- Hydraulic control systems use fluid power to transmit energy and control machines. They consist of major components like a prime mover, pump, control valves, actuators, and piping.
- Pumps convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy by pressurizing fluid. Control valves direct and regulate fluid flow and pressure. Actuators convert fluid power back into mechanical motion.
- Common control valves include pressure control valves, flow control valves, and directional control valves. Proportional, integral, and derivative controllers provide different control actions by relating system output to error over time.
Control of a single-acting and double-acting cylinder, regeneration, motor braking, speed control, synchronisation, fail safe, two handed, application of counterbalance, sequence, unloading, pressure reducing, pilot operated check valve
What Is A Control Valve
Process Control Terminology
Sliding-Stem Control Valve Terminology
Rotary-Shaft Control Valve Terminology
Control Valve Functions and Characteristics Terminology
Other Process Control Terminology
sliding stem control valve
Pneumatic control valve
Actual Pneumatic Control Valve
Typical Actuator & Valve
introduction to actuator
Actuator power
Actuator Fluids
Diaphragm Actuator
Positioner Indicator
Valve Body
Valve Plugs
Reverse & Direct Actuators
Air-To-Open vs. Air-To-Close
control valve
Controller Tuning
Selection of controller modes
Tuning Rules
Ziegler – Nichols Controller Settings
In this day and age of automated computer control valve sizing, the logic and theories behind it are invisible. In his presentation, Al Holton of Allagash Valve & Controls will look at the basic principles that apply and how they affect the application and installation of a wide range of control valve types. He will also review the reasoning behind valve type selection.
Control of a single-acting and double-acting cylinder, regeneration, motor braking, speed control, synchronisation, fail safe, two handed, application of counterbalance, sequence, unloading, pressure reducing, pilot operated check valve
What Is A Control Valve
Process Control Terminology
Sliding-Stem Control Valve Terminology
Rotary-Shaft Control Valve Terminology
Control Valve Functions and Characteristics Terminology
Other Process Control Terminology
sliding stem control valve
Pneumatic control valve
Actual Pneumatic Control Valve
Typical Actuator & Valve
introduction to actuator
Actuator power
Actuator Fluids
Diaphragm Actuator
Positioner Indicator
Valve Body
Valve Plugs
Reverse & Direct Actuators
Air-To-Open vs. Air-To-Close
control valve
Controller Tuning
Selection of controller modes
Tuning Rules
Ziegler – Nichols Controller Settings
In this day and age of automated computer control valve sizing, the logic and theories behind it are invisible. In his presentation, Al Holton of Allagash Valve & Controls will look at the basic principles that apply and how they affect the application and installation of a wide range of control valve types. He will also review the reasoning behind valve type selection.
Hydraulic Filters are used to keep the contaminants away from the system and avoid mechanical failures. Fleetguard products cater to high, low and medium pressure hydraulic systems to protect industrial machinery and equipments.
For more details visit: https://www.fleetguard-filtrum.com/products/hydraulic-filtration/
Hydraulic Valves and Hydraulic System AccessoriesRAHUL THAKER
Hydraulic Valves and Hydraulic System Accessories:
Direction control valves,Pressure control valves, Flow control valves, Non-return valves, Reservoirs,Accumulators, Heating & cooling devices, Hoses. Selection of valves for circuits.
In hydraulic and pneumatic systems flow control valves are necessary to vary the speed of actuator. Flow control valves are placed in between Actuator and Direction Control (DC) Valve
Trouble Shooting and Remedies in Hydraulic and Pneumatic systems,Design of hydraulic circuits for Drilling, Planning, Shaping, Surface grinding, Press and Forklift applications
Hydraulic Pumps, Motors and Actuators:
Construction, working principle and operation of rotary & reciprocating pumps like Gear, Vane, Generated-Rotor, Screw, Axial Piston, Radial Piston, Pump characteristics, Linear and Rotary Actuators, Hydrostatic Transmission Systems. Selection of components for applications
Hydraulic Filters are used to keep the contaminants away from the system and avoid mechanical failures. Fleetguard products cater to high, low and medium pressure hydraulic systems to protect industrial machinery and equipments.
For more details visit: https://www.fleetguard-filtrum.com/products/hydraulic-filtration/
Hydraulic Valves and Hydraulic System AccessoriesRAHUL THAKER
Hydraulic Valves and Hydraulic System Accessories:
Direction control valves,Pressure control valves, Flow control valves, Non-return valves, Reservoirs,Accumulators, Heating & cooling devices, Hoses. Selection of valves for circuits.
