In the simplest terms, eye tracking is the measurement of eye activity. Where do we look? When do we blink? How does the pupil react to different stimuli? The concept is basic, but the process and interpretation can be quite complex. There are many different methods of exploring eye data.The most common is to analyze the visual path of one or more participants across an interface such as a computer screen. Each eye data observation is translated into a set of pixel coordinates.
Eye tracking and its economic feasibilityJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of eye tracking technology is becoming better through improvements in infrared LEDs, micro-projectors, image sensors, and microprocessors. The capability to track an eye’s movement can help us better identify tired drivers and equipment operators, understand the eye movements of retail shoppers, and develop better human-computer interfaces. Tired drivers and machine operators lead to accidents and these accidents lead to loss of human life and equipment damage. Retailers would like to better understand the eye movements of their customers in order to better design retail stores. Eye trackers would enable one type of human-computer interface, Google Glasses, to understand the information that users are viewing and thus what they want to access
Eye tracking is done with a combination of infrared LEDs, micro-projectors, image sensors, and microprocessors. All of these components are experiencing rapid improvements in cost and performance as feature sizes are made smaller and the number of transistors are increased. Improvements in image sensors have led to higher accuracy and precision where precision refers to consistency. Much of these improvements have come from higher pixel densities and sampling frequencies of the image sensors; the latter enables tracking even when there are head movements.
These improvements have also led to lower costs and cost reductions continue to occur. The cost of high-end eye tracking systems have dropped from about 30,000 USD in 2000 to 18,000 in 2010 and 5,000 in 2013. Further reductions will occur as Moore’s Law continues and as higher volumes enable lower margins.
In February 2012 Annika Naschitzki presented to both Wellington and Auckland audiences about Optimal Usability's new eye tracker, and what it can do. Here is the presentation, however if you would like Anni to come into your organisation to do the presentation please get in touch: anni@optimalusability.com
This presentation is based on a poster presentation presented at the 2008 PBIRG conference in Washington, D.C.
It demonstrates how we used only eye-gaze information to improve critical metrics in ad that are related to later recall. Once the most important element within an ad is determined, we measure 2 critical metrics; \"time to first fixation\" and \"total gaze duration\".
Eye Tracking Based Human - Computer InteractionSharath Raj
This Presentation aims at explaining how eye tracking works and the usage of Houghman Circle Detection Algorithm in order to detect the iris.
https://www.picostica.com
Eye tracking and its economic feasibilityJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of eye tracking technology is becoming better through improvements in infrared LEDs, micro-projectors, image sensors, and microprocessors. The capability to track an eye’s movement can help us better identify tired drivers and equipment operators, understand the eye movements of retail shoppers, and develop better human-computer interfaces. Tired drivers and machine operators lead to accidents and these accidents lead to loss of human life and equipment damage. Retailers would like to better understand the eye movements of their customers in order to better design retail stores. Eye trackers would enable one type of human-computer interface, Google Glasses, to understand the information that users are viewing and thus what they want to access
Eye tracking is done with a combination of infrared LEDs, micro-projectors, image sensors, and microprocessors. All of these components are experiencing rapid improvements in cost and performance as feature sizes are made smaller and the number of transistors are increased. Improvements in image sensors have led to higher accuracy and precision where precision refers to consistency. Much of these improvements have come from higher pixel densities and sampling frequencies of the image sensors; the latter enables tracking even when there are head movements.
These improvements have also led to lower costs and cost reductions continue to occur. The cost of high-end eye tracking systems have dropped from about 30,000 USD in 2000 to 18,000 in 2010 and 5,000 in 2013. Further reductions will occur as Moore’s Law continues and as higher volumes enable lower margins.
In February 2012 Annika Naschitzki presented to both Wellington and Auckland audiences about Optimal Usability's new eye tracker, and what it can do. Here is the presentation, however if you would like Anni to come into your organisation to do the presentation please get in touch: anni@optimalusability.com
This presentation is based on a poster presentation presented at the 2008 PBIRG conference in Washington, D.C.
