Hour 6
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The document discusses genetic mapping and pedigree analysis. It defines genetic mapping as using recombination frequency data to determine the relative positions of genes on chromosomes. It provides an example of calculating recombination frequency and mapping genes in Drosophila. Pedigree analysis is defined as using standardized symbols in family trees to show genetic relationships and inheritance patterns across generations, like for inherited diseases.
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This document discusses genetic mapping and linkage analysis. It explains that genetic mapping involves determining the order and distance between genes on chromosomes using crossover frequencies. Linkage groups containing linked genes are identified through test crosses. Map distances between genes are measured in centimorgans based on crossover rates. Gene order is determined using two-point and three-point test crosses. Interference affects double crossover rates. Cytological mapping can verify gene order by correlating genetic maps to chromosome banding patterns.
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Lec10 Genetics Recap
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Linear algebra to solve autosomal inheritance
Linear algebra concepts such as matrices and linear transformations can be used to model autosomal inheritance in plant populations. The genotype distributions over successive generations can be represented by a matrix M. Diagonalizing M yields an explicit expression for the genotype distribution matrix Mn at any generation n. Specifically, applying the breeding program of always mating plants with genotype AA shows that eventually only genotype AA plants will remain, with the other genotypes disappearing over time. Thus linear algebra provides a way to analyze and predict the effects of inheritance and breeding programs on trait distributions in plant populations.
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This document summarizes two genetic studies on cancer. The first study mapped genetic mutations in cutaneous melanoma and identified four subtypes. It also found a protein related to immune response that is overexpressed in melanoma cells. The second study linked a genetic variation in the FOPNL gene to poorer survival rates in multiple myeloma patients, but the mechanism is still unknown. Both studies help locate genes of interest and their variations in diseases, which can inform targeted cancer therapies and improve patient outcomes.
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This document discusses genetic mapping and linkage analysis. It explains that genetic mapping involves determining the order and distance between genes on chromosomes using crossover frequencies. Linkage groups containing linked genes are identified through test crosses. Map distances between genes are measured in centimorgans based on crossover rates. Gene order is determined using two-point and three-point test crosses. Interference affects double crossover rates. Cytological mapping can verify gene order by correlating genetic maps to chromosome banding patterns.
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This document discusses ratios and their applications in arithmetic and geometry. It provides examples of using ratios to solve problems involving ages, mixtures, meetings, and mobile objects. Ratios can be expressed as comparisons using subtraction in arithmetic ratios or division in geometric ratios. The key points are that ratios of initial quantities are maintained even after amounts are added or removed, and time or distance ratios between objects will match their velocity or speed ratios. The document concludes with applications of ratios to word problems involving ages over time, mixing liquids with changing volumes, tracking attendees at events, and objects moving towards each other.
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The document provides instructions for determining linkage and mapping distances between genes using three-point crosses. It explains how to identify parental and recombinant classes, determine gene order based on double recombinants, and calculate map distances. For the example three-point cross, the parental classes are identified as calm, five, smooth and dithery, four, grizzled. The double recombinants indicate the gene order is five-calm-smooth. Map distances are calculated as 10 LMU between five and calm loci and 13 LMU between calm and smooth loci.
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Gene mapping ppt
This document provides information about gene mapping. It discusses both genetic mapping and physical mapping. Genetic mapping involves using genetic techniques like cross-breeding experiments to construct maps showing gene positions. Physical mapping uses molecular biology techniques to directly examine DNA and construct maps showing positions of sequences like genes. Both techniques are used to identify the locus of genes and distances between genes to better understand genomes.
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Genetic mapping
There are several types of mapping used to determine the location and distance between genetic elements and markers on a genome. Genetic mapping uses recombination events to estimate distances between markers. Physical mapping relies on experimental outcomes like hybridization and amplification but may not provide distance measures. Radiation hybrid mapping allows high-resolution mapping by exploiting how rodent cells incorporate genetic material from fused cells. Comparative mapping utilizes animal models and ortholog identification to explore causes of disease across multiple species.
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Genetic mapping involves constructing maps that show the positions of genes and other sequences on a genome. It uses genetic techniques like cross-breeding experiments or examining family histories. Markers like genes, RFLPs, SSLPs, and SNPs are used in mapping. Genetic mapping is based on genetic linkage and inheritance. By determining the recombination frequency between markers, which is proportional to their distance apart, a genetic map can be constructed showing the relative positions of genes on chromosomes.