In hydraulic and pneumatic systems flow control valves are necessary to vary the speed of actuator. Flow control valves are placed in between Actuator and Direction Control (DC) Valve
Trouble Shooting and Remedies in Hydraulic and Pneumatic systems,Design of hydraulic circuits for Drilling, Planning, Shaping, Surface grinding, Press and Forklift applications
Hydraulic Pumps, Motors and Actuators:
Construction, working principle and operation of rotary & reciprocating pumps like Gear, Vane, Generated-Rotor, Screw, Axial Piston, Radial Piston, Pump characteristics, Linear and Rotary Actuators, Hydrostatic Transmission Systems. Selection of components for applications
Hydraulics today has become a way of life as most applications have some form of system ingrained. This paper is an endevor to present the very basics of hydraulics and overcome its basic fear.
HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATING AND UTILIZING SYSTEMS
Introduction to fluid power system - Hydraulic fluids - functions, types, properties, selection and application.
POWER GENERATING ELEMENTS: Pumps, classification, working of different pumps such as Gear, Vane, Piston (axial and radial), pump performance or characteristics, pump selection factors- simple Problems.
POWER UTILIZING ELEMENTS: Fluid Power Actuators: Linear hydraulic actuators – Types and construction of hydraulic cylinders – Single acting, Double acting, special cylinders like tandem, Rodless, Telescopic, Cushioning mechanism.
Hydraulic Motors, types – Gear, Vane, Piston (axial and radial) – performance of motors.
Hydraulics is a branch of science which deals with hydraulic fluid. It is used in places where cleanliness is not a priority but requires huge power to perform tasks.
application:
1. Industrial: Plastic processing machineries, steel making and primary metal extraction applications, automated production lines, machine tool industries, paper industries, loaders, crushes, textile machineries, R & D equipment and robotic systems etc.
2 Mobile hydraulics: Tractors, irrigation system, earthmoving equipment, material handling equipment, commercial vehicles, tunnel boring equipment, rail equipment, building and construction machineries and drilling rigs etc.
3 Automobiles: It is used in the systems like breaks, shock absorbers, steering system, wind shield, lift and cleaning etc.
4 Marine applications: It mostly covers ocean going vessels, fishing boats and navel equipment.
5 Aerospace equipment: There are equipment and systems used for rudder control, landing gear, breaks, flight control and transmission etc. which are used in airplanes, rockets and spaceships.
Pneumatic Drives-Hydraulic Drives-Mechanical Drives-Electrical Drives-D.C. Servo Motors, Stepper Motors, A.C. Servo Motors-Salient Features, Applications and Comparison of all these Drives, End Effectors-Grippers-Mechanical Grippers, Pneumatic and Hydraulic- Grippers, Magnetic Grippers, Vacuum Grippers; Two Fingered and Three Fingered Grippers; Internal Grippers and External Grippers; Selection and Design Considerations.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
DNA Testing in Civil and Criminal Matters.pptxpatrons legal
Get insights into DNA testing and its application in civil and criminal matters. Find out how it contributes to fair and accurate legal proceedings. For more information: https://www.patronslegal.com/criminal-litigation.html
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
Introducing New Government Regulation on Toll Road.pdfAHRP Law Firm
For nearly two decades, Government Regulation Number 15 of 2005 on Toll Roads ("GR No. 15/2005") has served as the cornerstone of toll road legislation. However, with the emergence of various new developments and legal requirements, the Government has enacted Government Regulation Number 23 of 2024 on Toll Roads to replace GR No. 15/2005. This new regulation introduces several provisions impacting toll business entities and toll road users. Find out more out insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
RIGHTS OF VICTIM EDITED PRESENTATION(SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Victims of crime have a range of rights designed to ensure their protection, support, and participation in the justice system. These rights include the right to be treated with dignity and respect, the right to be informed about the progress of their case, and the right to be heard during legal proceedings. Victims are entitled to protection from intimidation and harm, access to support services such as counseling and medical care, and the right to restitution from the offender. Additionally, many jurisdictions provide victims with the right to participate in parole hearings and the right to privacy to protect their personal information from public disclosure. These rights aim to acknowledge the impact of crime on victims and to provide them with the necessary resources and involvement in the judicial process.
