The document discusses eye movement tracking techniques for human-computer interaction. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, how eye movements are tracked using different techniques like skin electrodes, contact lenses, head-mounted and remote systems. Challenges in eye tracking like the midas touch problem and jitter are also covered. Applications of eye tracking like accessibility, system enhancement and virtual displays are discussed. Case studies on using eye tracking for visual search tasks in cognitive science and on the Tobii T120 eye tracker are provided. The conclusion states that while eye tracking is not perfect, it has potential to provide new effective interaction methods.
Eye tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze or the motion of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye movement.
Eye Movement based Human Computer Interaction TechniqueJobin George
Eye movement-based interaction is one of several areas of current research in human computer interaction in which a new interface style seems to be emerging. In the non-command style, the computer passively monitors the user and responds as appropriate, rather than waiting for the user to issue specific commands. In describing eye movement-based human-computer interaction we can see two distinctions, one is in the nature of the user’s eye movements and the other, in the nature of the responses. In the world created by an eye movement based interface, users could move their eyes to scan the scene, just as they would a real world scene, unaffected by the presence of eye tracking equipment movement, on the eye movement axis. The alternative is to instruct users of the eye movement based interface to move their eyes in particular ways. On the response axis, objects could respond to a user’s eye movements in a natural way that is, the object responds to the user’s looking in the same way real objects do. The alternative is unnatural response, where objects respond in ways not experienced in the real world.
Now a days Eye tracking technology is applied in many fields like automotive defense and medical industries. The fields of advertising, entertainment, packaging and web design have all benefited significantly from studying the visual behavior of the consumer. Every day, as eye tracking is used in creative new ways, the list of applications grows.
EYE GAZE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
The Eye gaze System is a communication system for people with complex physical disabilities.
This operates with eyes by looking at control keys displayed on a screen.
Eye tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze or the motion of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye movement.
Eye Movement based Human Computer Interaction TechniqueJobin George
Eye movement-based interaction is one of several areas of current research in human computer interaction in which a new interface style seems to be emerging. In the non-command style, the computer passively monitors the user and responds as appropriate, rather than waiting for the user to issue specific commands. In describing eye movement-based human-computer interaction we can see two distinctions, one is in the nature of the user’s eye movements and the other, in the nature of the responses. In the world created by an eye movement based interface, users could move their eyes to scan the scene, just as they would a real world scene, unaffected by the presence of eye tracking equipment movement, on the eye movement axis. The alternative is to instruct users of the eye movement based interface to move their eyes in particular ways. On the response axis, objects could respond to a user’s eye movements in a natural way that is, the object responds to the user’s looking in the same way real objects do. The alternative is unnatural response, where objects respond in ways not experienced in the real world.
Now a days Eye tracking technology is applied in many fields like automotive defense and medical industries. The fields of advertising, entertainment, packaging and web design have all benefited significantly from studying the visual behavior of the consumer. Every day, as eye tracking is used in creative new ways, the list of applications grows.
EYE GAZE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
The Eye gaze System is a communication system for people with complex physical disabilities.
This operates with eyes by looking at control keys displayed on a screen.
Eye Tracking Based Human - Computer InteractionSharath Raj
This Presentation aims at explaining how eye tracking works and the usage of Houghman Circle Detection Algorithm in order to detect the iris.
https://www.picostica.com
Imagine yourself being a intelligent, motivated, and working person in the fiercely competitive
market of information technology, but just one problem You can't use your hands. Or you can't speak.
How do you do your job? How do you stay employed? You can, because of a very good gift from
computer Industry. The Eyegaze, a communication & control system you run with your eyes In humans,
gaze direction and ocular behaviour is probably one of the first distant means of communication
developed. Parents often try to understand what their baby looks at, and they deduce that the object
observed attracts his/her interest. This ability to interact with someone by a transitional object is named
joint attention
The Eyegaze System is a direct-select vision-controlled communication and control system. It was
developed in Fairfax, Virginia, by LC Technologies,
Imagine yourself being a intelligent, motivated, and working person in the fiercely competitive
market of information technology, but just one problem You can't use your hands. Or you can't speak.