Lecture 2
1. Genetic linkage maps show the relative locations of DNA markers along chromosomes, while physical maps show the exact positions of genes and sequences.
2. Major methods for genetic mapping are RFLPs, microsatellites, and SNPs, while physical mapping uses restriction fingerprinting, chromosome walking, STS mapping, and FISH.
3. Gene mapping is useful for locating gene positions, estimating genetic risk, and has aided in fully sequencing genomes like yeast, worms, flies, mice, and humans.
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Gene and genetic mapping by recombination
This document discusses several methods of genetic transfer and mapping in bacteria:
1. Conjugation, where genetic material is transferred between bacteria through direct contact. This can be used to map genes by interrupting mating at time points and analyzing recombinants.
2. Transduction, where genes are transferred between bacteria via bacteriophages. Phage crosses can also be used to map genes.
3. Transformation, where bacteria take up extracellular DNA from their environment. The frequency of different genes co-transforming can indicate their order on the chromosome.
These natural processes of genetic transfer allow bacteria to evolve and have been exploited to study bacterial genetics and develop genetic maps. Interrupted mating, ph
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Gene mapping involves identifying the location of genes on chromosomes and determining the distance between genes. There are techniques like identifying chromosome banding patterns and measuring crossover frequencies. The Human Genome Project, from 1990 to 2003, sought to identify all human genes and determine the full DNA sequence to help improve research and medicine. While gene mapping provides medical and agricultural benefits, it also faces disadvantages regarding ethics, religion, and cost.
Gene mapping
This document discusses gene mapping and genetic linkage. It explains that gene mapping determines the order and relative distances between genes on chromosomes. The distance between genes, measured in centimorgans (cM), can be determined by calculating recombination frequencies between alleles from genetic crosses. A recombination frequency of 1% corresponds to 1 cM. Genes with less than 50% recombination are linked on the same chromosome, while those with over 50% recombination are far apart. While genetic distance correlates with physical distance, recombination rates are not always uniform along chromosomes. The document also demonstrates chi-square analysis to determine if two traits are independently assorted or linked.
Genome Mapping
Genetic mapping uses genetic techniques like cross-breeding experiments to construct maps showing gene positions. Physical mapping uses molecular techniques to examine DNA directly and construct maps showing sequence features. Different DNA markers like RFLPs, SSLPs, SNPs can be used for genetic mapping. Techniques for physical mapping include restriction mapping, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and sequence tagged site (STS) mapping. Integrating genetic and physical maps provides high resolution mapping needed for genome sequencing.
Ch.5 Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes.pdf
1. Mapping is used to determine the position of gene loci on chromosomes by analyzing recombination frequencies between genes.
2. Crossing over occurs during meiosis, where homologous chromosomes break and rejoin, producing genetic recombination and new allele combinations.
3. Recombination frequencies are calculated from offspring and used to determine genetic distances between loci in map units, with closer genes recombining less.
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Physical Basis
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Genetic mapping Plegable
This document discusses genetic mapping and its various medical applications. It describes how genetic mapping is used to identify the positions of genes within genomes and locate genes associated with certain traits or diseases. Specifically, it mentions two studies: one that used genetic mapping in mice to identify the pituitary tumor transforming gene's role in liver fibrosis, and another that mapped genes responsible for leaf rust resistance in wheat. The document also outlines some of genetic mapping's utility in medical fields like assessing disease predispositions, genetically engineering crop resistance, and examining fetal genetics during high-risk pregnancies.
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Genetic mapping is used to determine the specific location of genes on chromosomes. Knowing gene locations can help identify genetic diseases and their underlying causes. One document describes how researchers used genetic techniques to identify a gene (PSR1) in algae that increases lipid production without subjecting the algae to stress. This could allow for lipid extraction and energy production while preserving the algae species. A second document discusses a new method developed by the University of Haifa to reduce the number of possible genetic effects to study from millions to thousands. The method was tested successfully in a plant with over 7,000 genes. This type of research can help identify genetic diseases more easily and determine the best treatments.
Genetic Mapping
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The document discusses recent advances in personalized medicine and antibiotic treatment. It summarizes studies from the Montreal Heart Institute and Saint Louis University. The Montreal Heart Institute study used genetic markers to develop personalized therapies for cardiovascular disease. This allowed treatment tailored to a patient's unique genetic profile, improving safety and response rates. The Saint Louis University study looked at improving antibiotics by inhibiting a mechanism bacteria use to develop resistance. Blocking this mechanism could make antibiotics more effective against resistant pathogens. Overall, the document outlines how recent research is helping to develop more targeted and effective medicines through personalized treatment approaches and new antibiotic strategies.