It demonstrates how we used only eye-gaze information to improve critical metrics in ad that are related to later recall. Once the most important element within an ad is determined, we measure 2 critical metrics; \"time to first fixation\" and \"total gaze duration\".
Eye Tracking Based Human - Computer InteractionSharath Raj
This Presentation aims at explaining how eye tracking works and the usage of Houghman Circle Detection Algorithm in order to detect the iris.
https://www.picostica.com
The Virtual Dimension Center (VDC) Fellbach has compiled the state of the art as well as the market situation and areas of application of the technology field "Eye Tracking" and put it together in a whitepaper.
Eye Movement based Human Computer Interaction TechniqueJobin George
Eye movement-based interaction is one of several areas of current research in human computer interaction in which a new interface style seems to be emerging. In the non-command style, the computer passively monitors the user and responds as appropriate, rather than waiting for the user to issue specific commands. In describing eye movement-based human-computer interaction we can see two distinctions, one is in the nature of the user’s eye movements and the other, in the nature of the responses. In the world created by an eye movement based interface, users could move their eyes to scan the scene, just as they would a real world scene, unaffected by the presence of eye tracking equipment movement, on the eye movement axis. The alternative is to instruct users of the eye movement based interface to move their eyes in particular ways. On the response axis, objects could respond to a user’s eye movements in a natural way that is, the object responds to the user’s looking in the same way real objects do. The alternative is unnatural response, where objects respond in ways not experienced in the real world.
Now a days Eye tracking technology is applied in many fields like automotive defense and medical industries. The fields of advertising, entertainment, packaging and web design have all benefited significantly from studying the visual behavior of the consumer. Every day, as eye tracking is used in creative new ways, the list of applications grows.
Brückner, in 1962, published a paper in German describing a "trans-illumination" test extremely useful in the diagnosis of small angle deviations and amblyopia in young uncooperative children. A bright coaxial light source, such as a direct ophthalmoscope, is used.
The Virtual Dimension Center (VDC) Fellbach has compiled the state of the art as well as the market situation and areas of application of the technology field "Eye Tracking" and put it together in a whitepaper.
Eye Movement based Human Computer Interaction TechniqueJobin George
Eye movement-based interaction is one of several areas of current research in human computer interaction in which a new interface style seems to be emerging. In the non-command style, the computer passively monitors the user and responds as appropriate, rather than waiting for the user to issue specific commands. In describing eye movement-based human-computer interaction we can see two distinctions, one is in the nature of the user’s eye movements and the other, in the nature of the responses. In the world created by an eye movement based interface, users could move their eyes to scan the scene, just as they would a real world scene, unaffected by the presence of eye tracking equipment movement, on the eye movement axis. The alternative is to instruct users of the eye movement based interface to move their eyes in particular ways. On the response axis, objects could respond to a user’s eye movements in a natural way that is, the object responds to the user’s looking in the same way real objects do. The alternative is unnatural response, where objects respond in ways not experienced in the real world.
Now a days Eye tracking technology is applied in many fields like automotive defense and medical industries. The fields of advertising, entertainment, packaging and web design have all benefited significantly from studying the visual behavior of the consumer. Every day, as eye tracking is used in creative new ways, the list of applications grows.
Brückner, in 1962, published a paper in German describing a "trans-illumination" test extremely useful in the diagnosis of small angle deviations and amblyopia in young uncooperative children. A bright coaxial light source, such as a direct ophthalmoscope, is used.
