The document discusses the human genome project and genome sequencing techniques. It provides details on the salient features of the human genome, goals and milestones of the human genome project. It describes yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), which are vectors used for cloning large fragments of genomic DNA. The key differences between YACs and BACs are that YACs can accommodate larger DNA fragments but are less stable than BACs.
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Main objectives Human Genome Project (HGP)
Goals for the HGP
Medical Implications
Applications of HGP
Timeline of HGP
Technical aspects in HGP
Mapping strategies
Sequencing strategies
. Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method
Outcomes of HGP
Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional
A crisp and precise presentaion on Human genome project which will help you in your studies.
For original ppt file, contact me at :
Instagram: _s_a_k_s_h_a_m_
Twitter: @_SakshamAgrawal
or mail me at saksham.agrawal512@gmail.com
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Main objectives Human Genome Project (HGP)
Goals for the HGP
Medical Implications
Applications of HGP
Timeline of HGP
Technical aspects in HGP
Mapping strategies
Sequencing strategies
. Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method
Outcomes of HGP
Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional
A crisp and precise presentaion on Human genome project which will help you in your studies.
For original ppt file, contact me at :
Instagram: _s_a_k_s_h_a_m_
Twitter: @_SakshamAgrawal
or mail me at saksham.agrawal512@gmail.com
HGP was conceived in 1984 & officially begun in earnest in October 1990.
HGP is a large multicentric, international collaborative venture, the main aim of which is to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome.
In 1997, United States established the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).
The HGP was an international research groups from six countries- USA, UK, France, Germany, Japan and China, & several laboratories and a large no. of scientists and technicians from various disciplines.
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
Genomic sequencing a sub-disciplinary branch of genetics and difference between the two sequencers used to sequence the genome basically automated sequencer and fluorescence sequencers and its applications.
HGP was conceived in 1984 & officially begun in earnest in October 1990.
HGP is a large multicentric, international collaborative venture, the main aim of which is to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome.
In 1997, United States established the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).
The HGP was an international research groups from six countries- USA, UK, France, Germany, Japan and China, & several laboratories and a large no. of scientists and technicians from various disciplines.
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
Genomic sequencing a sub-disciplinary branch of genetics and difference between the two sequencers used to sequence the genome basically automated sequencer and fluorescence sequencers and its applications.
What is bioinformatics?
About human genome
Human genome project
Aim of human genome project
History
Sequencing Strategy
Benefits of Human Genome Project research
Disadvantages of human genome project
Conclusion
References
Artificial chromosome I Bacterial Artificial Chromosome I Yeast Artificial C...DevikaPatel12
https://amzn.to/3Fzcqc8
https://amzn.to/3V0q6Cp
https://amzn.to/3jbtrS7
https://amzn.to/3I0A8kr
https://amzn.to/3hrJ5s8
https://amzn.to/3FZiYlu
what is genetic engineering l genetic engineering explained l genetic engineering and biotechnology l Genetic engineeringl lbacterial artificial chromosome l p1 derived artificial chromosome l yeast artificial chromosome l Artificial chromosome l bacterial artificial chromosome vector l bacterial artificial chromosome vectors l bacterial artificial chromosomes l Bacterial artificial chromosome l yeast artificial chromosomes l yac l Yeast artificial chromosome
#BAC #YAC #bacterialartificialchromosome #yeastartificialchromosome #artificialchromosome #genetics #geneticengineering #DNA #dna #gene #genetherapy
this is done by me and my team mates of Wayamba University Sri Lanka for our project.From now we decided to allow download this file.I would be greatful if you could send your comments..
And I'm willing to help you in similar works.I'm in final year of my degree(.BSc Biotechnology)..
pubudu_gokarella@yahoo.com
The project was a great success, delivering the first rough draft human genome sequence in 2000 and the final high-quality version in April, 2003, ahead of schedule and under budget. For years, many considered the Human Genome Project to be biology's equivalent to "Man on the moon". This slide tends to explain the benefits of such project to medical diagnosis, treatment and management in India.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Human genome project
1. JSC “ Astana medical
ty ’’
Department of
dicine ”
IW
S
Theme: Human genome project.
Done by: Dilip jaipal
Group: 160
Checked by: Tazhedinova Aigerim
Astana: 2018-
3. • The Human Genome
– Salient Features of Human Genome
• What was Human Genome
Project(HGP)
– Milestones
– Goals of Human Genome Project
– Issues of concern
– Future Challenges
• Vectors for Large-Scale Genome Project
– Yeasts artificial chromosomes
– Bacterial artificial chromosome
– Difference between YAC and BAC
At a glance
4. The Human Genome
• The human genome is the complete set of genetic
information for humans (Homo sapiens).