Molecular methods
This document discusses various molecular methods used in molecular genetics and molecular biology. It begins by categorizing common techniques into diagnostic methods, analysis and sequencing, microarray methods, and proteomics. Several key diagnostic techniques are then described in more detail, including gel electrophoresis, hybridization, PCR, immunoprecipitation, and karyotyping. Recombinant DNA technology basics like cloning genes, cDNA, and purposes of cloning are explained. Other analysis methods such as sequencing, microarrays, RNA-Seq, and techniques like RNAi, knockout methods, and liposomes are also summarized.
Genetic Mapping
The document discusses two separate but related discoveries. The first is that researchers discovered the PARK2 gene, which links lung cancer to early-onset Parkinson's disease. This discovery could allow for more targeted therapies to prevent both lung cancer and Parkinson's. The second discovery discussed is that researchers developed a new technique for positional cloning that allows mapping the large and complex genome of maize. This new approach could enable more efficient identification and study of genes associated with human diseases. Both discoveries may contribute to future gene therapy and treatments by improving understanding of gene locations and relationships to diseases.
Chromosome walking jumping transposon tagging map based cloning
Chromosome walking, jumping, and transposon tagging are techniques used for gene mapping and cloning. Chromosome walking involves isolating overlapping DNA fragments in steps to characterize large chromosome regions. Chromosome jumping uses rare cutting enzymes to isolate larger DNA fragments spanning hundreds of kb. Transposon tagging involves inducing transposon insertion mutations, identifying the disrupted gene, and using the transposon as a tag to clone the gene. Map-based cloning localizes a gene of interest by identifying closely linked markers, screening libraries to find flanking markers, and identifying the gene between markers through complementation tests.
Gene mapping tools
Gene mapping tools can be used to represent the arrangement of genes on chromosomes and determine the position and distance between genes. There are several types of gene mapping including physical mapping, genetic mapping, and linkage mapping. Physical mapping uses molecular techniques to examine DNA directly to construct maps showing gene positions. Genetic maps are based on recombination frequencies between genes and measure distances in centimorgans. Different DNA markers can also be used for mapping, including RFLPs, SNPs, SSLPs, and STSs, along with techniques like FISH, restriction digests, and PCR to analyze these markers and produce genome maps. Gene mapping is important for identifying mutant genes that cause genetic disorders and furthering our understanding of human genetics.
Gene mapping ppt
This document provides information about gene mapping. It discusses both genetic mapping and physical mapping. Genetic mapping involves using genetic techniques like cross-breeding experiments to construct maps showing gene positions. Physical mapping uses molecular biology techniques to directly examine DNA and construct maps showing positions of sequences like genes. Both techniques are used to identify the locus of genes and distances between genes to better understand genomes.
Genetic mapping
Genetic mapping involves using genetic techniques like examining family histories and cross-breeding to construct maps showing the location of genes on a genome. It has been used successfully to identify genes responsible for rare single-gene disorders. Genetic maps provide clues about which chromosome contains a disease gene and its precise location. They are also useful for guiding research on more common multi-gene disorders. Physical mapping directly examines DNA to map sequence features, while genetic mapping looks for co-inheritance of diseases and genetic markers in family studies.
Genetic mapping
There are several types of mapping used to determine the location and distance between genetic elements and markers on a genome. Genetic mapping uses recombination events to estimate distances between markers. Physical mapping relies on experimental outcomes like hybridization and amplification but may not provide distance measures. Radiation hybrid mapping allows high-resolution mapping by exploiting how rodent cells incorporate genetic material from fused cells. Comparative mapping utilizes animal models and ortholog identification to explore causes of disease across multiple species.
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This document discusses different types of DNA markers that can be used for genetic mapping, including Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), microsatellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and isozymes. DNA marker testing determines which genetic variants or alleles an animal carries for traits like disease resistance, coat color, and horned status. While simple traits are controlled by a single gene, economically important complex traits are influenced by many genes and the environment.
Genome mapping
Genetic mapping involves constructing maps that show the positions of genes and other sequences on a genome. It uses genetic techniques like cross-breeding experiments or examining family histories. Markers like genes, RFLPs, SSLPs, and SNPs are used in mapping. Genetic mapping is based on genetic linkage and inheritance. By determining the recombination frequency between markers, which is proportional to their distance apart, a genetic map can be constructed showing the relative positions of genes on chromosomes.
