The document discusses key aspects of human-computer interaction (HCI), including its importance, elements, interaction styles, input and output devices, and eye tracking techniques. HCI aims to design human-centered systems by understanding users' visual, intellectual, motor, and memory capabilities. Serious HCI research promises to fundamentally change computing by creating excellent user interfaces. Understanding users and conducting evaluations are important for practitioners. Common interaction styles include command lines, menus, and WIMP interfaces. Input devices include keyboards while outputs include displays, and humans interact visually, auditorily, and through touch. Various eye tracking methods aim to measure gaze, such as electrooculography and video-based techniques. HCI is an interdisciplinary

1. BY,
AYUSHA PATNAIK

2. INTRODUCTION
HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
STUDY OF INTERACTION BETWEEN HUMAN AND COMPUTER TO
DESIGN HUMAN-CENTRED SKILLS, SO THAT THERE ARE
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS TO CREATE EXCELLENT INTERFACES
WITH ANY TECHNOLOGY.
• IT IS THE HOTTEST TOPIC AMONG IT PROFFESIONALS OF TODAY
• SERIOUS RESEARCH IN THIS AREA HAS JUST BEGUN WHICH
PROMISES OF FUNDAMENTALLY CHANGING COMPUTING
• SPECTACULAR GROWTH OF WORLD WIDE WEB IS THE DIRECT RESULT
OF HCI RESEARCH
• HCI WOULD PLAY A LEADING ROLE IN THE CREATION OF
TOMMOROW’S EXCITING NEW USER INTERFACE SOFTWARE

3. IMPORTANCE
 How important is it for a
practitioner to have a deep
understanding of the visual,
intellectual, motor, and
memory capabilities of the
users when they are
designing commercial
systems?
 How important is it to have
the knowledge of
implementing empirical
research techniques for
evaluations when they are
rarely used?

4. COMPUTER
ELEMENTS
INPUT DEVICES
OUTPUT DEVICES
MEMORY
PROCESSING
A computer without human

5. ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER
INPUT
DEVICE
OUTPUT
DEVICE
MEMORY
PROCESSING
TEXT
ENTRY
POINTING
3-D
INTERACTION
DEVICES
SHORT
TERM
MEMORY
LONG TERM
MEMORY

6. HUMAN IN TERMS OF COMPUTER
ELEMENTS
INPUT –
OUTPUT
CHANNELS
M
E
M
O
R
Y
PROCESSINGOF
INFORMATION

8. USER INPUT
SYSTEMOUTPUT
• THE INTERACTION FRAME WORK HAS FOUR PARTS

11. Stages of design process :
 Knowing users
 Observation of
users
 Creating user
friendly designs
 Complexity of
design
DESIGN
Know
user
observ
ation
Creation
of design
Complex
ity of
design

12. In order to develop a user-centered design the
following steps should be followed :
 Data Collection
 Data Analysis
 User Modelling
 Design
 Prototyping
 Evaluation

14. INTERACTION
STYLES
Some common styles of
interaction are :
 Command line interface
 Menus
 Natural Language
 Query dialogue
 Form-fills and spreadsheets
 Wimp
WIMP interface :
oWindows
oIcons
oMenu
oPointer

15. INTERACTION DEVICES
COMPUTER
INPUT DEVICES
• QWERTY keyboard
• Special Keyboards
• Light pen
• Scanner etc.
OUTPUT DEVICES
• LCD
• CRT
• PRINTERS
HUMAN
INPUT – OUTPUT DEVICES
 SIGHT
 SOUND
 TOUCH

16. THE EYE :

17. TYPES OF EYE MOVEMENTS
• SACCADE
• FIXATION OF EYE
• OCCURS IN RESPONSE TO MOVING OBJECT
• NYSTAGMUS
• RELATIVE MOVEMENT OF EYE WITH RESPECT
TO ONE ANOTHER

18. WHAT TO MEASURE ?
•Generally visual line of gaze is measured
•Only one eye is tracked
METHODS :

19.  SIMPLEST EYE TRACKING TECHNIQUE
 USES ELECTRODES PLACED ON THE SKIN AROUND THE EYE
 MEASURES CHANGES IN ORIENTATION OF THE POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE
EXISTING BETWEEN CORNEA AND RETINA
 USEFUL FOR MEASURING RELATIVE EYE MOVEMENTS
 COVERS WIDE RANGE OF EYE MOVEMENTS
 BUT ACCURACY LEVEL IS LOW
 USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSING NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMS
REVEALED BY EYE MOVEMENTS