How do you do your job? How do you stay employed? You can, because of a very good gift from
computer Industry. The Eyegaze, a communication & control system you run with your eyes In humans,
gaze direction and ocular behaviour is probably one of the first distant means of communication
developed. Parents often try to understand what their baby looks at, and they deduce that the object
observed attracts his/her interest. This ability to interact with someone by a transitional object is named
joint attention
The Eyegaze System is a direct-select vision-controlled communication and control system. It was
developed in Fairfax, Virginia, by LC Technologies.
Abstract/Introduction/Users of Eye gaze/Skills required by the users/ Hardware Parts/Working//Menu's of Eye Gaze Communication System/Applications/Limitations/New Portable Eye Gaze Communication /Environment require for eye Gaze Communication/The eye gaze communication system components & prices/ Conclusion/ Thank you
From eye tracking to deep learning - how technology will change the way we in...Kamilė Butkevičiūtė
- How eye tracking and other technologies are applied in real life?
- How technologies will enable us to reconnect with audience and understand what engages them?
- Trends and future of sensor technology.
Classification of Eye Movements Using Electrooculography and Neural NetworksWaqas Tariq
Electrooculography is a technique for measuring the cornea-retinal potential produced by eye movements. This paper proposes algorithms for classifying eleven eye movements acquired through electrooculography using dynamic neural networks. Signal processing techniques and time delay neural network are used to process the raw signals to identify the eye movements. Simple feature extraction algorithms are proposed using the Parseval and Plancherel theorems. The performances of the classifiers are compared with a feed forward network, which is encouraging with an average classification accuracy of 91.40% and 90.89% for time delay neural network using the Parseval and Plancherel features.
Abstract
Human–computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use. The field formally emerged out of computer science, cognitive psychology and industrial design through the 1960s, formulating guidelines for the development of interactive computer systems highlighting usability concerns for improved interfaces. Computing devices are becoming more prevalent and integrated into both our social and work spaces.HCI therefore plays an important role in ensuring that computer systems are not only functional but also respect the needs and capabilities of the humans that use them.
HCI encompasses not only ease of use but also new interaction techniques. It involves input and output devices and the interaction techniques that use them; presentation of information, control and monitoring of computer’s actions and the processes that developers follow when creating interfaces. In this seminar, emphasis is laid on the movement of a user’s eyes which can provide a convenient, natural, and high-bandwidth source of additional user input. Some of the human factors and technical considerations that arise in trying to use eye movements as an input medium and the first eye movement-based interaction techniques are discussed in this section.
AYUSHA PATNAIK,
SEM - 6th
TRIDENT ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY,
BBSR
Eye Tracking Based Human - Computer InteractionSharath Raj
This Presentation aims at explaining how eye tracking works and the usage of Houghman Circle Detection Algorithm in order to detect the iris.
https://www.picostica.com
Imagine yourself being a intelligent, motivated, and working person in the fiercely competitive
market of information technology, but just one problem You can't use your hands. Or you can't speak.
How do you do your job? How do you stay employed? You can, because of a very good gift from
computer Industry. The Eyegaze, a communication & control system you run with your eyes In humans,
gaze direction and ocular behaviour is probably one of the first distant means of communication
developed. Parents often try to understand what their baby looks at, and they deduce that the object
observed attracts his/her interest. This ability to interact with someone by a transitional object is named
joint attention
The Eyegaze System is a direct-select vision-controlled communication and control system. It was
developed in Fairfax, Virginia, by LC Technologies,
Imagine yourself being a intelligent, motivated, and working person in the fiercely competitive
market of information technology, but just one problem You can't use your hands. Or you can't speak.
How do you do your job? How do you stay employed? You can, because of a very good gift from
computer Industry. The Eyegaze, a communication & control system you run with your eyes In humans,
gaze direction and ocular behaviour is probably one of the first distant means of communication
developed. Parents often try to understand what their baby looks at, and they deduce that the object
observed attracts his/her interest. This ability to interact with someone by a transitional object is named
joint attention
The Eyegaze System is a direct-select vision-controlled communication and control system. It was
developed in Fairfax, Virginia, by LC Technologies.
Abstract/Introduction/Users of Eye gaze/Skills required by the users/ Hardware Parts/Working//Menu's of Eye Gaze Communication System/Applications/Limitations/New Portable Eye Gaze Communication /Environment require for eye Gaze Communication/The eye gaze communication system components & prices/ Conclusion/ Thank you
From eye tracking to deep learning - how technology will change the way we in...Kamilė Butkevičiūtė
- How eye tracking and other technologies are applied in real life?