3. Few supporting components are:
• Filters
• Strainers
• Storage tank
• Heat exchangers
• Pressure gauges
• Sensors
• Protective devices
• Control devices
4. Major components
• Prime mover :
It is the device which
develops the mechanical
power. It is a power
producing device. The type
of prime mover will depend
on the system. After passing
through fluid power system
this power is again available
as mechanical power.
5. PUMP
• Hydraulic pumps are used in hydraulic drive
systems and can be hydrostatic or hydrodynamic.
• A hydraulic pump is a mechanical source of power
that converts mechanical power into hydraulic
energy (hydrostatic energy i.e. flow, pressure).
• It generates flow with enough power to overcome
pressure induced by the load at the pump outlet.
When a hydraulic pump operates, it creates a
vacuum at the pump inlet, which forces liquid from
the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump and by
mechanical action delivers this liquid to the pump
outlet and forces it into the hydraulic system.
6. Control valves:
• The pressurised fluid supplied by the pump is
required to diverted to various parts of the
system.
• Also controls various parameter of flowing
fluid.
• Classified into three types:
1.Pressure control valves
2.Flow control valves
3.Direction control valves
• As name suggests , these valves control the
respective parameter of fluid.
7. Actuators
• Actuators convert the fluid power contained
in pressurized fluid to mechanical energy.
They are the muscles of the system.
• They provide the mechanical motion to the
desired part and the desired actuating force.
• The actuators can be divided into linear and
rotary actuators.
• Example of linear actuators is single acting
cylinders and rotary actuator is limited
rotation motor.
8. Piping system:
• They carry fluid containing the energy to
various parts of system.
• After transmitting energy, the return oil is
brought back to the reservoir.
• Due to the high pressure involved, design of
piping system require extreme care.
• Bursting of piping could prove to be a serious
matter leading to damage of equipment or
injury to personnel.
9. The supporting components
Filters:
• Hydraulic filters remove dirt and particles from fluid in a
hydraulic system.
• A hydraulic filter helps to remove these particles and clean
the oil on a continuous basis. The performance for every
hydraulic filter is measured by its contamination removal
efficiency, i.e. high dirt-holding capacities. Almost every
hydraulic system contains more than one hydraulic filter.
Accumulators:
• These are storage devices. They can cater for small time
fluctuations in the energy. This may be due to power
failures. They provide a small pool of pressurized oil which
can be used during emergencies.
10. • Electrical devices:
• They provide much flexibility in operation.
• They are used in control of fluid power.
Electrical control enables us the remote
operation, automation and sequencing. Some
of the electrical components include
solenoids, torque motors, and limit switchers.
11. Pressure-control valves
• Pressure-control valves are found in virtually every
hydraulic system, and they assist in a variety of
functions, from keeping system pressures safely below
a desired upper limit to maintaining a set pressure in
part of a circuit.
• Types include relief, reducing, sequence,
counterbalance, and unloading. All of these are
normally closed valves, except for reducing valves,
which are normally open. For most of these valves, a
restriction is necessary to produce the required
pressure control. One exception is the externally
piloted unloading valve, which depends on an external
signal for its actuation
12. Pressure Relief valves
• Most fluid power systems are designed to
operate within a present pressure range. This
range is a function of the forces the actuators in
the system must generate to do the required
work. Without controlling or limiting these
forces, the fluid power components (and
expensive equipment) could be damaged. Relief
valves avoid this hazard. They are the safeguards
which limit maximum pressure in a system by
diverting excess oil when pressures get too high.
13. Flow control valves
• Flow control valves manage the flow by decreasing or
increasing the opening at the throttling point. This helps to
determine speed of movement for the actuators. The
simplest design for a flow control valve is a needle or
longitudinal slot mounted in the pipeline and connected to
a screw that adjusts the opening at the throttling point.
• These are called throttle valves and they are regularly
used in combination with a check valve, i.e. the throttle
check valve for speed control in one direction of flow. A
disadvantage of throttle valves is that at varying loads a
change in pressure drop will change the flow; thus, the
speed of the moving actuator will also be affected.
14. Classification of flow control valves
1. Needle valves :
Needle controls the
area of orifice , which
causes change in flow
rate through the
valve.
2. Globe valves :
Controlling element is
disc or globe.
3. Gate valves : Flow
control achieved by
the movement of the
gate.
16. Hydraulic Integral Controller:
• This is shown in fig. the components are
similar to that of proportional control. But the
pilot valve in this case can divert the oil to two
ports. Each going to each side of a double
acting cylinder.
