Cisco CCNA Training/Exam Tips that are helpful for your Certification Exam!
To be Cisco Certified please Check out:
http://asmed.com/information-technology-it/
NAT (network address translation) & PAT (port address translation)Netwax Lab
Network Address Translation (NAT) is designed for IP address conservation. It enables private IP
networks that use unregistered IP addresses to connect to the Internet. NAT operates on a router,
usually connecting two networks together, and translates the private (not globally unique) addresses in
the internal network into legal addresses, before packets are forwarded to another network.
Cisco CCNA Training/Exam Tips that are helpful for your Certification Exam!
To be Cisco Certified please Check out:
http://asmed.com/information-technology-it/
NAT (network address translation) & PAT (port address translation)Netwax Lab
Network Address Translation (NAT) is designed for IP address conservation. It enables private IP
networks that use unregistered IP addresses to connect to the Internet. NAT operates on a router,
usually connecting two networks together, and translates the private (not globally unique) addresses in
the internal network into legal addresses, before packets are forwarded to another network.
This presentation is about Introduction to NAT ie Network Address Translation.This I made for conducting training for my team. As per their feedback they found it good,hence I felt like to share it with others.
Enjoy !!!
1) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
2) Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
3) Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop address.
4) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
5) Explain the use of legacy classful addressing in network implementation.
6) Explain the purpose of CIDR in replacing classful addressing.
7) Design and implement a hierarchical addressing scheme.
8) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 summary network address to reduce the number of routing table updates.
9) Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
10) Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured.
11) Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
CCNA certification is a cornerstone of many IT careers. This book is a comprehensive study guide for the CCNA Intro, CCNA ICND, and CCNA Certification exams. Its target audience is a high school student, a first-year community college or any adult wanting to understand networking better.
Orange County shoppers are invited to explore the 2017 Volvo S60 at Volvo Cars Mission Viejo. Give us a call at (949) 558-3990 to schedule a test drive today!
This presentation is about Introduction to NAT ie Network Address Translation.This I made for conducting training for my team. As per their feedback they found it good,hence I felt like to share it with others.
Enjoy !!!
1) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
2) Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
3) Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop address.
4) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
5) Explain the use of legacy classful addressing in network implementation.
6) Explain the purpose of CIDR in replacing classful addressing.
7) Design and implement a hierarchical addressing scheme.
8) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 summary network address to reduce the number of routing table updates.
9) Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
10) Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured.
11) Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
CCNA certification is a cornerstone of many IT careers. This book is a comprehensive study guide for the CCNA Intro, CCNA ICND, and CCNA Certification exams. Its target audience is a high school student, a first-year community college or any adult wanting to understand networking better.
Orange County shoppers are invited to explore the 2017 Volvo S60 at Volvo Cars Mission Viejo. Give us a call at (949) 558-3990 to schedule a test drive today!
MongoDB's architecture features built-in support for horizontal scalability, and high availability through replica sets. Auto-sharding allows users to easily distribute data across many nodes. Replica sets enable automatic failover and recovery of database nodes within or across data centers. This session will provide an introduction to scaling with MongoDB by one of MongoDB's early adopters.
Marcus Buckingham and Curt Coffman present the results of two major studies. One
offers findings from polling more than a million employees about their workplace needs.
The other is a 20-year study of how the methods of the world’s greatest managers
differ from those of lesser managers. This study involved interviews with more than
80,000 managers from 400 companies, the largest such investigation ever undertaken. The authors found key differences that fly in the face of traditional thinking about successful managerial practices. This astute, well-written report presents the major principles of great managers, and offers examples of leaders who put their knowledge of effective management into practice. The book’s conclusions rest on in-depth research, not theory.
This painstaking study authoritatively describes how employees feel about management
and explains exactly what great managers do, and why and how they achieve top results.Recommended it to everyone who manages, wants to manage or is managed.
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a way to map an entire network (or networks) to a single IP address.
NAT is necessary when the number of IP addresses assigned to you by your Internet Service Provider is less than the total number of computers that you wish to provide Internet access for.
Describe how a NAT (Network Address Translator) works. Be sure to in.pdfarishmarketing21
Describe how a NAT (Network Address Translator) works. Be sure to include an example
showing the translation.
Solution
Hi there well here is how the NAT works.
Network Address Translation (NAT) is mainly designed for conserving IP addresses.
It enables private IP networks that use unregistered IP addresses to connect to the Internet.
NAT operates on a router, which involves connection of two networks together, and
translates the private addresses in the internal network into legal addresses,
before the data packets are being forwarded to another network.