- How technologies will enable us to reconnect with audience and understand what engages them?
- Trends and future of sensor technology.
Classification of Eye Movements Using Electrooculography and Neural NetworksWaqas Tariq
Electrooculography is a technique for measuring the cornea-retinal potential produced by eye movements. This paper proposes algorithms for classifying eleven eye movements acquired through electrooculography using dynamic neural networks. Signal processing techniques and time delay neural network are used to process the raw signals to identify the eye movements. Simple feature extraction algorithms are proposed using the Parseval and Plancherel theorems. The performances of the classifiers are compared with a feed forward network, which is encouraging with an average classification accuracy of 91.40% and 90.89% for time delay neural network using the Parseval and Plancherel features.
Abstract
Human–computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use. The field formally emerged out of computer science, cognitive psychology and industrial design through the 1960s, formulating guidelines for the development of interactive computer systems highlighting usability concerns for improved interfaces. Computing devices are becoming more prevalent and integrated into both our social and work spaces.HCI therefore plays an important role in ensuring that computer systems are not only functional but also respect the needs and capabilities of the humans that use them.
HCI encompasses not only ease of use but also new interaction techniques. It involves input and output devices and the interaction techniques that use them; presentation of information, control and monitoring of computer’s actions and the processes that developers follow when creating interfaces. In this seminar, emphasis is laid on the movement of a user’s eyes which can provide a convenient, natural, and high-bandwidth source of additional user input. Some of the human factors and technical considerations that arise in trying to use eye movements as an input medium and the first eye movement-based interaction techniques are discussed in this section.
AYUSHA PATNAIK,
SEM - 6th
TRIDENT ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY,
BBSR
Agile is software development technique in which the software is developed in a way that quality of software is good and the time required to development is less and the development takes place by parts, i.e. The software delivered to the user or customer by parts in a short period of time. The agile methodology introduced simple, easy to follow ideas that revolutionized how teams approach software delivery.
A novel efficient human computer interface using an electrooculogrameSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Gesture Recognition Technology is rapidly growing technology and this PPT describes about the working of gesture recognition technology,the sub fields in it, its applications and the challenges it faces.
TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of WorkVolker Hirsch
TEDx Manchester talk on artificial intelligence (AI) and how the ascent of AI and robotics impacts our future work environments.
The video of the talk is now also available here: https://youtu.be/dRw4d2Si8LA
In the simplest terms, eye tracking is the measurement of eye activity. Where do we look? When do we blink? How does the pupil react to different stimuli? The concept is basic, but the process and interpretation can be quite complex. There are many different methods of exploring eye data.The most common is to analyze the visual path of one or more participants across an interface such as a computer screen. Each eye data observation is translated into a set of pixel coordinates.
Survey on Human Computer interaction for disabled persons Muhammad Bilal
At present, there are many solutions which facilitate the interaction of computers to handicapped people. In recent years there has been an increased interest in HumanComputer Interaction Systems allowing for more natural communication with machines. Such systems are especially important for elderly and disabled persons. In this paper we have conducted a survey of ten different techniques and tried to analyze how these techniques are working. The techniques have also been compared on the basis of many features which give an insight into the effectiveness of these techniques
You can contact me on Gmai
bilal.professional786@gmail.com
You can also contact me on Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/bilalbakhtawar
An Eye of technology For the people who suffer with PALS (People with ALS). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a debilitating, neurodegenerative disease. Its various symptoms include dysphagia, dysarthria, respiratory distress, pain, and psychological disorders. It is characterized by progressive muscular paralysis reflecting degeneration of motor neurons, conspiratorial tracts and the spinal cord. Most cases of ALS are readily diagnosed and the error rate of diagnosis in large ALS clinics is less than 10%.
1.2 VISION SYSTEM FOR HUMAN COMMUNICATION
How do you communicate when your brain is active but your body isn't? The Project Oculus, designed to communicate for those who is suffering from ALS, uses low-cost eye-tracking glasses and open-source software to allow people suffering from any kind of neuromuscular syndrome to write and draw by tracking their eye movement and translating it to lines on a screen.