Scleral lens is a large rigid contact lens with a diameter range of 15mm to 25mm. Its resting point is beyond the
corneal borders, and are believed to be among the best vision correction options for irregular corneas. Wearing scleral lens also can postpone or even prevent surgical intervention as well as decrease the risk of corneal scarring.
http://imatge-upc.github.io/egocentric-2016-saliency/
This project focuses on the creation of a new type of egocentric (first person) vision dataset. For that purpose, the EgoMon Gaze & Video Dataset is presented. This EgoMon dataset was recorded using the eye gaze tracking technology that studies the movement and position of the eyes. The Tobii glasses (wearable, eye tracker and head-mounted device) were the main tool used to record and extract the gaze data for this dataset. The dataset consists in 7 videos of 34 minutes each one of average, 13428 frames extracted from each video (with a frequency of 1 fps), and 7 files with the gaze data (fixations points of the wearer of the glasses) for each frame and video. The videos were recorded in the city of Dublin (Ireland) both indoor and outdoor. The generated dataset has been used to evaluate the performance of a state of art model for visual saliency prediction on egocentric video.
Eye Gaze Tracking With a Web Camera in a Desktop Environment1crore projects
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Eye tracking system has played a significant role in many of today’s applications ranging from military
applications to automotive industries and healthcare sectors. In this paper, a novel system for eye tracking and
estimation of its direction of movement is performed. The proposed system is implemented in real time using an
arduino uno microcontroller and a zigbee wireless device. Experimental results show a successful eye tracking and
movement estimation in real time scenario using the proposed hardware interface.
An Eye of technology For the people who suffer with PALS (People with ALS). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a debilitating, neurodegenerative disease. Its various symptoms include dysphagia, dysarthria, respiratory distress, pain, and psychological disorders. It is characterized by progressive muscular paralysis reflecting degeneration of motor neurons, conspiratorial tracts and the spinal cord. Most cases of ALS are readily diagnosed and the error rate of diagnosis in large ALS clinics is less than 10%.
1.2 VISION SYSTEM FOR HUMAN COMMUNICATION
How do you communicate when your brain is active but your body isn't? The Project Oculus, designed to communicate for those who is suffering from ALS, uses low-cost eye-tracking glasses and open-source software to allow people suffering from any kind of neuromuscular syndrome to write and draw by tracking their eye movement and translating it to lines on a screen.
When driving long distances, drivers who do not take frequent rests are more likely to get sleepy, a condition that experts say they often fail to identify early enough. Based on eye condition, this research proposes a system for detecting driver sleepiness in real time. A camera is often used to take a sequence of images by the system. In our system, these capture images may be saved as individual frames. The resulting frame is sent into facial recognition software as an input. The image's needed feature (eye) is then extracted. The method creates a condition for each eye and suggests a certain number of frames with the same condition that can be registered.
Losing the normal vision is the common problem
facing by human beings in this present world. These problems
occur when the image is not properly focused on retina. These
problems are usually corrected by using spectacles or contact
lens. To test the eye sight of the patient in the present system, we
have manual testing and computerized or Tablet based eye
testing. By using any of these techniques eye sight of the patient is
determined. In these type of traditional methods users are just
choosing the spectacles that is of stylish and suits them, even if
wearing of such spectacles is of no use to them. So once as it is
found that whether the patient is having the eye sight or not, even
if there is no eye sight and patient is interested to wear the
spectacles to protect his eyes while reading or watching the
screen then there should be an approach using which we can
suggest the person with customized progressive lens by
monitoring their observations whether a person is moving his
head or just eye to see object or screen.
This project is done by Digital Image processing and Computer
Vision based techniques and algorithms in a practical approach.
The main objective of this project is to design algorithm for eye
and head movement tracking device. Firstly that device is made
learnt about what does eye looks like and where it is located on
face by using some eye and head movement tracking algorithms.
Then patient is made to sit comfortably in the chair in front of
that device, such that the patient’s eyes are visible from the
camera and sensors view and he is made to wear some trial frame
which emits radiation from LED’s and then patient is allowed to
observe the LED light that are mounted on the screen and they
are designed to glow in some specific pattern. The motion of the
patient’s eye and head while observing the LED pattern is
continuously monitored by camera and sensors that are present
on the device and information is stored and processed. Based on
this information Eye Movements Region map is generated. Once
the eye and head movements region map is generated they are
combined to form a generalized region map. This map is then
used to suggest the patient with the customized progressive lens.
