Downloaded 30 times
More Related Content
Similar to UCSP-LESSON-5-pptx.pptx
UCSP-LESSON-5-pptx.pptx
- 1. LOOKING BACK AT HUMANBIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION
- 2. Journal 2.1 PHOTOANALYSIS
- 3. COPY AND ANSWERTHE FOLLOWING GUIDE QUESTIONS: QUESTION 1. What do you see in the picture? Describe the appearance and the expressions. 2. What is happening in the photo? 3. List 3 things you might infer from this picture. 4. What questions does this photograph raise in your mind? 5. Where could you find the answer to them?
- 4. Biological and CulturalEvolution Key concepts in the study of the origins of modern human
- 5. Human Evolution Is theevolutionary process leading to the appearance of modern day humans. It is characterized by a number of morphological, developmental, physiological, and behavioral changes that have taken place since the split between the last common ancestor of humans and apes.
- 6. Human Evolution In humanevolution, the term Homo is used to determine the species of human beings, According to Anthropologist, the direct ancestors of the Homo species are Hominid.
- 7. Biological Evolution Refers tothe changes, modifications, and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to another Based on the theory of Evolution that was introduced by Charles Darwin (1809-1882).
- 8. Cultural Evolution • Itrefers to the changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture. • Scientist study the cultural evolution of humans by analysing the changes in the latter’s way of life.
- 9.
- 10. Charles Darwin (1809– 1882) Full Name CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN Born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England He died on April 19, 1882, in Downe, Kent, England He was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist. He is best known for his groundbreaking work on the theory of evolution through Natural Selection. In 1859, he published “On the Origin of Species” where he proposed that species evolve over time through a process of Natural Selection, where those with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
- 11. The evolution ofspecies happens through the process of natural selection. NATURAL SELECTION • The reason for occurrence of evolution. • The outcome processes that affect the frequencies of traits in a particular environment. Traits that enhance survival and reproductive success increase in frequency over time.
- 12. Natural selection Reason forthe evolution (Darwin) 3 important principles: 1. Variation 2. Heritability 3. Differential reproductive success
- 13. NATURAL SELECTION: THREE PRINCIPLES 1.Variations Every species is made up of a variety of individuals wherein some are adopted to their environments compared to others. 2. Heritability Organisms produce progeny with different sets of traits that can inherited.
- 14. NATURAL SELECTION: THREE PRINCIPLES 3.Differential reproductive success Organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment will survive and transfer these variations to their offspring in subsequent generations.
- 16. Hominid General term usedby scientists to categorize the group of early humans and other humanlike creatures that can walk erect during the prehistoric times
- 17.
- 18.
- 19.
- 20. Sahelanthropus tchadensis 6-7 millionyears ago It had both apelike and humanlike characteristics: 1. A skull similar to Australopithecus and modern human. 2. Height almost similar with the chimpanzee 3. Brain size: 320-380 cc 4. Small teeth 5. Had the ability to walk upright
- 21. Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin tugenensis 5.7million years ago Ardipithecus 5.6 million years ago
- 22. Ardipithecus “ape onthe ground” 1. height about 4 feet 2. weight about 120 pounds 3. skull size similar to an ape 4. Small brain 5. Biped 6. lived in jungles and forests like chimpanzees
- 23. Ardipithecus “ape onthe ground” Ardipithecus Kadabba Ardipithecus Ramidus
- 24. Australopithecus(5 million- 1millionyears ago) “the Southern Ape” Characteristic 1. Brain size: 500 cc or almost 1/3 size of the modern human brain 2. Upright 3. Biped 4. Tool users not tool makers 5. Food scavengers
- 25. Dryopethicus He was theearliest known ancestor of man At the same time as his existence, Ramapethicus existed who was more human-like than Dryopethicus Ramapethicus Dryopethicus
- 26. Dryopithecus inhabited the Europeanregion and some parts of Asia and Africa Stages of evolution of humans began from him After Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus came to the genus Australopithecus which preceded the genus Homo
- 27. There are 6species of the Australopithecus and they are divided into two major categories:
- 28. Gracile Australopithecines Australopithecines Anamensis Australopithecinesafarensis Australopithecines africanus
- 29. Robust Australopithecines Australopithecus Aethiopicus AustralopithecusRobustus Australopithecus Boisei
- 30. Gracile Australopithecines Australopithecines Anamensis Australopithecinesafarensis Australopithecines africanus
- 31. Australopithecus Anamensis Australopithecines Anamensiswas the earliest australopithecines species. They were found in some locations in northern Kenya. It is small in built with teeth similar to the later A. Afarensis.
- 32. Australopithecus afarensis Isthe most represented australopithecine species. Its remains were seen at Tanzania and Ethiopia. It is small homimid. Its teeth were somewhat large compared to its body size. It has small brain, about 400cc. Its arm and legs were about the same length. It is the most model used in Australopithecine species but it was not the first one discovered. It is the A. Africanus.