Lecture 2
1. Genetic linkage maps show the relative locations of DNA markers along chromosomes, while physical maps show the exact positions of genes and sequences.
2. Major methods for genetic mapping are RFLPs, microsatellites, and SNPs, while physical mapping uses restriction fingerprinting, chromosome walking, STS mapping, and FISH.
3. Gene mapping is useful for locating gene positions, estimating genetic risk, and has aided in fully sequencing genomes like yeast, worms, flies, mice, and humans.
Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that results in excessive numbers of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow. It is characterized by overproduction of monoclonal proteins, known as M proteins, and can cause symptoms such as anemia, kidney damage, and bone fractures. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests to detect M proteins, bone marrow biopsy to identify plasma cell percentage, and imaging tests to check for bone lesions. Treatment may include chemotherapy, steroids, stem cell transplantation, and other newer drugs depending on the stage of disease and patient health. The goals of treatment are to eliminate the myeloma, control disease activity, and relieve symptoms in order to prolong survival and quality of life.
Gene and genetic mapping by recombination
This document discusses several methods of genetic transfer and mapping in bacteria:
1. Conjugation, where genetic material is transferred between bacteria through direct contact. This can be used to map genes by interrupting mating at time points and analyzing recombinants.
2. Transduction, where genes are transferred between bacteria via bacteriophages. Phage crosses can also be used to map genes.
3. Transformation, where bacteria take up extracellular DNA from their environment. The frequency of different genes co-transforming can indicate their order on the chromosome.
These natural processes of genetic transfer allow bacteria to evolve and have been exploited to study bacterial genetics and develop genetic maps. Interrupted mating, ph
Gene mapping
Gene mapping involves identifying the location of genes on chromosomes and determining the distance between genes. There are techniques like identifying chromosome banding patterns and measuring crossover frequencies. The Human Genome Project, from 1990 to 2003, sought to identify all human genes and determine the full DNA sequence to help improve research and medicine. While gene mapping provides medical and agricultural benefits, it also faces disadvantages regarding ethics, religion, and cost.
Gene mapping
This document discusses gene mapping and genetic linkage. It explains that gene mapping determines the order and relative distances between genes on chromosomes. The distance between genes, measured in centimorgans (cM), can be determined by calculating recombination frequencies between alleles from genetic crosses. A recombination frequency of 1% corresponds to 1 cM. Genes with less than 50% recombination are linked on the same chromosome, while those with over 50% recombination are far apart. While genetic distance correlates with physical distance, recombination rates are not always uniform along chromosomes. The document also demonstrates chi-square analysis to determine if two traits are independently assorted or linked.
Genome Mapping
Genetic mapping uses genetic techniques like cross-breeding experiments to construct maps showing gene positions. Physical mapping uses molecular techniques to examine DNA directly and construct maps showing sequence features. Different DNA markers like RFLPs, SSLPs, SNPs can be used for genetic mapping. Techniques for physical mapping include restriction mapping, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and sequence tagged site (STS) mapping. Integrating genetic and physical maps provides high resolution mapping needed for genome sequencing.
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Similar to Hour 6
Ch.5 Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes.pdf
1. Mapping is used to determine the position of gene loci on chromosomes by analyzing recombination frequencies between genes.
2. Crossing over occurs during meiosis, where homologous chromosomes break and rejoin, producing genetic recombination and new allele combinations.
3. Recombination frequencies are calculated from offspring and used to determine genetic distances between loci in map units, with closer genes recombining less.
linkage Prashant.ppt
Linkage Mapping
Physical Basis
2-factor Testcross
3-factor Testcross
Physical basis of linkage mapping
Mapping by the 2-factor testcross method
Mapping by the 3-factor testcross method
genetic linkage and gene mapping
genetic linkage, types, crossing over, types,
gene mapping for diploid and haploid organisms, types
Genetic linkage
The document discusses genetic linkage and mapping in Drosophila melanogaster. It describes how Thomas Morgan showed that two genes, white eye (w) and miniature wing (m), are linked on the X chromosome through test crosses. Recombination between linked genes occurs through crossing over during meiosis. Genetic mapping uses recombination frequencies between genes to determine their relative positions and distances on chromosomes in map units (centimorgans). A three-point test cross can detect double crossovers and more accurately determine map distances between closely linked genes.