NAT allows a single device, such as a router, to act as an agent between the Internet (or public
network) and a local network (or private network),
which means that only a single unique IP address is required to represent an entire group of
computers to anything outside their network.
NAT also maintains concurrent sessions.
Working of a NAT:
Earlier the computers and servers which are interacting with each other within a network need a
unique identification like
they should have a unique address to recognize each other.For this combinations of 32bit
numbers like IPv4 came into existence.But due to the faster growth
and demand of internet this was not suffiecient enough so to resolve this problem NAT came
into light.
It enabled two types of network IP addresses like private and public.
A range of private addresses were introduced, which anyone could use, as long as these were
kept private within the network and not routed on the internet.
The range of private addresses known as RFC 1918 are;
Class A 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
NAT allows you to use these private IP address on the internal network.
However when internal hosts do need to communicate to the public network (Internet) then this
is where a public address comes into the equation.
Example of NAT:
For this we have to follow some policies:
Determine which IP addresses will be used for translation.
Set up the necessary proxy ARPs.
Set up the necessary static host routes.
Create the necessary network objects.
Make the necessary modifications to anti-spoofing.
Create the necessary rulebase rules to permit the desired traffic.
Create the NAT rules.
Install the security policy, and verify that everything works as planned..
The Cisco IP Phone 8800 Key Expansion Module adds extra programmable buttons to the phone. The programmable buttons can be set up as phone speed-dial buttons, or phone feature buttons.
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The Cisco Catalyst 9200 Series switches are Cisco’s latest addition to the fixed enterprise switching access platform, and are built for security, resiliency, and programmability.
The 900 ISRs offer easy management and pro-visioning capabilities through Cisco Configuration Professional Express, Cisco DNA Center, and Cisco IOS Software, with full visibility into and control of network configurations and applications.
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They provide a complete infrastructure that supports both your business objectives and your business growth.
Cisco ISR 4461 is the newest number of Cisco 4000 Family Integrated Services Router. Now the Cisco 4000 Family contains the following platforms: the 4461 ISR, 4451 ISR, 4431 ISR, 4351 ISR, 4331 ISR, 4321 ISR and 4221 ISR.
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The Cisco 892F ISRs have an SFP port that supports auto-media-detection, auto-failover, and remote fault indication (RFI), as described in the IEEE 802.3ah specification.
The Nexus 7000 Series switches form the core data center networking fabric. There are multiple chassis options from the Nexus 7000 and Nexus 7700 product family. The Nexus 7000 and the Nexus 7700 switches offer a comprehensive set of features for the data center network.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
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See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
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Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
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Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
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How to configure static nat on cisco routers
1. How to Configure Static NAT on Cisco Routers?
Network Address Translation (NAT) is an operation by which source and/or
destination IP addresses within a packet are replaced with different IP addresses.
NAT conserves available IP address space by allowing many private IP addresses to be
represented by some smaller number of public IP addresses. Private IP addresses are
defined in RFC 1918 and are addresses that cannot be used on the Internet. NAT is
most commonly performed by routers or firewalls; however this tutorial focuses on
NAT within Cisco routers. NAT can be performed both statically and dynamically.
Static NAT simply maps one private IP address to a single public IP address, and this is
the flavor of NAT we are discussing in this tutorial.
A Cisco router performing NAT divides its universe into the inside and the outside.
Typically the inside is a private enterprise, and the outside is the public Internet. In
addition to the notion of inside and outside, a Cisco NAT router classifies addresses
as either local or global. A local address is an address that is seen by devices on the
inside, and a global address is an address that is seen by devices on the outside.
Given these four terms, an address may be one of four types:
1. Inside local addresses are assigned to inside devices. These addresses are not
advertised to the outside.
2. Inside global are addresses by which inside devices are known to the outside.
3. Outside local are addresses by which outside devices are known to the inside.
4. Outside global addresses are assigned to outside devices. These addresses
are not advertised to the inside.
Let’s jump right into NAT configuration on a Cisco router as shown in the Figure
below:
R1 is the router performing Network Address Translation (NAT) and has two
2. interfaces: Fa0/0 on the inside and Fa0/1 on the outside. The specific IP addresses
involved are:
Table 1 NAT Addresses for Figure Above
NAT Address Type IP Address
Inside local 192.168.1.2
Inside global 89.203.12.47
Outside local 202.14.35.28
Outside global 202.14.35.28
You probably know very well how to configure IP addresses on router interfaces, so
we skip those configuration steps and move straight to the interesting stuff. First, we
have to assign Fa0/0 as NAT inside interface and Fa0/1 as NAT outside interface on R1.
