Honors - Carbon & organic compounds 1011
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Malonate resembles the shape of succinate, the normal substrate of succinate dehydrogenase. It binds to the active site of the enzyme, blocking succinate from binding. This prevents the enzyme from catalyzing the reaction it normally would with succinate.
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Oxidation is loss of electrons
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Oxidizing agents oxidize and are themselves reduced
Reducing agents reduce and are themselves oxidized
Pro fold
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Introduction
Definition
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Relation between folding & amino acid sequence
Factors affecting protein folding
Biophysical aspects
-Hierarchy in protein structure
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Conclusion
References
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This document discusses protein structure and folding. It describes the four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence. Secondary structure involves folding into alpha helices or beta sheets. Tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape formed by interactions between amino acid side chains. Quaternary structure refers to interactions between multiple polypeptide chains in a protein. The document also discusses protein folding, denaturation, and misfolding, noting that many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with misfolded protein aggregates.
membrane models and biosynthesis
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Denaturation of proteins
The loss of native conformation brings about changes in specific properties characterizing the identity of proteins.
Bring changes in the proteins.
It makes peptide bonds more readily available for hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes.
Protein solubility decreased (hydrophobic groups exposed out).
Biological properties (catalytic, hormonal) are lost.
Viscosity and optical rotation increases.
Molecular chaperones
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The document discusses reaction molecular signature networks and conserved modules in metabolism. It introduces molecular signatures to represent molecules and reactions, and describes how reaction molecular signatures encode chemical transformations by representing the difference between product and substrate molecular signatures. Conserved modules in metabolism can then be identified by analyzing networks of related reactions based on common chemical transformations in their molecular signatures. This approach allows investigation of conserved chemical transformations in metabolic pathways while accounting for enzyme promiscuity.
Prokaryote genome
This document summarizes key aspects of genome organization in prokaryotes. It notes that prokaryotes like E. coli have a single circular chromosome composed of DNA that is compacted into a nucleoid structure. The DNA is highly condensed via supercoiling facilitated by enzymes like topoisomerases. Prokaryotic genomes are also typically smaller than eukaryotic ones and can contain extra DNA on plasmids that are exchanged between bacteria.
Cell membrane (Plasma Membrane) & Cellular Junctions
- The document discusses the structure of the cell membrane and cellular junctions.
- It describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which proposes that the membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded and floating within it, giving it a fluid and mosaic-like structure.
- There are two main types of cellular junctions - anchoring junctions, which attach the cell to other cells or the extracellular matrix, and tight junctions, which form a seal between adjacent cell membranes to control what can pass through the space between them.
Bacterial structure
The document provides information on the structure, physiology, and genetics of bacteria. It discusses the cell wall structures of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and lipopolysaccharide coats. It also describes bacterial cellular structures like capsules and flagella, as well as modes of bacterial growth, secretion, transport, metabolism, and genetic mechanisms.
How does the fluid mosaic model represents the structure of the plasma.pdf
How does the fluid mosaic model represents the structure of the plasma membrane? Select the
correct response(s) The proteins are embedded which are exclusively passing through the lipid
bilayer. The proteins are embedded which can be located at one side of the lipid bilayer or
passing through it. The primary component is the phospholipid bilayer with the hydrophilic
phosphate head at the core. The primary component is the phospholipid bilayer with the
hydrophobic phosphate head at the core. The primary component is the phospholipid bilayer with
the hydrophilic hydrocarbon tail at the core. The primary component is the phospholipid bilayer
with the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail at the core. The proteins are embedded which are
exclusively located at one side of the lipid bilayer. The proteins are embedded in a paralllel
manner with the lipid bilayer. Which cell organelles have "house cleaning" functions in the cell?
Select the correct response(s): Mitochondria and lysosomes Peroxisomes and Goigi apparatus
Ribosomes and rER Lysosomes and SER Golgi apparatus and vacuoles Vacuoles and
peroxisomes sEr and reR Mitochondria and centrioles Centrioles and nucleus Nucleus and
ribosomes Which of the following are not features of the nucleus? Select the correct response(s).