Gene mapping
Genome mapping identifies and records the location of genes and distances between genes on chromosomes. Alfred Sturtevant created the first genetic map of Drosophila in 1913 by proposing that crossover frequency could determine gene location. Techniques like linkage analysis using two-point and three-point test crosses estimate distances between genes based on inheritance patterns. Genetic maps describe gene arrangement but have limitations due to recombination hotspots and need for high crossover scoring. Gene mapping is important for identifying disease genes and trait genes in plants, animals and humans.
Recombination and LinkageA Three point test cross in Drosophil.docx
A three-point test cross was conducted in Drosophila to determine the order and distance between three linked genes (y, cv, and f) on the X chromosome. F2 progeny were scored for phenotypes to determine the number of each genotype. Recombination frequencies and a genetic map were constructed based on the data. Chi-square tests compared the observed and expected values, and some deviations from expectations were observed. The results provided insight into genetic mapping and factors that influence mapping accuracy.
linkage
This document discusses genetic linkage and crossing over. It defines linkage as genes being inherited together on the same chromosome. Crossing over occurs during meiosis when segments are exchanged between non-sister chromatids, resulting in new combinations of linked genes. The frequency of crossing over between two genes increases with genetic distance. Three-point crosses allow determining gene order and calculating linkage distances between loci. Double crossovers are also discussed.
Linkage and recombination of gene
- A three-point test cross was conducted in Drosophila to map the locations of three genes - black body (b), purple eyes (pr), and curved wings (c) - on the same chromosome.
- Offspring were classified into eight phenotypic classes. Reciprocal classes occurred in roughly equal numbers, indicating recombination between loci.
- Map distances were calculated between loci based on percentages of recombinants. A discrepancy in the direct vs. indirect distance between b and c was resolved by accounting for double crossovers.
- The study demonstrated how three-point test crosses can order loci and more accurately measure map distances compared to two-point crosses by detecting double crossovers.
Linkage
Linkage refers to the presence of two different genes on the same chromosome . Two genes that occur on the same chromosome are said to be linked, and those that occur very close together are tightly linked.
Problems2. This is a map for a diploid plantR--------35-------.pdf
Problems:
2. This is a map for a diploid plant:
R--------35--------E--------17---------F
One parental plant is R e f/r E F. It is mated with a homozygous recessive plant: r e f/r e f. Give
the proportion of the offspring assuming there is both no interference, and complete interference.
3. In a newly discovered insect, the three genes R, A, and P located on the same chromosome
(R= red body, A= spotted coloring, P=purple eyes, r=white body, a=solid coloring, p=white
eyes). A heterozygous parent(R A P/r a p) is mated with a homozygous recessive parent (r a p/ r
a p).
The following offspring are shown below:
(210) dominant for all traits
(16) red body, solid coloring, purple eyes
(70) red body, spotted coloring, white eyes
(50) red body, solid coloring, white eyes
(200) recessive for all traits
(55) white body, spotted coloring, purple eyes
(13) white body, spotted coloring, white eyes
(72) white body, solid coloring, purple eyes
Perform a three-point linkage to determine the gene order and relative distance between the
genes. How did the distance between the 2 genes affect the frequency of crossing-over events?
4. Here are four recombinant sequences that came from four Hfr matings during an interrupted
mating experiment. Determine the order and relative distance by setting A to 0/100 minutes.
Hfr1) A T1 H T2
8 26 33 53
Hfr2) E1 T1 E2 E3
4 12 24 54
Hfr3) T2 S T3 A
7 37 52 62
Hfr4) T3 C E1 E3
2 17 22 72
5. In a u-tube experiment, a researcher placed a kanamycin resistant strain of E. coli on one side
of a membrane impervious to the cells, and a wild-type strain on the other side. After a day, he
then plated a sample from both sides of the tube on plates containing kanamycin and observed
growth on both plates. He then repeated this experiment, but this time he added DNase to the
tube and observed the same results when he plated both cell types. What happened inside the
tube?
6. Pretend the following is a chromosome that underwent some changes. What were they? (the
dot is the centromere).