This would tell the router that interesting traffic entering or exiting these two
interfaces will be subject to address translation.
R1#conf term
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#interface Fa0/0
R1(config-if)#ip nat inside
R1(config-if)#interface Fa0/1
R1(config-if)#ip nat outside
R1(config-if)#end
Now we would tell the router how to perform address translation and mention which
IP addresses (source or destination) to re-write in packets moving between the inside
and outside interfaces. Here we go:
R1(config)#ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.2 89.203.12.47
Here, we are telling the router to perform NAT on packets coming into the router on
the inside interface Fa0/0. More specifically the router would identify which of these
packets have a source IP address of 192.168.1.2 and would change it to 89.203.12.47
before forwarding the packet out the outside interface Fa0/1. Similarly, return
packets coming in at outside interface Fa0/1 would undergo translation of
destination IP address.
Let’s now verify if NAT is actually working as it is supposed to work. There are a
couple of very useful Cisco IOS commands that can be used to do just that.
Command show ip nat statisticsdisplays the number of static and dynamic NAT
translations, inside and outside interfaces, and the number of hits and misses.
R1#show ip nat statistics
Total active translations: 1 (1 static, 0 dynamic; 0 extended)
Outside interfaces:
FastEthernet0/1
Inside interfaces:
3. FastEthernet0/0
Hits: 0 Misses: 0
CEF Translated packets: 0, CEF Punted packets: 0
Expired translations: 0
Dynamic mappings:
Appl doors: 0
Normal doors: 0
Queued Packets: 0
Command show ip nat translations displays the IP addresses for NAT translations.
R1#show ip nat translations
Pro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside global
— 89.203.12.47 192.168.1.2 — —
As you see in the above output, we have one NAT entry configured with Inside
global address 89.203.12.47 and Inside local address 192.168.1.2 specified. Outside
local and Outside globaladdresses are blank because our NAT configuration does not
change those addresses.
Let’s now go to the PC and ping the Server before running the command show ip nat
translations again to see if it makes any difference.
R1#show ip nat statistics
Total active translations: 2 (1 static, 1 dynamic; 1 extended)
Outside interfaces:
FastEthernet0/1
Inside interfaces:
FastEthernet0/0
Hits: 10 Misses: 0
CEF Translated packets: 10, CEF Punted packets: 0
Expired translations: 0
Dynamic mappings:
Appl doors: 0
Normal doors: 0
Queued Packets: 0
R1#show ip nat translations
Pro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside global
icmp 89.203.12.47:1 192.168.1.2:1 202.14.35.28:1 202.14.35.28:1
— 89.203.12.47 192.168.1.2 — —
As you can see in the above output, NAT is active as manifested by the appearance of
an additional dynamic entry for ICMP protocol and some additional hits,
corresponding to our ping attempt from PC to Server.
4. We just configured and verified a simple NAT scenario translating only the source or
destination (not both at the same time) IP addresses of packets moving between
inside and outside interfaces. This sort of NAT configuration is called static NAT as a
single inside local IP address is statically mapped to a single outside local IP address.
Another important feature of NAT is static Port Address Translation (PAT). Static PAT is
designed to allow one-to-one mapping between local and global addresses. A
common use of static PAT is to allow Internet users from the public network to access
a Web server located in the private network.
Let’s assume we intend to host a Web server on the inside on the same PC, that has
an IP address 192.168.1.2. The following configuration line would allow us to do just
that:
R1(config)#ip nat inside source static tcp 192.168.1.2 80 89.203.12.47 80
This configuration line performs the static address translation for the Web server.
With this configuration line, users that try to reach 89.203.12.47 port 80 (www) are
automatically redirected to 192.168.1.2 port 80 (www). In our case, 192.168.1.2 is
the IP address of the PC which is also the Web server. This configuration can be
verified using the same two NAT verification commands: show ip nat
translations and show ip nat statistics.
Notice that the address 89.203.12.47 with port number 80 (HTTP) translates to
192.168.1.2 port 80, and vice versa. Therefore, Internet users can browse the Web
server even though the Web server is on a private network with a private IP address.
More Related NAT Tips:
How to Configure Basic NAT with Overloading?
How to Configure Static NAT for Inbound Connections?
How to Configure NAT in Cisco IOS?
How to Set up NAT Using the Cisco IOS?