This ppt is made by Mr. arkab khan pathan under guidance of Mrs. RAKHI GOAR. this ppt contain the detail and all the lecture notes of HEG.
THANK YOU.
Arkab khan
This ppt is made by Mr. arkab khan pathan under guidance of Mrs. RAKHI GOAR. this ppt contain the detail and all the lecture notes of HEG.
THANK YOU.
Arkab khan
complcations of third stage of labour, includes PPH, Inversion of uterus, retained placenta, placenta accreta, increta, percreta, amniotic fluid embolism
Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing
The PPT contains detailed information about Abnormal uterine action, its classifications, causes, sign and symptoms and management.
complcations of third stage of labour, includes PPH, Inversion of uterus, retained placenta, placenta accreta, increta, percreta, amniotic fluid embolism
Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing
The PPT contains detailed information about Abnormal uterine action, its classifications, causes, sign and symptoms and management.
Oligohydramnios by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
• Oligohydramnios refers to amniotic fluid volume that is less than expected for gestational age. It is typically diagnosed by ultrasound examination and may be described qualitatively (eg, reduced amniotic fluid volume) or quantitatively (eg, amniotic fluid index ≤5 cm, single deepest pocket <2 cm).
• Oligohydramnios may be idiopathic or have a maternal, fetal, or placental cause The fetal prognosis depends on several factors, including the underlying cause, the severity (reduced versus no amniotic fluid), and the gestational age at which oligohydramnios occurs. Because an adequate volume of amniotic fluid is critical to normal fetal movement and lung development and for cushioning the fetus and umbilical cord from uterine compression, pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios from any cause are at risk for fetal deformation, pulmonary hypoplasia, and umbilical cord compression.
• Oligohydramnios is associated with an increased risk for fetal or neonatal death, which may be related to the underlying cause of the reduced amniotic fluid volume or due to sequelae of the reduced amniotic fluid volume.
• This topic will discuss issues related to oligohydramnios. Methods of amniotic fluid volume assessment are reviewed separately.
• Oligohydramnios occurs when the amniotic fluid is < 5th centile for gestational age.
• The most common causes are premature rupture of membranes (often missed by the mother) and placental insufficiency, however structural abnormalities such as renal agenesis should be considered.
• Prognosis is linked to gestation at diagnosis and likely development of pulmonary hypoplasia and premature delivery.
• Treatment is by optimising gestation of delivery
Polyhydrarnnios by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjeealka mukherjee
Polyhydramnios is defined as a pathological increase of amniotic fluid volume in pregnancy and is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Common causes of polyhydramnios include gestational diabetes, fetal anomalies with disturbed fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid, fetal infections and other, rarer causes. The diagnosis is obtained by ultrasound. The prognosis of polyhydramnios depends on its cause and severity. Typical symptoms of polyhydramnios include maternal dyspnea, preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), abnormal fetal presentation, cord prolapse and postpartum hemorrhage. Due to its common etiology with gestational diabetes, polyhydramnios is often associated with fetal macrosomia. To prevent the above complications, there are two methods of prenatal treatment: amnioreduction and pharmacological treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, prenatal administration of NSAIDs to reduce amniotic fluid volumes has not been approved in Germany. In addition to conventional management, experimental therapies which would alter fetal diuresis are being considered.
• Fetal malformations and genetic anomalies (8–45 %)
• maternal diabetes mellitus (5–26 %)
• multiple pregnancies (8–10 %)
• fetal anemia (1–11 %)
• other causes, e.g. viral infections, Bartter syndrome, neuromuscular disorders, maternal hypercalcemia. Viral infections which can lead to polyhydramnios include parvovirus B19, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. Other infections, e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can also cause polyhydramnios 80, 81, 82.