A B C D E F . G H I J A B C G . F E H I J
a. pericentric inversion, deletion
b. paracentric inversion, deletion
c. deletion, translocation
d. Robertsonian translocation,
pericntric inversion
7. Given:
Type of mutation Cistron A or B
1. point A
2. point A
3. point B
4. point B
5. deletion A
Results from 5 crosses:
1x2 (plaque) 2x3 (plaque) 3x4 (plaque) 4x5 (plaque)
1x3 (plaque) 2x4 (plaque) 3x5 (plaque)
1x4 (plaque) 2x5 (no plaque)
1x5 (plaque)
8. The following nucleotide sequence is found in a piece of DNA
5’-TTAACA-3’
3’-AATTGT-5’
if the cytosince undergoes a tautameric shift for one replication cycle draw two round of
replication and explain what type of mutation occurred (Transition or Transversion)?
Bonus:
Explain the relationship between mosaicism and x-inactivation using an example.
9. In a diploid fly, the three loci R E and D are linked as follows
R--------------22cm------------E----------16cm-------------D
One fly is available to you and its genotype is R.
3. Chromosome Mapping in Drosophila flies
1. The document describes how to construct a chromosome map by determining the sequence and distance between genes based on results from a breeding experiment in Drosophila melanogaster.
2. An example experiment involving three genes (ABC) is used to demonstrate how to determine the gene sequence is ABC based on the lowest numbers of double crossover progeny.
3. Map distances between genes are calculated based on percentages of crossover and double crossover progeny, with A to B being 8.5 map units and B to C being 3.5 map units for a total of 12.0 map units between A and C.
x13.pdf
This document provides an overview of the binomial distribution. It begins by explaining that many experiments have outcomes that can be classified as successes or failures, with a constant probability p of success on each trial. These types of experiments, with independent and identically distributed trials, follow a binomial distribution. The binomial distribution gives the probability of getting exactly r successes in n trials. This probability is calculated as the number of possible sequences that could produce r successes multiplied by the probability of each individual sequence. The mean or expected number of successes for a binomial distribution is Np, where N is the number of trials and p is the probability of success on each trial. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating probabilities and using tables for binomial distributions.
Genetic Linkage
The document discusses genetic recombination and gene linkage. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over. Tracking how closely linked genes segregate during crosses allows their relative positions on chromosomes to be determined. Genetic markers are used to infer the presence of other linked genes. Independent assortment of chromosomes leads to many possible combinations of alleles in gametes. The analysis of crosses differs depending on whether genes are on the same or different chromosomes. Recombination frequency between linked genes can be measured and used to create genetic maps.
Qmm
The document reports on an analysis of parenting skills survey data from 7 mothers and 7 fathers. An ANOVA was conducted to test the hypothesis that mothers are more likely to be successful parents than fathers. The ANOVA results showed that the calculated F value of 8.947 was greater than the critical F value of 3.18, so the null hypothesis was rejected. This provides evidence that mothers and fathers differ in their parenting skills scores, with mothers having higher average scores.
Genetics
This document contains genetics concept questions and their answers related to topics like Mendelian inheritance, sex determination, extensions of Mendelian inheritance, and blood types. Some example questions include the probability of offspring genotypes from given parental crosses, determining heterozygotes vs homozygotes, inheritance patterns like sex-influenced traits, and solving genetics problems using rules of probability. The responses provide detailed explanations and use techniques like Punnett squares, product rule, and binomial/multinomial expansions to calculate the requested probabilities.
genome wide linkage mapping
This document provides information about genetic linkage and genetic mapping. It discusses:
- The history of genetic linkage mapping beginning with Mendel's laws and the work of Morgan and Sturtevant in the early 1900s.
- The three main types of genetic maps - linkage maps, cytogenetic maps, and physical maps. Linkage maps show the relative locations of genetic markers based on recombination frequencies.
- How recombination frequencies are used to estimate genetic distances and convert them to map distances in centimorgans using functions like Haldane and Kosambi.
- Software used for genetic mapping and estimating recombination rates from different mapping populations.
- The mapping of quantitative trait loci which
Bft1033 6 linkage genes_print
Morgan mapped three genes (yellow body (y), white eyes (w), miniature wings (m)) in Drosophila using genetic crosses. He found that the genes exhibited different recombination frequencies: w-y was 0.5%, w-m was 34.5%, and m-y was 35.4%. These recombination frequencies were used to construct the first genetic map, with map units (mu) representing the distance between genes. Morgan's work demonstrated that genes located farther apart on a chromosome recombine more frequently during meiosis than genes located closer together, establishing the basis for using recombination frequencies to determine gene order and distance.
