1. The document discusses human responses to earthquake hazards, including monitoring, prediction, preparedness, and short- and long-term reactions. 2. It describes ways that hazards are perceived and responses are classified, including fatalism, adaptation, and fear. Management approaches include prediction, prevention, protection, and insurance/aid. 3. Specific measures to reduce earthquake impacts are discussed, such as hazard-resistant structures, education, fire prevention, emergency services, land use planning, and insurance. Comparative studies of earthquake events in different economic contexts are also addressed.

1. 3.4.1.3 Tectonic processes Human response to the earthquake hazard 1. Be able to understand that the level of risk posed to humans depends upon the likelihood of earthquake occurrence and a society’s vulnerability. 2. Describe and explain the responses to earthquakes. This should include earthquake monitoring, prediction, preparedness and short- and long-term reactions. 3. Give a comparative study of two specific earthquake events from countries with contrasting levels of economic development. San Francisco

4. Management of hazards takes a number of forms: Prediction It is possible to give warnings of some hazards and action can therefore be taken to reduce their impact. Improved monitoring, information and communications technology have made prediction and issuing of warnings more useful. Prevention Unrealistic for most hazards. The best that can be achieved is through control – modifying the environment Protection Aim – to protect people and property from the impact of the hazard Insuring against losses Supply of aid

7. Earthquake management Prediction Prevention Protection Hazard resistant structures education Fire prevention Emergency services Land use planning Insurance / aid Ground water level monitoring Radon gas Monitoring fault lines Magnetic fields Animal behaviour

17. How to design buildings to withstand earthquakes Source: Independent 20 January 1995 Bishop pg 48

20. 25,000 people killed, 19,000 injured and 500,000 homeless in the Leninakan-Spitak-Kirovakan area of northern Armenia, USSR. More than 20 towns and 342 villages were affected and 58 of them were completely destroyed USGS.

21. Identify 2 measures aimed at reducing the direct effect of shockwaves on buildings

32. Exam questions

33. May 05