Eye Gaze Tracking With a Web Camera in a Desktop Environment1crore projects
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Blue Eyes Technology gives Perceptional Abilities To a Computer Using Bluetooth,Eye Gaze Tacker,Emotion Recognizing Mouse,There By making it to interact with human Being.
1. EYE MOVEMENT BASED HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
TECHNIQUES: TOWARDS NON-COMMAND INTERFACE
BY
RAJ KIRAN
09B91A0586
GNITC
2. The Eye
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Eyes are the windows of the soul.
Eye are the parts which perceive light in our human
body.
Interaction with other body parts.
A Combination of eyes and brain help us in
processesing complex visual information.
3. How We See ?
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
4. Physiology of Eye
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Cornea is a transparent structure that
covers the iris and pupil; a part of the
focusing system of an eye.
Pupil is the adjustable opening at the
center of the iris that allows varying
amounts of light to enter the eye.
Lens helps to focus light on the retina.
Retina includes rods (94%), which are
sensitive to light and cones (6%) that
capture colors. Cones are
concentrated in the centre of the
retina - the fovea
5. Facts about Human gaze
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
One’s eye is rarely stationary.
Eye movement reflects a viewer’s visual information
process.
The eyes can move faster than the hand.
Eye movement consists of:
Saccades
Fixations
6. Eye tracking Technology
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
What is Eye tracking?
Eye tracking is the measurement
of eye activity.
Why use eye tracking ?
Gives an accurate measure of where one’s looking.
Enhances or back-ups observations.
Can lead to many potentially useful applications.
7. Techniques for measuring eye movements
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Measuring Visual line of gaze (Where he or she is looking in
space).
Different techniques used for measuring eye movements.
Skin Electrodes
Contact lens
Head Mounted
Remote System
8. Techniques for eye tracking: Skin Electrodes
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Electrodes placed on the skin around the eye socket.
Measuring the electrical differences between retina and
cornea.
GOOD POINTS:
Both eyes can be recorded together
Least expensive
Simple to use
DOWNFALLS:
It is limited to horizontal and vertical movements
Poor accuracy for absolute positioning
9. Techniques for eye tracking: Contact lens
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
A non-slipping contact lens fits over corneal bulge.
Tracking is recorded by affixing a magnetic coil or mirror to the
lens.
GOOD POINTS:
Provides accurate data about the
nature of human eye movements.
DOWNFALLS:
Extremely awkward, uncomfortable for the user.
Interferes with blinking.
Covers only a limited range of eye movements.
10. Techniques for eye tracking: Head Mounted
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Small camera and light source mounted to users head via a
headband or helmet
Reports the angle of the user’s eye with respect to his or her
head.
Two data sources can determine the line of gaze in physical
space.
GOOD POINTS:
Doesn’t restrict the user’s head movements
DOWNFALLS:
More awkward to use than the desk-based
system as the user has to have instrument
mounted to head.
11. Techniques for eye tracking: Remote System
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Most practical method of eye tracking.
Uses Illuminator/eye camera.
Tracking visible features of the eye.
Head movements can be distinguished
from eye movements by tracking 2 points.
GOOD POINTS:
Allows for a fair range of head movements
Accurate, fast and affordable
DOWNFALLS:
Head still needs to stay within camera range.
Delicate to calibrate and operate
12. Current Challenges
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Midas Touch problem
Jitter of eye
Multiple “Fixations in a single Gaze”
Instability in eye Tracking Equipment
13. Non-command Interface
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Non-command interaction
Interaction Techniques
Object Selection
Moving an object
Eye controlled scrolling text
Menu commands
Listener window
14. Towards and beyond Non-command interfaces
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Command Style
Interactivity
New Interface Styles
Beyond Windows System
15. Interactive Applications
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Accessibility
System Enhancement
Non-Command Based Systems
Virtual Displays
16. Interactive Applications: Accessibility
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Eye tracking can allow people to use their eyes to
communicate
Because the ability of some handicapped individuals to
operate other devices is limited or nonexistent.
The eye movement interface need to perform only
minimally well to provide a significant benefit.
17. Interactive Applications: Non-command based systems
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Non-command based system
The system passively monitors the user and responds
as appropriate, rather than waiting for the user to issue
specific commands.