The chromatin in the nucleus is a deoxyribonucleoprotein complex. It's nuclear envelope is
fundamentally different from the plasma membrane It is directly involved in protein synthesis It
is darkly stained during microscopy for visibility It is membrane-bound and distinct The nuclear
pore complex allows the transport of macromolecules across the nuclear membrane. It is the
control center of the cell it is directly involved in ribosome synthesis. It is present in plants,
animals, fungi, and protists It is the repository of the cell's genetic materials. Which cell
organelles are not enclosed by phospholipid bilayer? Select the correct response(s): Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum Vacuoles Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Lysosomes Golgi
apparatus Chloroplasts Ribosomes Mitochondria Peroxisomes Which organelles are involved in
protein synthesis, modification, and/or transport? Select the correct response(s): Vesicles and
peroxisomes Ribosomes and sER Nucleus and mitochondria Peroxisomes and lysosomes
Ribosomes and rER SER and nucleus Mitochondria and centrioles Golgi apparatus and vesicles
Golgi apparatus and lysosomes Lysosomes and ribosomes Question 12 of 15 Which of the
following is wrong about the chloroplasts? Select the correct response(s): It is involved in the
production of oxygen gas. It is the reason why plants are called autotrophs. It has stacks of
discoid structures called thylakoids It is present in plant cells only It can replicate and express it
own genes independently. The stroma contains the green photosynthetic pigments It can release
energy in the form of ATP just like mitochondria It is capable of harnessing light energy to
power up glucose synthesis. It enclosed by two.
Highlight the correct answer i have tried myself Pleas.pdf
Highlight the correct answer
(i have tried myself)
Please tell me the correct answer ..............Also, why that answer is correct
In a sentence or two.
Absorbtion. Phagocytosis. Accumulation and storage of the nutrients. The synthesis and secretion
of proteins. The synthesis and secretion of lipids. All the following statements about mitochondria
are correct EXCEPT ONE : * They are covered by double unit membranes. They are few in
number in liver cells. They contain DNA and RNA in their matrix. They degenerate rapidly by toxic
substance. They change their shape in acidic media. Which of the following has a rigid wall
composed of 13 protofilament strands? Intermediate filament. Microfilament. Microtubule.
Myofilament. NeurofilamentThe photomicrography shows joining the epithelial cells with basal
membrane. Name this type of the epithelial attachment. Hemidesmosome Simple junction
Desmosome Macula adherens Nexus All the following statements about ribosomes are true
EXCEPT ONE : * They are sites for protein synthesis. They are formed of small and large
subunits. They are rich in deoxyribonucleic acid. They are non membranous organelles. They are
not resolved by the light Microscope. Which organelle is involved in lipid metabolism? * Golgi
apparatus Lysosome MitochondriaSmooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum
The Analysis ultrastructural constitution of the cells has shown it specialization * to lipids and
cholesterol synthesis. The development which organelles most tyipyfing for such cells?
Centrosome. Golgi apparatus. Agranular (rough) ER. Mitohondrium. Granular ER. Which organelle
produces protein for export? Golgi apparatus Lysosome Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulumAll the following statements are correct EXCEPT ONE
: * lysosomes contain amino acid oxidase. lysosome are membranous organelle. The undigested
material in lysosomes is called residual body. lysosomes develop by budding from GERL. With
EM, the secondary lysosomes have heterogenous electron dense core. ONLY ONE of the
following statements is incorrect : * The mitochondria are cell inclusions The mitochondria can
move. The mitochondria can divide. The shape of the mitochondria is rod or rounded in sections.
All the following about cilia are correct EXCEPT ONE : * The cilium consists of basal body, shaft
and rootlets. In the shaft of the cilium there are 2 singlets of microtubules in its centre. Cilia beat
rhythmically in one direction. They are essential to produce ATP in the cell.All statements about
smooth ER are true EXCEPT ONE : * Important for detoxification of drugs. Basophilic with
hematoxylin and eosin. It is a membranous organelle. Well developed in steroid secreting cells.