- 33. Australopithecus afarensis ‘Lucy’ thefamous fossil belonged to this species inhabited the African mainland shorter than the Australopithecus ramidus small skull with flat noses and no chin
- 34. Australopithecus afarensis ‘Lucy’ wasfound by Dr. Donald Johanson and Tom Gray On November 24, 1974 At the site of Hadar in Ethiopia. (3.2 million yrs. Ago)
- 35. Australopithecus afarensis able towalk on two legs but the legs were slightly bowed which made their walk slightly ape-like. The bowed legs, fingers, and toes enabled them to climb trees and live there large teeth and jaws.
- 39. Australopithecus africanus Was thefirst discovered species of gracile australopithecines. A. Africanus was coined by Professor Raymond Dart which means southern ape of Africa. Like A. Afarencis, it has small built. The adult A. Africanus were 3 and a half to 4 and a half feet tall. It lived between 3 million and 2 million years ago.
- 40. Australopithecus africanus inhabited theAfrican mainland bipedal and had a small skull with small brains than Homo erectus but larger than their predecessors had large teeth compared to current day humans and were herbivorous had large jaws.
- 41. Robust Australopithecines Australopithecus Aethiopicus AustralopithecusRobustus Australopithecus Boisei
- 42. Australopithecus Aethiopicus Earliest andsomewhat least the known of robust australopithecines. Some of its fossils were found at northern Kenya and Ethiopia dating between 2.3 million and 2.7 million years ago.
- 43. Australopithecus robustus Australopithecines speciesdiscovered by Robert Broom. It has larger teeth, a massive jaw and a flatter face than A. Africanus. taller than his predecessors but still ape-like weighed more than their ancestors It is not ancestral to human genus, Homo.
- 44. Australopithecus boisei Australopithecines speciesdiscovered by paleoanthropologist named Louis Leakey in Western Tanzia. It is named after a benefactor named Charles Boisei. It has enormous molar teeth and expanded premolars, a thick and deep jaw, thick cheek bones. It lived between about 2.3 and 1.3 million years ago. Also, it is not ancestral to human genus or Homo.
- 45. Homo Species Hominids havebrain larger compared to the Australopithecus species which appeared about 2.3 million years ago. It was classified to our genus, Homo.
- 46. HOMO Species Homo habilis Homoerectus Homo sapiens
- 47. Homo Habilis He hada face similar to his ancestors, skull and brain size indicate that he may have been able to speak
- 48. Homo Habilis Earliest toolsmade were from this era Known as the ‘handy man’ because he was the first to make and use tools Around 5 feet tall and erect.
- 49. Homo Erectus Wasthe first hominid species that was distributed in the “Old World”. It was discovered by Eugene Dubois which he called Pithecanthropus erectus at first which means erect ape man. The brain averages 895-1040 cc in size.
- 50. Homo Erectus Smaller butlonger face, less prominent or absent chin, larger brain size and prominent speech Knew how to make and use tools, he made a fire and knew how to control it.
- 51. Homo Erectus carnivorous knewthe existence of groups and they began spreading from Africa to Asia and Europe Java Man and Peking Man had brain capacities similar to modern man at 1300cc. They were cave dwellers.
- 52. Peking Man characterized bya cranial capacity averaging about 1,000 cubic cm, the size of modern man’s. had a skull that was flat in profile, with a small forehead, a keel along the top of the head for attachment of powerful jaw muscles, very thick skull bones, heavy brow ridges, an occipital torus, a large palate, and a large, chinless jaw.
- 53. Java Man characterizedby a cranial capacity averaging 900 cubic cm a skull flat in profile with little forehead, a crest along the top of the head for attachment of powerful jaw muscles, very thick skull bones, heavy brow ridges, and a massive jaw with no chin. The teeth are essentially human though with some apelike features, such as large, partly overlapping canines. Thighbones show that Java man walked fully erect, like modern man, and attained a height of about 170 cm (5 feet 8 inches).
- 54. Homo Sapiens 2 TYPES: 1.Homosapiens neanderthelensis 2.Homo sapiens sapiens
- 55. Had a brainsize larger than modern man and were gigantic in size Had a large head and jaw and were very powerful and muscular
- 56. carnivores and thetools from the era indicate they were hunters cave dwellers but their caves were more comfortable and they lived in groups and hunted for food gathering.
- 57. Homo sapiens sapiens Knownas ‘modern-day man’ Became smaller in size and the brain size reduced to 1300cc Reduction in the size of the jaw, rounding of the skull and chin
- 58. Cro- Magnon wasthe earliest of the Homo sapiens. They spread wider from Europe, Australia, and Americas. They were omnivores, had skilful hands, and developed the power of thinking, producing art, more sophisticated tools and sentiments upon.