Gene Mapping Methods:Linkage Maps & Mapping with Molecular Markers
Gene Mapping Methods:Linkage Maps & Mapping with Molecular MarkersAssam University, Silchar, Assam, India
The document discusses gene mapping and linkage mapping. It provides details on:
1) The history of gene mapping beginning with Mendel's work in 1866 and the first linkage map constructed by Sturtevant in 1913.
2) The three main types of gene maps - linkage maps, cytogenetic maps, and physical maps. Linkage maps show the relative order and distance between genes.
3) How linkage mapping is used to determine the order and distance between genes on a chromosome based on recombination frequencies observed during meiosis. Distance is measured in centimorgans where 1 cM equals 1% recombination.
4) The processes involved in constructing a linkage map, including determining linkage groups,1. Meiosis And Dihybrid Cross
The document discusses meiosis, genetic crosses, and inheritance patterns. It begins by outlining meiosis and its role in genetic variation. It then discusses dihybrid crosses and Mendel's results, which showed independent assortment and ratios of 9:3:3:1. The document further explains linkage, recombination frequency, and genetic maps. It concludes by covering sex-linked inheritance and examples like color blindness and hemophilia.
Genetics chapter 5 part 2(1)
This document discusses three-point test cross analysis for genetic mapping.
- A three-point test cross allows geneticists to simultaneously map the relative positions of three linked genes on a chromosome using a single set of crosses.
- Analyzing the progeny phenotypes from a three-point test cross involving a trihybrid individual allows determination of the gene order and distances between genes.
- The gene with the "odd one out" phenotype in double crossover progeny must be in the middle position of the three genes. Recombination frequencies are calculated to construct a genetic map.
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Gene Mapping Methods:Linkage Maps & Mapping with Molecular Markers
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Pop gen part 2new
The document discusses the Hardy-Weinberg law, which states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation if the population meets certain conditions. These conditions include large population size, random mating, no mutations, no migration, and no natural selection. The Hardy-Weinberg equations can be used to calculate expected genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies in populations that are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Two examples are provided to demonstrate calculating allele and genotype frequencies.
Lect 3 meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half and produces gametes like sperm and egg cells. It involves two cell divisions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Meiosis introduces genetic variation between daughter cells and is essential for sexual reproduction.
Lect 2 mitosis
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the original parent cell. It has four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs via cleavage furrow formation, while in plant cells it occurs through cell plate formation between the daughter cells. Mitosis plays important roles in growth, cell replacement, regeneration, and asexual reproduction.
Lect 1 cell cycle
This document summarizes key concepts about cell division from Chapter 1. It discusses that all new cells are derived from existing cells through cell division, which involves duplicating genetic material. There are two types of cell division: mitosis produces two identical daughter cells, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes. The cell cycle is described as having four main phases - G1, S, G2, and Mitosis - where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA before dividing.
Hour 5new
This document discusses different types of genes and inheritance patterns:
1) Lethal genes can be dominant or recessive, with recessive lethal alleles following a 2:1 genotypic to phenotypic ratio as seen in mouse coat color.
2) Linked genes on the same chromosome are inherited together and do not follow Mendel's laws of independent assortment unless separated by crossing over. This is demonstrated using examples in fruit flies.
3) Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes in humans, with females as XX and males as XY. Sex-linked genes on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
Hour 4
The document discusses different types of inheritance patterns that deviate from Mendelian inheritance:
1. Codominance, where both alleles are fully expressed in heterozygotes, is exemplified by human blood types which show a 1:2:1 genotypic and phenotypic ratio.
2. Incomplete dominance, where heterozygotes exhibit an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygotes, is seen in snapdragon flower color with a 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio.
3. Multiple alleles exist at a single locus with more than two allelic forms, as seen in human ABO blood groups with A, B, AB, and O phenotypes.
4. Polygenic traits are influenced by
Hour 3
The document discusses Mendel's experiments on dihybrid crosses. It explains that Mendel crossed pure-breeding plants that differed in two traits - plant height and flower color. In the F1 generation, all offspring exhibited the dominant traits of tall height and purple flowers. When the F1 plants were self-crossed, the F2 generation showed a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes. This supported Mendel's law of independent assortment, which states that two traits segregate independently during gamete formation.
Hour 2
The document discusses Mendel's experiments on monohybrid crosses using pea plants. It explains that a monohybrid cross involves a single trait determined by one gene, such as tall vs dwarf plants. Mendel observed that the ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F2 generation is 3:1, while the ratio of genotypes is 1:2:1. His experiments supported his laws of segregation and independent assortment.