20. MECHANICAL METHODS
 LEAST USER FRIENDLY APPROACH
 USES NON-SLIPPING CONTACT LENS – FITS OVER CORNEAL BULGE
 TO HOLD IN PLACE SLIGHT SUCTION IS APPLIED
 THE LENS HAS SMALL MECHANICAL LEVER, MAGNETIC COIL OR
MIRROR ATTACHED FOR TRACKING
 EXTREMELY ACCURATE
 CAN EVEN INVESTIGATE TINY EYE MOVEMENTS
 BUT, VERY AWKWARD AND UNCOMFORTABLE, COVERS ONLY
LIMITED RANGE
INTERFERES WITH BLINKING

22. OPTICAL/VIDEO
METHOD
SINGLE POINT TWO POINT

23.  USES REMOTE IMAGING OF VISIBLE FEATURE LOCATED ON THE EYE SUCH AS
BOUNDARY BETWEEN SCLERA AND IRIS

24.  HOWEVER THIS BOUNDARY IS ONLY PARTIALLY
VISIBLE AT ANY ONE TIME
 THE OUTLINE OF THE PUPIL CAN ALSO BE
CONSIDERED
o BUT THIS WORKS BEST FOR ONLY LIGHT COLORED EYES
o BUT TO OVERCOME THIS PROBLEM PUPIL CAN BE
ILLUMINATED
REFLECTION OF THE FRONT OF CORNEA OF LIGHT
BEAM SHOWN AT THE EYE
ANY OF THESE COULD BE USED WITH
PHOTOGRAPHIC OR VIDEO RECORDING
BUT A DEMERIT IS THAT THE HEAD IS TO BE HELD
STATIONARY TO BE SURE THAT ANY MOVEMENT
DETECTED REPRESENTS MOVEMENT OF EYE
 A BITE BOARD IS CUSTOMARLIY USED

26. TWO POINT
 AS THE HEAD MOVES THE LINE OF GAZE CHANGES
 SO THIS CAN BE CONSIDERED AS ANOTHER TYPE OF
EYE MOVEMENT
 TO DETECT THIS KIND TWO POINT SYSTEM IS USED
 THE HEAD NO LONGER NEEDS TO BE RIGIDLY FIXED
ALTHOUGH IT MUST STAY WITHIN THE CAMERA RANGE
 BOTH CORNEAL REFLECTION AND OUTLINE OF THE PUPIL
ARE TRACKED
 INFRARED LIGHT IS USED
 THE ABSOLUTE VISUAL LINE OF GAZE IS COMPUTED
FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO TRACKED POINTS

30.  HCI IS EMERGING WITH VARIOUS OTHER DESIGNS CONCERNED WITH
VOICE AND TOUCH SENSORY ORGANS
 VARIOUS PROPOSALS HAVE BEEN PUT FORWARD FOR EMOTION
DETECTION, GESTURE DETECTION
 IN EMOTION DETECTION THE PUPILLIARY ACTIONS WOULD HAVE TO
BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION
ALL THESE ADVANCEMENTS WOULD BRING INTO SOCIETY A NEW
ERA OF COMPUTERS

31. HCI IS VERY RICH IN TERMS OF DISCIPLINES AS WELL AS
OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH
 WHATEVER WE DISCUSSED WAS JUST A SMALL SUBSET OF THE
TOPICS IN HCI
 STUDY OF USER INTERFACE IS A DOUBLE SIDED APPROACH
 BY MANIPULATING EYE BEHAVIOUR WE CAN DESIGN INTERFACES
BETWEEN COMPUTER AND HUMAN EYE
 STUDYING PSYCHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN WE CAN
DESIGN BETTER INTERFACES FOR THE USER
 WORK IN THIS DOMAIN HAS JUST BEGUN.THERE IS A LONG
WAY TO GO BY STUDYING HOW HUMAN MIND WORKS

32. 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
TECHNOLOGY – BRAD A. MYERS
2. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION – MATTHIAS
RAUTERBERG
3. HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION – Prof. Dr. KEITH ANDREWS
4. USABILITY DESIGN – JAN GULLIKSEN
5. FUTURE OF HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION – MICHAEL H. COEN
6. USER CENTERED DESIGN – NICKY DANINO
7. EYES AT THE INTERFACE – R.A. BOLTZ