- 59. Characteristics of thevery early hominins Sahelanthropus tchadensis Australopithcus genus A.anamensis, A. afarensis, A. Africanus Robust Australopithecines A. aethiopcus, A. robustus, A. boisei Homo genus H. Habilis, H. erectus, H. Neanderthalensis H.sapiens sapiens
- 60. Cultural Evolution trends Sahelanthropus tchadensis Livedin wooded areas Most of cultural evolution is pure speculation Australopithecus group Only debatable evidence that they made tools, and no evidence that they had home bases or shared food. Probably opportunist feeders. Paranthropus/ Robust genus Some evidence they used bones or perhaps sticks to dig up roots (this would leave no fossil evidence though) Evidence suggests robustus ate course, tough food supplemented by small insects.
- 61. Cultural Evolution trends Homo genus Developmentof speech Enabled by Broca’s area of the brain. First seen in H.habilis. Development of tool-making H. habilis was known as the Handy man and made Oldowan tools. H. erectus used Acheulian tools and was known as the Fire maker. H.Neanderthalis used Mousterian tools and began to attach stone tools to handles. H. sapiens used advanced tools of flint and bone. Used blades and points. Called Upper Palaeolithic tools.
- 62. Cultural Evolution trends Homo genus Developmentof group living and culture H. habilis – successful hunters, made shelters and lived in bands of about 12 people H. erectus - built shelters (huts) supported by wooden poles, serious co-operative hunters H. neanderthalis – intelligent, lived in caves, built stone walls, dressed in hides, buried their dead, had strong social bonds. H. sapiens – skilled hunters, lived in large groups, engraved and painted on walls, carved statues etc...
- 64.
- 65. Neolithic Revolution About 10,000BCE, humans begun to cultivate crops and domesticate certain animals like sheep, cows, and goats. This was a change from the system of hunting and gatherings that have sustained and make humans survive from earliest time period. In this time period permanent settlements were established. It is sometimes called as the agricultural revolution.
- 66. Below is thetimeline of agricultural innovation Year Innovation 10, 000 B.C.E Neolithic Revolution begins in Southwest Asia
- 67. What is your realizationnow as a member of society?
- 68.
- 69. 1. known as‘modern-day man’
- 70. 2. He wasthe earliest known ancestor of man
- 71. 3. ‘Lucy’ thefamous fossil belonged to this species
- 72. 4. The pelvisis said to show adaptations that combine tree- climbing and bipedal activity.
- 73. 5. bipedal andhad a small skull with small brains than Homo erectus but larger than their predecessors
- 74. 6. had abrain size larger than modern man and were gigantic in size
- 75. 7. smaller butlonger face, less prominent or absent chin, larger brain size and prominent speech
- 76. 8. cave dwellersbut their caves were more comfortable and they lived in groups and hunted for food gathering.
- 77. 9. known asthe ‘handy man’ because he was the first to make and use tools
- 78. 10. skull andbrain size indicate that he may have been able to speak
- 79. 11. Who discoveredLucy?
- 80. 12. Where did‘Lucy’ get her name from?
- 81. 12. Where did‘Lucy’ get her name from?
- 82. 13-15. give 3important facts about Lucy
- 83. 16. This existedat the same time as Dryopethicus
- 84. 17. earliest ofthe Homo sapiens.
- 85. 18-19. 2 examplesof homo erectus which had brain capacities similar to modern man at 1300cc. They were cave dwellers.
- 86. 20. According toDarwin, this is the reason of evolution.
- 87. 21. Refers tothe changes, modifications, and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to another
- 88. 22. He introducedthe theory of evolution.
- 89. 23-25. what arethe 3 important principles of natural selection?
- 90.
Editor's Notes
- #17 Extinct apes Hominids-homo sapiens sapiens Ramapheticus-once regarded as anscestor of humans until became regarded as that of the orangutan
- #19 The most number of species excavated Only stages of HE
- #26 Extinct apes Hominids-homo sapiens sapiens Ramapheticus-once regarded as anscestor of humans until became regarded as that of the orangutan
- #27 Hominids-human-like creatures that can walk erect
- #50 Spoken language, burial practices, religious rituals, travel outside Africa
- #70 Homo sapiens sapiens
- #71 dryopethicus
- #72 afarensis
- #73 ramidus
- #74 africanus
- #75 neaderthalensis
- #76 Homo erectus
- #77 neadethalensis
- #78 Homo habilis
- #79 Homo habilis
- #80 Donald Johanson
- #81 Beattles song Lucy in the sky with diamonds
- #82 Donald Johanson
- #83 Donald Johanson
- #84 Ramapethicus
- #85 Cro-magnon
- #86 Peking Man and Java man
- #87 Natural Selection
- #88 Biological Evolution
- #89 Charles Darwin
- #90 Variation Heritability Differential reproductive success