1. EYE TRACKING – An
innovative
Monitor/Screen
based input
A new track to the future technology
2. EYE TRACKING – What is it?
A common man’s perspective – “The process of watching or
tracking the movement of the Human eye”
The TECHNICAL perspective – “Eye tracking is the process of
measuring either the point of gaze where one is looking or the motion of an
eye towards the point of contact”
3. EYE TRACKING – What’s the hype about?
We have been using the mouse and keyboard as input devices for so many
years. As years come by and we step into the future, there’s a big need for a
newer and faster technology.
And the next addition to the list of the input devices is the technology of eye
tracking in an already existing output device, the monitor.
Yes, the monitor! The same device we use for output in PC’s and laptops is
used as the platform to implement the eye tracking technology.
People of this 21st century need their work done faster. The eye tracking
technology ensures faster input onto the monitor.
4. Eye tracker - The interface device
An eye tracker is a device that uses projection patterns and optical sensors to
gather data about eye position, gaze direction or eye movements with very
high accuracy.
It is a device that incorporates illumination, sensors and processing to track
eye movements and gaze point. The use of near-infrared light allows for
accurate, continuous tracking regardless of surrounding light conditions. This
technology is often referred to as pupil center corneal reflection eye
tracking.
5. A few terms to make ourselves familiar
with…
Eye-presence detection – the eye-tracking system must first find the eyes, so
it is the most fundamental part of eye tracking. It is also used in specific
features such as power saving by dimming the screen when eyes are not
detected.
Eye control/gaze control – Hands-free control of electronic devices, similar
to the ways users operate a mouse. The eyes are used to navigate, but also to
select on screen.
Gaze direction and gaze point – used in interaction with computers and
other interfaces, and in behavioral research/human response testing to better
understand what attracts people’s attention.
6. SPECIFICATIONS
The standard desktop computer with the IR camera which as the light
emitting diode.
IR-A (from 780 to1400nm) –Eye tracker uses near-infrared.
Screen size and system latency(50-70ms)for desktop computers.
Freedom of head movement and operating distance.
7. How are the eye movements tracked?
The basic concept is to use a light source to illuminate the eye causing highly
visible reflections, and a camera to capture an image of the eye showing
these reflections.
The image captured by the camera is then used to identify the reflection of
the light source on the cornea (glint) and in the pupil.
We are then able to calculate a vector formed by the angle between the
cornea and pupil reflections – the direction of this vector, combined with
other geometrical features of the reflections, will then be used to calculate
the gaze direction.
8. How does Eye Tracking work?
Eye tracking the most commonly used technique is Pupil Centre Corneal Reflection (PCCR)
The IR camera is embedded with the LED(light emitting diode), that emits IR radiation which
passes through the IR filter , that reduces the hazard caused by the rays in the eye.
The eye tracking is implemented , when the infrared rays hits the pupil (i.e.),in the cornea
region which produces corneal reflection that enables us to select on the monitor screen .
The corneal reflection (or first Purkinje image) is also generated by the infrared light,
appearing as a small, but sharp, glint (see Figure).
Once the image processing software has identified the center of the pupil and the location
of the corneal reflection, the vector between them is measured.
9. Image processing software
Once the image processing software has
identified the center of the pupil and the
location of the corneal reflection, the vector
between them is measured.
Video-based eye trackers need to be fine-tuned
to the particularities of each person’s eye
movements by a “calibration” process.
This calibration works by displaying a dot on
the screen, and if the eye fixes for longer than
a certain threshold time and within a certain
area, the system records that pupil-
center/corneal-reflection relationship as
corresponding to a specific x,y coordinate on
the screen.