Advances in detailed ultrasound scanning and the prevention of Rhesus isoimmunization in the last decades have changed the relative frequency of these etiologies and significantly reduced the number of idiopathic cases
Single deepest pocket measurement
For this type of measurement the uterus is divided into four quadrants. The amniotic fluid volume is measured vertically in the deepest amniotic fluid pocket. Values below 2 cm indicate oligohydramnios, values over 8 cm indicate polyhydramnios 30. The advantage of this method is its simplicity, making it the most commonly used method in practice. It is also the method of choice in multiple gestation. In cases with multiple gestation, a range of 3–8 cm is defined as normal. With this method, polyhydramnios is classified as mild, moderate or severe. Mild polyhydramnios is characterized by a value of 8–11 cm, moderate polyhydramnios by a value between 12–15 cm and severe polyhydramnios by values above 16 cm
The legal implications of nursing practice are tied to licensure, state and federal laws, scope of practice and a public expectation that nurses practice at a high professional standard. The nurse's education, license and nursing standard provide the framework by which nurses are expected to practice.
Multiple pregnancy is used to describe the development of more than one fetus in the uterus at the same time. It is a high risk pregnancy. Careful supervision and proper monitoring is needed for prevention of further complications.
Birth Injuries are the common complications of Instrumental Delivery. So intrapartum management should be done very carefully in ordered to ensure healthy and good outcome of baby.
Pre-term, Small for gestational age and Post-term InfantLipi Mondal
Due to high risk of pregnancy there are several adverse outcome or poor perinatal outcome we can see.... So most commonly adverse out come should be known by health care providers.
Organization, Transportation, Setting and Management of Neonatal Intensive Ca...Lipi Mondal
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit is a specialized are where newborn care is to be given as per need of the babies where each and every aspect is important in neonate's heath care management.
Placenta Previa is one type of Antepartum Hemorrhage and an obstetrical emergency too... So in health care management having knowledge regarding this topic is very important in Obstetrics.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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2. DEFINITION
• Anatomically, polyhydramios is defined as a state where liquor amnii exceeds 2,000 mL.
• Clinical definition states, the excessive accumulation of liquor amnii causing discomfort
to the patient and/or when an imaging help is needed to substantiate the clinical
diagnosis of the lie and presentation of the fetus. Sonographic diagnosis is made when
amniotic fluid index (AFI) is more than 24 cm & a deepest vertical pocket (DVP) is more
than 8 cm.
3. CONCEPT OF HYDRAMNIOS
• The volume of amniotic fluid increases steadily until 33 weeks of gestation. It plateaus
from 33-38 weeks, and then declines – with the volume of amniotic fluid at term
approximately 500ml.
• It is predominantly comprised of the fetal urine output, with small contributions from
the placenta and some fetal secretions (e.g. respiratory, oral).
• The fetus breathes and swallows the amniotic fluid. It gets processed, fills the bladder
and is voided, and the cycle repeats. Problems with any of the structures in this pathway
can lead to either too much or too little fluid.
5. CLINICAL TYPES
• Depending on the rapidity of onset, hydramnios may be-
a. Chronic (onset is insidious taking few weeks)
b. Acute (onset is sudden, within few days or may appear acutely on pre-existing chronic
variety)
• Polyhydramnios may be-
a. Mild (DVP more than 8-11 cm)
b. Moderate (DVP : 12-15 cm)
c. Severe (DVP more than or equal to 16 cm)
7. ABDOMINAL EXAMINATION
• Inspection
a. Abdomen is markedly enlarged, looks globular with fullness at the flanks.
b. The skin is tense, shiny with large striae.
• Palpation
a. Height of the uterus is more than the period of amenorrhea.
b. Girth of the abdomen round the umbilicus is more than normal.
c. Fluid thrill can be elicited.
d. Fetal parts cannot be well defined.
8. COMPLICATIONS
DURING PREGNANCY
• Pre-eclampsia
• Malpresentation
• PROM
• Pre-term labor
• Accidental haemorrhage
DURING LABOR
• Early rupture of membrane
• Cord prolapse
• Uterine inertia
• Retained placenta
• PPH
• Shock