• The human genome is by far the most complex and largest
genome.
• Its size spans a length of about 6 feet of DNA, containing
more than 30,000 genes.
• The DNA material is organized into a haploid chromosomal
set of 22 (autosome) and one sex chromosome (X or Y).
Male Female
6. Salient Features of Human Genome:
Human genome consists the information of 24
chromosomes (22 autosome + X chromosome + one Y
chromosome); in Homo sapiens 2n = 2x = 46
The human genome contains over 3 billion nucleotide pairs.
Human genome is estimated to have about 30,000 genes .
Average gene consists of 3000 bases. But sizes of genes vary
greatly, with the largest known human gene encoding
dystrophin containing 2.5 million base pairs.
Only about 3 %of the genome encodes amino acid
sequences of polypeptides and rest of it junk (repetitive
DNA).
The functions are unknown for over 50% of the discovered
genes.
Continue………
7. The repetitive sequences makeup very large portion of
human genome. Repetitive sequences have no direct
coding function but they shed light on the chromosome
structure, dynamics and evolution.
Chromosome 1 has most genes (2968) and Y chromosome
has the lowest (231).
Almost all nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all
people. Genome sequences of different individuals differ
for less than 0.2% of base pairs.
Most of these differences occur in the form of single
base differences in the sequence. These single base
differences are called single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs). One SNP occurs at every ~ 1,000 bp of human
genome. About 85% of all differences in human DNAs are
due to SNPs.
10. What was Human Genome Project(HGP)
• The Human Genome Project
was an international research
determine theeffort to
sequence
genome
of the human
and identify the
genes that it contains.
• The US Human Genome
Project is a 13 year effort,
which is coordinated by the
– Department of Energy (DOE) and
– National Institutes of Health
(NIH).
11. Milestones
1986 The birth of the Human Genome Project.
1990 Project initiated as joint effort of US Department of
Energy and the National Institute of Health.
1994 Genetic Privacy Act: to regulate collection, analysis,
storage and use of DNA samples and genetic information
is proposed.
1996 Welcome Trust joins the project.
1998 Celera Genomics (a private company founded by Craig Venter)
formed to sequence much of the human genome in 3 years.
1999 Completion of the sequence of Chromosome 22-the first
human chromosome to be sequenced.
2000 Completion of the working draft of the entire human
genome.
2001 Analysis of the working draft are published.
2003 HGP sequencing is completed and Project is declared finished
two years ahead of schedule.
12. 1. To identify all the genes in human DNA.
2. To develop a genetic linkage map of human genome.
3. To obtain a physical map of human genome.
4. To develop technology for the management of human
genome information.
5. To know the function of genes.
6.Determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical
base pairs that make up human DNA.
7.Store this information in public databases.
8.Develop tools for data analysis.
9.Transfer related technologies to the private sectors.
Goals of Human Genome Project
13. ISSUES OF CONCERN
Ethical, Legal and Social issues of the Human Genome
Project
• Fairness in the use of genetic information.
• Privacy and confidentiality of genetic information.
• Psychological impact, stigmatization, and discrimination.
• Reproductive issues.
• Clinical issues.
• Uncertainties associated with gene tests for susceptibilities and
complex conditions.
• Fairness in access to advanced genomic technologies.
• Conceptual and philosophical implications.
• Health and environmental issues.
• Commercialization of products.
• Education, Standards, and Quality control.
• Patent issues.
14. 1. Gene number, exact locations, and functions
2. Gene regulation.
3. Chromosomal structure and organization.
4. Non-coding DNA types, amount, distribution, information
content, and functions.
5. Coordination of gene expression, protein synthesis, Proteomes
and post-translational events.
6. Predicted vs experimentally determined gene function.
7. Evolutionary conservation among organisms.
8. Disease-susceptibility prediction based on gene sequence
Variation.
9. Genes involved in complex traits and multigene diseases.
10. Developmental genetics,genomics.
Future Challenges: What We Still Don’t Know
15. Vectors for Large-Scale Genome Project
A vector is a DNA molecule that has the ability to replicate
in an appropriate host cell, and into which the DNA insert is
integrated for cloning.
A vector must have a origin of DNA replication (ori).
The vector is a vehicle or carrier which is used for cloning
foreign DNA in bacteria.
For genome sequencing, first DNA fragments of the
genome must be cloned in appropriate vectors. Two of the
most popular vector:
1. Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and
2. Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs)
16. Yeasts artificial chromosomes (YACs):
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are genetically engineered
chromosomes derived from the DNA of the yeast, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, which is then ligated into a bacterial plasmid.