Site for storing Ca++ in skeletal muscles. Which organelle produces protein for export? *
Lysosome Mitochondria Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Rough endoplasmic
reticulum All the following are functions of Golgi apparatus EXCEPT ONE : * .
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
Unit B4 Molecules Carbs
1) The document discusses the structure and functions of biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
2) It explains that carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Glucose, a monosaccharide, has the empirical formula C6H12O6.
3) Carbohydrates function as energy sources, energy storage, and structural components of cells and molecules. Starch, glycogen and cellulose are important polysaccharide polymers formed through dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides.
Similar to Honors - Carbon & organic compounds 1011 (20)
Cell membrane (Plasma Membrane) & Cellular Junctions
Cell membrane (Plasma Membrane) & Cellular Junctions
How does the fluid mosaic model represents the structure of the plasma.pdf
How does the fluid mosaic model represents the structure of the plasma.pdf
Highlight the correct answer i have tried myself Pleas.pdf
Highlight the correct answer i have tried myself Pleas.pdf
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Honors biology chemistry and introduction 1213
The document discusses biological themes and concepts such as order, response to the environment, evolutionary adaptation, reproduction, regulation, energy processing, growth and development. It also covers levels of biological organization from the biosphere down to atoms and molecules, and chemical concepts such as atomic structure, bonding, chemical reactions, solutions, acids and bases. Figures are included to illustrate these biological and chemical themes and concepts.
Honors - Dna 1112
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The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
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Honors - Carbon & organic compounds 1011
- 21. Hemoglobin JMOL
- 33. Functions of Proteins When in doubt…..proteins
- 34. Enzymes
- 36. Enzymes
- 39. Storage
- 40. Structural
- 41. Transport
- 42. Hormonal
- 43. Receptor
- 45. Defensive
- 46. • This lysozyme protein molecule is found in tears and protects the eye from bacterial infections. Which of the following best describes the outside of the molecule? a) Mostly hydrophobic R-groups are on the surface of the molecule. b) Mostly hydrophilic R-groups are on the surface of the molecule. c) The R-groups on exterior of the molecule are mostly non-polar. d) The R-groups on the exterior are constantly changing between non-polar and polar as the protein chain bends and folds.
- 47. •This lysozyme protein molecule is found in tears and protects the eye from bacterial infections. Which of the following best describes the outside of the molecule? b) Mostly hydrophilic R-groups are on the surface of the molecule.
- 48. Initial Velocity (V0 or VI)
- 49. Initial Velocity (V0 or VI)
- 52. Vmax
- 71. Enzyme
- 72. HFCS and enzymes • Cornstarch is treated with alpha-amylase to produce shorter chains of sugars called oligosaccharides. • Glucoamylase - which is produced by Aspergillus, a fungus, in a fermentation vat — breaks the sugar chains down even further to yield the simple sugar glucose. • Xylose isomerase (aka glucose isomerase) converts glucose to a mixture of about 42% fructose and 50–52% glucose with some other sugars mixed in.
- 86. Hemoglobin JMOL
- 95. •When proteins are heated, they usually denature. If moderate heat was applied to this molecule of DNA what part of the molecule would break down or break apart first? (Use your knowledge of chemical bonds.) A The nucleotides along each side would break apart. B The sugar-phosphate backbone would separate from the nitrogen bases. C The nitrogen base pairs would separate in the interior of the molecule.
- 96. •When proteins are heated, they usually denature. If moderate heat was applied to this molecule of DNA what part of the molecule would break down or break apart first? (Use your knowledge of chemical bonds.) C The nitrogen base pairs would separate in the interior of the molecule.
- 110. LACTASE: LCT (Single Mutation) AMYLASE: AMY Gene (multiple copies)
- 111. Enzymes
- 121. Concept Check • Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. Describe how malonate would prevent the enzyme form acting on its normal substrate succinate?