EX : Gamming Applications
18. Interactive Applications: System Enhancement
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Mainly used for the users whose hands are occupied
Potential Problems:
Some will find the eye movement based interface better
(faster, more convenient and more natural) while others
may feel uncomfortable.
Too unnatural to use in critical situations?
Eye tracking may be best used to act as
a supplemental input or display method.
19. Interactive Applications: Virtual Displays
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Making VR more realistic
If accurate, the user cannot detect the difference between
this arrangement and the large, high-resolution display it
emulates.
20. A Case Study on Tobii T120 Eye Tracker
Tobii T120 Eye Tracker
Tobii T120 Eye Trackers enable you to conduct on-screen
eye tracking studies for a wide variety of research purposes. It
delivers reliable results in a natural testing environment
21. A Case Study on Tobii T120 Eye Tracker
Figure : Overview Of Eye Tracking System
22. A Case Study on Tobii T120 Eye Tracker
Corneal reflection
Figure : Working of Eye Tracking System
Initially position and orientation of eye are determined.
The Gaze Point is found at the intersection of optical axis and
the viewing plane
23. A Case Study on Eye Tracking in Cognitive Science
Visual Search
Physical and cognitive processing limitations can prevent us
from instantly recognizing the presence of a target item in a
single glance.
24. A Case Study on Eye Tracking in Cognitive Science
Method
Subjects had to look for a specific object within a visual scene.
Target could be specified by a word or a picture. Pictures
specify the target template more elaborately than words.
To manipulate the time that the subject had to build up a
target template and keep it salient in memory.
To manipulate target familiarity, the target specification was
either shown 4 times to the subject prior to experiment.
25. A Case Study on Eye Tracking in Cognitive Science
26. A Case Study on Eye Tracking in Cognitive Science
Results
Picture rather than word resulted in:
Faster total search times
Shorter scanning and verification times
Fewer regions visited
Shorter scanning fixation durations (rejection of
distractors)
27. Conclusion
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
An Eye tracker as an input device is far from “perfect”
The approach in designing interaction techniques should be
more efficient
We can view eye movement-based interaction as an instance of
an emerging new style of user-computer interaction
It is helpful for usability studies to understand users interact
with their environments
Potentially could provide new and more effective methods of
computer-human interaction
28. Conclusion
Eye Movement Non-command
Introduction Conclusion
Tracking Interface
Potentially could provide new and more effective methods of
computer-human interaction
It is amazing that eye movement-based interaction can be done
at all
The Technology is still improving, and is “not quite there” yet –
but has an exciting future!
Editor's Notes
Close your eyes and imagine you have not seen ever since the world and yourself. You will not have an idea with what it looks like when you only feel it. Eyes are very important for the human body. It helps the human body to do its tasks with coordination. Without it, a man won't be able to see the beauty of this wonderful world. Eyes are the windows of the soul. Without eyes, the five basic senses would not be complete. So, it should be presentEyes are the parts of our body that perceive light. They allow us to see the world and to understand how objects relate to each other. We can distinguish far objects from close ones and determine their color and shape.How do the eyes interact with other parts of the body? (Interaction with other Body Parts)The brain processes the raw data from the eyes to make sense of what you see compared to your knowledge of the world around you. The brain interprets what it receives from the eyes. You do not directly "see".A clear example of this can be seen from experiments where subjects wear glasses that invert the view (turn it upside down). After a while the brain will adjust and turn the scene back up the right way because that agrees with other more reliable information you are receiving.Similarly the brain adjusts changes in color and light levels to better match how the objects should appear.It also combines the two slightly different views from your left and right eyes to work out the distance of objects from you. Your right eye will show a little more of an object's right side and the left eye will show more of an objects' left side. This is called stereoscopic vision. The difference between the views from each eye becomes less the further the object is away from you.Our perceptions are not perfect and can lead to misinterpretations of what we see. These are called optical illusions.However even though the brain's processing can be inaccurate, at most times we perceive a faithful reconstruction of the real world. Only optical illusions remind us that there is at times a difference between perception and the true state of affairs. Without our eyes and the complex processing of visual information by our brains we would not be able to make sense of writing, art or photos, nor understand as much as we do from limited visual information.