10. What are the long term effects of infrared
illumination?
Strong infrared radiation in certain
industry high-heat settings may be
a hazard to the eyes, resulting in
damage or blindness to the user.
Since the radiation is invisible,
special IR-filter is implemented in
such places.
11. Does head movement affect eye
tracking results?
During an eye tracking session head movements within the eye tracking box
have very little impact on the gaze data accuracy. The optical sensor of the
Eye Trackers is composed of two cameras that capture an image of the eyes at
a given frequency (60 Hz or 120 Hz).
The two cameras produce two images of the eyes simultaneously and the
respective pupil and corneal reflections providing the eye tracker with two
different sources of information regarding the eye position.
This type of “stereo data processing” offers a robust calculation of the position
of the eye in space and the point of gaze even if the position of the head
changes.
12. How does blinking affect eye tracking?
Blinking is most often an involuntary act of shutting and opening the eyelids.
During each blink the eyelid blocks the pupil and cornea from the illuminator
resulting in raw data points missing the x,y coordinates information. During
analysis fixation filters can be used to remove these points and extrapolate
the data correctly into fixations.
Provided that the head movements are within the eye tracker specifications,
i.e. that the missing data points do not originate from moving the head away
from the eye tracking box it is also possible to extract information on blinks
from the raw data collected by the eye tracker.
13. Eye movement metrics
The process of eye tracking is, from a technical point of view, divided into two
different parts: registering the eye movements and presenting them to the user in
a meaningful way. While the eye tracker records the eye movements sample by
sample, the software running on the computer is responsible for interpreting the
fixations within the data.
The measurements used in eye tracking:
Fixations
Scan path
14. FIXATIONS
Fixations can be interpreted quite differently depending on the context.
In an encoding task (e.g., browsing a web page), higher fixation frequency on a
particular area can be indicative of greater interest in the target, such as a
photograph in a news report, or it can be a sign that the target is complex in some
way and more difficult to encode.
The duration of a fixation is also linked to the processing-time applied to the
object being fixated
15. SCANPATH
In a search task, an optimal scan path is viewed as being a straight line to a desired
target, with relatively short fixation duration at the target .
Scan path duration: A longer-lasting scan path indicates less efficient scanning.
Scan path length: A longer scan path indicates less efficient searching (perhaps due
to a sub optimal layout).
Scan path direction: This can determine a participant’s search strategy with menus,
lists and other interface elements.
Spatial density: Smaller spatial density indicates more direct search.
16. ADVANTAGESES
Eye movement is faster than other current input media.
No training or particular coordination is required of normal users.
Can determine where the user’s interest is focused automatically.
Helpful for usability studies to understand users interact with their
environments.
17. APPLICATIONS
Eye gaze correction for videoconferencing
Eye control is used by people who have speech impairments or physical
disabilities, by operators working in heavy industry or using industrial
vehicles, and in operating rooms.
Maximizing controllers’ efficiency, minimizing dangers in air traffic
displays.
Developing video games and graphics.
Marketing research ,E-commerce website development and driving
fatigue.
Potentially could provide new and more effective methods of computer-
human interaction.
18. Future Aspects
Eye-tracking studies in HCI are beginning to burgeon, and the technique
seems set to become an established addition to the current battery of
usability-testing methods employed by commercial and academic HCI
researchers.
In the future ,eye tracking will be implemented in many others devices also,
for easier and faster operations.
The future seems rich for eye tracking and HCI.
19. Conclusion
Our contention is that eye-movement tracking represents an important,
objective technique that can afford useful advantages for the in-depth
analysis of interface usability.
Eye tracking is an important technique that offers an objective way to see where
in a scene a person’s visual attention is located.
However, as with any other analytical technique, it is necessary to have a clear
methodology that is adequate to the context and objectives of the study if we
wish to understand and interpret the eye tracking data correctly.