17. • The input and feedback link are the same. If an error input e is
given to input link, it moves the spool of the pilot valve. Oil
would be send to the corresponding port of the double acting
cylinder when pressurized oil goes to the double acting
cylinder.
• This movement of the piston is feedback to the feedback link.
Thus an output motion of the cylinder is produced
corresponding to the error input e.
• To show that the control action is integral. For an input
displacement e, a proportional discharge Q is produced by the
pivot valve
• Above Eel is the equation for an integral control. Thus the
above system gives a hydraulic integral control.
18. Derivative Controllers:
Basic definition:
• Derivative control is the type of control action in which, the
controller output is proportional to the rate of change of
the deviation.
• This mean that the controller output is related to the rate
of change of deviation.
• If the deviation is changing fast, then the controller output
will be high. If the deviation is changing at a slow rate, the
value of controller output would be low.
• The deviation control action start even before the error has
actually changed by that much. The slope of the change or
the trend is sufficient to initiate control action.
19. Mathematical representation:
• As per the definition, in derivative control, the
controller output m is proportional to rate of
change of error.
• Where is called the derivative time.
• If express above eel in the Laplace domain we
get,
21. Graphical representation
• Derivative control action is shown
graphically in fig. the error is given by
a curve as shown in the error
characteristics.
• The error increases at uniform rate,
remains constant and thereafter drops
at a constant rate.
• When error is increasing at a uniform
rate, the controller output has a
constant value as shown by the
controller characteristics. This is
because, for derivative control, the
controller output is proportional to the
rate of change of error.
• When the error curve becomes
parallel to the time axis we could see
that the controller output drops to
zero.
• So though is an error. But there is no
corrective action.
22. Hydraulic proportional integral
controller:
• This combines, proportional as well as integral
actions combined fig. shows the
constructional details of a hydraulic
proportional controller.
23. • In this, instead of a pilot valve we have a distributor
block and a swinging nozzle. The swinging nozzle is
connected to the input link. When the input link is
moved due to an input, the nozzle swings. This
changes oil flow rate through port A and B
• The swinging nozzle produces the proportional action
and the needle valve and the feedback cylinder
produces the integral action. Thus the combined
output is a proportional – integral action.
24. Mathematical representation:
• The three modes of control which we have seen now that is,
proportional, integral and derivative mode of control are not
always used in single mode.
• Proportional mode can be additively combined with integral
mode to get the benefits of both the modes. This is called
proportional – integral control.
• Proportional action
• Integral action
25. • When two are combined
• It can be represented as:
26. Hydraulic proportional derivative
controller:
• Given fig. shows the schematic diagram of a proportional derivative controller.
It consists of an input arm to which the input displacement x is given.
• Pilot cylinder has five ports. Pressurized oil comes to the pilot cylinder
through the center port. Return oil goes through the two end ports. Oil goes to
the two sides of the power cylinder depending up on the position of the spools.
The spool has two pistons connected to the common rod. Depending on the
input displacement and the error signal, the spools move to the right or left.
• The power cylinder has one piston connected to the piston rod.
Depending up on the oil flowing in to the power cylinder the piston will move in
appropriate direction. This will give the output displacement y to the piston rod.
27. • Working:
• When an input displacement is given to the input lever say to
the right the spool move to the right. This will cause the oil to
flow to the left side of the power cylinder. This will push the
piston to right by an amount y. the amount of piton
movement will be proportional to the input displacement x.
This is the proportional part of the controller.
• Simultaneously the rod of the power cylinder will move the
piston in the feedback cylinder. The movement of the piston
in the feedback cylinder will push the fluid to the right
pressurizing the fluid in the right side of the cylinder. This in
turn will cause a flow rate of oil from the right side to the left
side. This is nothing but a rate feedback.
28. • Graphical representation:
• A proportional –derivative
action cannot be adequately
described by a step change.
Because as we saw earlier, in
pure derivative the controller
output is present only during
the rising part of the step.
• There after the output drops to
zero at the flat portion of the
step. So we will use a ramp
signal as the error input and see
how the output would be
shown in fig.
• For a ramp signal
30. Proportional – Integral – Derivative
Control (PID):
• This is also called the three mode control. It
combines the merits of all the three modes and is
widely used in processes. It is commonly known as
PID Control.
• It is nothing but the additive combination of
proportional, integral, and derivative control actions.
31. • mathematically a PID control action is
represented as
• In Laplace form,
•