water
The volumes of dissolved solids measured in a liter

2. Salinity is based on a technical term called titration where a drop by drop water system goes into a glass
tube, them looks at the reaction and see how many drops are there in total which measures your salinity
which is done by a salinometer
The oceans salinity caries from 3.3 to 3.7 by mass depending on factors such as evaporation, precipitation,
and fresh water runoff from the continents but the average is 3.5%.
Water can absorb large amounts of heat while changing relatively little in temperature
Water becomes less dense when it freezes, hydrogen atoms in water widens from about 105 degrees to
more than 109 degrees. Ice is less dense than liquid – the space taken by 27 molecules in the liquid state
will be occupied by only 24 water molecules in the solid lattice; but water expands about 9% as the crystal
forms
Annual freezing and thawing of Ice Moderates Earth’s temperature
The heat capacity of solid ice is about half that of liquid water
Ocean Surface Conditions depend on latitude temperature and Salinity
The ocean is stratified by Density- cold salty water is denser than warm less salty water
The ocean is stratified into 3 density Zones by Temp and Salinity
The Salinity Zone, the pycnocline, and the deep zone
The salinity zone or mixed layer is the upper layer of the ocean- Temp and salinity are relatively constant w/
depth in the surface zone because of the action of waves and currents, this zone consist of water in contact
w/ the atmosphere and exposed to sunlight; it contains the oceans least dense water and accounted for
only about 2% total ocean volume
The pyccnocline is a zone in which density increases with increasing depth. It o=isolates surface water from
the denser layer below, contains about 18% of all ocean water
The deep zone lies below the pycnocline at depths below 1,000 meters (3,300) feet. There is little change
in water density w/ increasing depth through this zone. This zone contains about 80% of all ocean water
The pycnoclines rapid density increase in depth is due mainly to a decrease in water temp. The surface
zone is well mixed with little decrease in temp with depth. In the next layer (the thermocline- therm stands
for ‘heat” and it’s the middle layer) the temp rapidly drops with depth. Below the next layer, the deep zone
lies only made of cold and stable water. Falling temperature is the major contributor to the formation of the
pycnocline
Below the thermocline water is veryyy cold and because this deep and cold layer contains the bulk of
ocean water the avg. temp. Of the world ocean is chilly. Low salinity can also contribute to the pycocline in
areas where precipitation is high or along coasts where freshwater runoff mixes w. surface water. Wherever
precipitation exceeds evaporation, salinity will be low. The differences produce halocline- a zone of rapid
salinity increase with depth. The halocline often coincides w/ the thermocline, and the combination
produces a pronounced pycnocline.
All these layers are water masses which is a body of water w/ characteristic temperature and salinity and
therefore density. Even the deepest of these layers originates at the ocean’s surface
Density Stratification Usually Prevents Vertical Water Movement
Refraction can bend the paths of light and sound through water

3. Light and sound are both wave phenomena and both need refraction, the bending of waves. The transition
from one medium to another must occur at an angle other than 90 degrees for the refraction to occur. The
refraction of light waves by water happens similarly. The degree to which light is refracted from one
medium to another is expressed as a ratio- refractive index. The higher the refractive index the greater the
bending of waves between media. The refractive index of water increases with increasing salinity.
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, or radiant energy, the travels as waves through space, air, and
water. Shorter wavelengths are bluer, longer wavelengths are redder.
The photic zone is the sunlit surface of Ocean; the thin film of lighted water at the top of the surface zone
Scattering is what occurs as light is bounced between air or water molecules, dust particles, water droplets
or other objects before being absorbed. The greater density of water makes scattering more prevalent in
water than in air.
Absorption of light is governed by the structure of the water molecules vibrate and the lights
electromagnetic energy is converted to heat.
Aphotic Zone- the Ocean underneath the photic zone lies in blackness.
Sound is a form of energy transmitted by rapid pressure changes in an elastic medium. Sound intensity
decreases as it travels through seawater because of spreading, scattering, and absorption. Eventually
sound is absorbed and converted by molecules into a very small amount of heat. Sound travels to water
much more efficiently then light.
Sofar layer- sound travels slowly in the sofar layer but it moves rapidly near the bottom of the well-mixed
surface layer. Temp and Salinity conditions are homogeneous there so they do not produce any refraction.
This is right about the pycnocline level.
Shadow zone- When an object is beyond the area of divergence it may be undetectable, very little sound
energy penetrates
Active Sonar- crews on board on surface ships and submarines employ this to get the projection and return
through the water of pings of high frequency sound to search for objects in the ocean.
Ocean sound is used to monitor climate change
Chapter 7
Water can dissolve more substances than almost any other liquid, because water is a polar
molecule and so when it comes into contact with compounds whose elements are held together by
the attraction of opposite electrical charges (most salts), the polar water molecule will separate that
compounds component elements from each other