• YACs were very useful in mapping the human genome because they
could accommodate hundreds of thousands of kilo bases each.
• YACs containing a mega base or more are known as "mega YACs."
A YAC can be considered as self replicating element, because it includes
three specific DNA sequences:
1. TEL: The telomere which is located at each chromosome end,
protects the chromosome's ends from degradation by nucleases.
2. CEN: The centromere which is the attachment site for mitotic spindle
fibers and necessary for segregation of sister chromotids to opposite
poles of the dividing yeast cell. The centromere is placed in adjacent
to the left telomere, and a huge piece of human (or any other) DNA
can be placed in between the centromere and the right telomere.
Continue………
17. 3. ORI: Replication origin sequences which are specific DNA sequences
that allow the DNA replication.
It also contains few other specific sequences like:
Selectable markers (A and B) that allow the easy isolation of yeast
cells that have taken up the artificial chromosome.
Recognition site for the two restriction enzymes EcoRI and BamHI.
18. 1.Genomic DNA is partially
digested with a restriction
enzyme (EcoRI).
2.The YAC is digested by the
two restriction enzymes EcoRI
and BamHI.
3.Those two elements
recombine at the EcoRI sites of
YAC and are covalently linked
by the DNA ligase.
4.A recombinant YAC vector, a
yeast artificial chromosome
with genomic DNA inserted, is
produced. Then YACs vector
can be introduced into yeast
cells and generated an unlimited
number of copies.
Cloning genomic DNA into a YAC
Fig: Cloning of genomic DNA into a YAC
19. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is an engineered
DNA molecule, used to clone DNA segment in bacterial
cells (E. coli).
It is based on a well-known natural F plasmid (inhabits E.
coli cells). This plasmid allows conjugation between
bacterial cells.
• Segments of an organism's DNA, ranging from 150 to
about 300 kilo base pairs, can be inserted into BACs.
• These vectors are able to maintain in stable state in
vivo and in vitro.
• Their copy number is about two per cell.
• Extensively used in analysis of large genomes but the
main disadvantage of BAC vectors is some what
laborious construction of BAC libraries.
20. Common gene components
Fig: Map of the BAC vector, pBAC108L
replication
repE:
replication
For plasmid
and regulation of
copy number.
ParA and ParB: the genes
governing partition of plasmids
to daughter
division and
cells
ensures
during
stable
maintenance of the BAC.
Bacterial artificial chromosome is another cloning vector system in E.coli
(pBAC108L), developed by Melsimon and his colleagues in 1992, have
HindIII and BamHI: the
cloning sites
CmR: the chloramphenicol
resistance gene, used as a
selection tool.
oriS: the origin of
21. In some conjugation events, the F-plasmid itself is
cell,transferred from a donor F+ cell to a recipient F-
converting the letter to an F+ cell.
In other events, a small piece of host DNA is transferred as
an insert in the F (which is called an F' plasmid if it has an
insert of foreign DNA). And in still other events, the F'
plasmid inserts into the host chromosome and mobilizes the
whole chromosome to pass from the donor cell to the
recipient cell. Thus, because the E. coli chromosome
contains over 4 million bp, the F plasmid can obviously
accommodate a large insert of DNA.
22. Cloning genomic DNA into a BAC
Fig: BAC as a Cloning vector
1.Genomic DNA is isolated
from a desired source and
used restriction enzymes
to cleave the target DNA
into fragments.
2.The BAC is digested by
restriction enzymes in the
cloning sites HindIII and
BamHI.
two elements
by the DNA
3. Those
recombine
ligase and attach into a
host bacterium.
4. As the bacterial cells
grow
amplify
and divide,
the BAC
they
DNA,
which can then be isolated
in sequencingand used
DNA.
23. Difference between YAC and BAC
as vector of genome sequencing
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
1. Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are
genetically engineered chromosomes
derived from the DNA of the yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
1. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
is an engineered DNA molecule, used to
clone DNA segment in bacterial cells (E.
coli).
2. YAC’s are used for cloning very large
(1000-2000kb) DNA segments.
2. These vectors are used to clone the DNA
inserts up to 300kb.
3. They are inefficient. 3. They are inefficient.
4. Unlike BAC library, it is not so hard to
construct YAC library.
4. It is very hard to construct BAC library.
5. They are unstable. 5. They are more stable.
6. They tend to contain scrambled inserts,
i.e. composites of DNA fragments from
more than one site.
6. They contain pure inserts.
7. The linear YACs, which tend to break
under shearing forces.
7. The circular, super coiled BACs resist
breakage.
8. They are hard to isolate from yeast cells. 8. They are easy to isolate.