It consists of very basics command Embedded System and Robotics which in helpful understanding the functionality and implementation

1. B.Tech Industrial Training Presentation on
EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND ROBOTICS
Presented
PALLAVI BHARTI
20130549
E&C Engg. Dept., SMIT
Under the Supervision of
MR.ROHAN SINGH
TRAINING HEAD

2. Contents
• Introduction to Embedded Systems
• Types & Applications
• Microcontroller
• IDE & Programmer
• I/O function registers
• LCD interfacing
• ADC
• Communication
• Introduction to Robotics
• History and Laws of Robotics
• How robot moves?
• Sensors
• Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
 It is a scaled down computer which is
designed to perform a specific task
only/operation.
 Am embedded system is a software
program on a hardware chip designed
for specific purpose and can also
contain some moving parts
 ‘Embedded’ means whole system
embedded(implanted) onto an
appliance

4. Types & Applications Embedded systems
Non-real time embedded
system: no deadline
• Security systems
• Mobile phones
• Alarm system
• Digital camera
Real time embedded
system: deadline to be met
 Sensor system in nuclear plants
 Missile defense system
 Flight control system
PROPERTIES OF EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
 Small in size
 Low cost
 High accuracy
 Easy to design
 Low power required
 Portable
 Efficient
APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
Security system, Cell phone, Automobile system,
Memory storage device, Calculators , Printer ,
Mouse , Alarm system

5. MICROCONTROLLER
• Programmable digital processor with
necessary peripherals.
• It is complex sequential digital circuit
meant to carry out the job according
to the program.
Classification
• Embedded (self-contained) 8-bit
microcontroller
• 16 to 32 bit microcontroller
• Digital signal processor
Features:
• Built in monitor
program
• Built in program
memory
• Facility to interface
external memory
• Interrupts
• Analog I/O
• Serial I/O
• Timers

6. IDE AND PROGRAMMER
Some compilers are:
• WINAVR
• Code vision AVR
• AVR studio
• Parts of programmer:
 Software(to open .hex file on the
computer)
• Avr dude
• Avr studio
• Atprog
 Hardware
• Usb-asp(sub)

7. I/O PORTS
• DDRX(data direction register)
• PORT X
• PINX

8. LCD interfacing
We need to interface LCD to our
microcontroller so that we can display
output on it.
 Types:
• Text display
• Graphics display
 Lcd functions:
• Lcd_clear()
• Lcd_gotoxy(x,y)
• Lcd_putchar(char c)
• Lcd_putsf(constant string)
• Lcd_puts(char arr)
• Iota(into Val, char arr[])
• Foa(float armchair decimal, char arr[])

9. ADC
• Analog to digital converter
• It is used to convert physical
quantity like temperature,
pressure, etc. into electrical
domain i.e. voltage
• functions for adc
• Read_adc()

10. Timers
It is a register which is used to
measure time interval
 Timers in Atmega 16:
• Timer 0(8 bit)
• Timer 1(16 bit)
• Timer (8 bit)
 Timer modes:
• Normal
• PWM(pulse width modulation)
• CTC(clear timer on compare)

11. Communication
Communications Techniques:
• Simplex
• Half duplex
• Full duplex
 Modes of data transfer:
 Synchronous
 Asynchronous
 Parallel
 Serial
 Serial peripheral interface(SPI)
 Universal Synchronous
Asynchronous Transmitter
Receiver(USART)

12. Interrupt
It is a signal that stops the
current program and forces the
execution of another program
• Types:
Mask able
Non mask able
Hardware
Overflow
Compare match
3 external Interrupts in
Atmega16:
• INT0: PD2, Pin 16
• INT1: PD3, Pin 17
• INT2: PB2, Pin 3

13. Introduction to Robotics
• Robotics is the science of
designing and building Robots
Robot
• Re-programmable multi-
functional manipulator designed
to move materials, parts, tools
or specialized devices to
programmed motions
• Name ROBOT derived from
Czechoslovakian word Robota
meaning ‘compulsory labour’
• ‘Unimation’ –Joe
Engleberger-Father of
Robotics
Essential characteristics:
• Mobility
• Flexibility
• Programmability
• Mechanical capability
• Sensors

14. Laws of Robotics
Isaac Asimov’s, 1940 ‘robotics’
1. A robot must not injure human
being, or, through inaction, allow a
human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders
given it by human being, except
where such orders would not
conflict with the first law.
3. A robot must protect its own
existence as long as it doesn’t
conflict with law 1st and 2nd.
Basic elements for building
autonomous robot.
• Robot chassis and actuators: body
and wheels arrangement.
• Electronics: includes Sensors,
motion control circuits, power
management system etc.
• Power Source :Usually batteries or
direct supply through wire.
• Intelligence: is achieved by using
Microcontroller.

15. How a Robot
moves?
• Controlling rpm and direction of
wheels, controls speed
•3 motors for 4 wheels
• 2 motors for 2 wheels and 1 ball
bearing caster

16. Motor and Motor Drives
• Convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy
Motors used in Embedded System &
Robotics:
• Servo, Stepper, Geared DC.
H-bridge:
• Electronic circuit enables a voltage to be
applied across load in either direction
• Allows microcontroller logic chip or remote
control can electronically command the
motor to go forward reverse brake and
coast.

17. Sensors
• Sensors are like “feel” for robot.
• Device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a
signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
Some sensors are:
 Temperature sensor
• like DS1621,thermistor. LM35 measures from 0 to 100 degrees
 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
• a resistor whose resistance varies with intensity of light.
• IR sensor: (IR led + photodiode + LM358)
• Infra red emitting diode as transmitter and photo diode as receiver
• 0V<=Output<=5V
• Output can be taken to a microcontroller by ADC
• From any “non black body” i.e. obstacle, IR reflects and falls on
photo diode.
• Hence Photo diode become forward bias, and it turn on the IC
LM358 that gives the output.

18. Conclusion
• electronics + mechanics +
software = ROBOT
• Efficient
• Reliable
• Interaction with environment
• Multi Tasking
• Favor for Mankind, if Used wisely

19. References• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
Google images
• http://www.embeddedsystem.com/
• http://robotics.nasa.gov/
• www.cmosexod.com
• www.best-microcontrollerprojects.com
• Handouts given by the organization

20. Thank You