Hour 1
The document discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants to study genetic inheritance. It defines key terms like alleles, genes, loci, genotype, and phenotype. It describes Mendel's pea plants and the seven traits he studied. Mendel performed crosses between pea plants and found that the traits in the offspring (F2 generation) followed a consistent ratio, around 3 dominant to 1 recessive for each trait.
4th hour
The document summarizes key aspects of protein synthesis, which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the cell nucleus. In translation, mRNA is translated into proteins in the cytoplasm. The genetic code uses three-letter codons in mRNA to specify 20 amino acids. Transcription and translation together allow the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.
3rd hour
DNA replication begins at origins of replication where proteins recognize specific sequences and attach to DNA. The two strands then separate, forming a replication bubble.
DNA helicase unwinds the strands to prevent knot formation while topoisomerase prevents rewinding. Leading strand synthesis proceeds continuously from 5' to 3' toward the replication fork, using RNA primers made by primase. Lagging strand synthesis occurs discontinuously away from the fork, producing Okazaki fragments joined by ligase. DNA polymerase and ligase complete the process, forming two new double helix strands.
2nd hour
1) Beadle and Tatum's experiment using bread mold Neurospora showed that each gene encodes the structure of one polypeptide, supporting the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis.
2) Meselson and Stahl's experiment using radioisotope labeling of DNA demonstrated that DNA replication occurs via the semi-conservative model, where each new DNA molecule contains one original and one newly synthesized strand.
1st hour
This document provides an overview of Chapter 4 which covers the expression of biological information over 6 hours. It will discuss DNA and genetic information over 2 hours including DNA structure, replication, and as the carrier of genetic information. Protein synthesis will be covered over 1.5 hours. The lactose operon will be discussed in the final 30 minutes. The first section covers DNA structure based on the Watson and Crick model including the four bases that make up DNA and how they pair through hydrogen bonding to form the double helix structure. Key experiments like Griffith's transformation experiment and Avery's experiment are mentioned as providing evidence that DNA is the genetic material.
Pop gen part 1
This document discusses population genetics concepts, including gene pools and allele frequencies. It defines a gene pool as the total set of genes in a population, consisting of all alleles at all gene loci in all individuals. Allele frequency is the ratio of a given allele to all alleles of that gene in the population. For a gene locus with two alleles, the frequencies of the alleles (p and q) must sum to 1. If the allele frequencies do not change between generations, the gene pool is considered to be in genetic equilibrium.
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Hour 6
- 3. Genetic Mapping The proportion of recombinants resulting from a dihybrid test cross is used to calculate the cross over value (COV), a measure of linkage, and if linkage occurs, the distance between genes . COV is also known as recombination frequency.
- 7. Cross over (meiosis) Homologous chromosome in synapsis – 4 chromatid (tetrad) P Q p q kiasma r R
- 8. Genetic mapping of Drosophila melanogaster genes
- 9. Example P : CCSS x ccss P : CS/CS x cs/cs G : CS cs F1 : CS/cs x cs/cs G : CS cs Cs cS cs x co co CS/cs cs/cs cS/cs Cs/cs 480 480 20 20 Parent combination Recombinant
- 10. Genotype Individuals CS/cs 480 cs/cs 480 Cs/cs 20 cS/cs 20 Parent combination Recombinant (cross over) Eg : Test cross F1 : CS/cs x cs/cs Parent combination = (480 + 480)/1000 = 96% Recombinant = (20 + 20)/1000 = 4% (cov) If C/c dan S/s genes is far apart, cov > 4% Jumlah 1000 C S 4 map unit
- 12. Solution : R and Q= 40% P and Q = 35% R and S = 30% Q and S = 10% P and R = 5% R Q 40 map unit 5 25 10 S P
- 13. Cross over value given for P and Q = 4% P and R = 1% State the cross over value possible for Q and R. P Q 4 1 3 Cross over value for Q and R = 3% P Q 4 1 Cross over value for Q and R = 5% EXERCISE 2 R R
- 18. I II III Circle = female Square = male Roman = generation Numbers = individuals in generation Colored = different phenotype 1 2 1 1 2 4 3
- 19. Eg: “widow’s peak” trait (dominant allele) W Allele = widow’s peak w allele – no widow’s peak
- 20. I II III Widow’s peak pedigree Color = widow’s peak Ww ww ww WW @ Ww ww Ww Ww