HIV DURING PREGNANCY, this is very common and very dangerous disease during pregnancy. this is for medical and nursing student. i tried to make understand of students.
*I hope its help you all for preparation part 1 exam for MRCOG & MOG and your daily job.Good Luck May ALLAH bless our work and study,Good luck to all.dont forget to pray to ALLAH.if i wrong please correct me..process of learning..
Dr. Laura Guay, the Foundation’s Vice President of Research, also conducted a journalist training today sponsored by the National Press Foundation, teaching reporters about some of the most misunderstood issues concerning HIV and children
*Sexual and reproductive health problems and their prevention and control.
*Adolescent health problems, intervention.
*Major PH problem(HIV/AIDS) in world and others diseases.
*Concept of public health nutrition(Food security and nutrition).
*Health rights and medical ethics.
HIV positive mother and her bABY, RISK OF TRANSMISSION, ANTENATAL CARE, INTRA...LalrinchhaniSailo
Globally, an estimated 1.3 million women and girls living with HIV become pregnant each year. In the absence of intervention, the rate of transmission of HIV from a mother living with HIV to her child during pregnancy, labour, delivery or breastfeeding ranges from 15% to 45%. As such, identification of HIV infection should be immediately followed by an offer of linkage to lifelong treatment and care, including support to remain in care and virally suppressed and an offer of partner services.
In 2019, 85% of women and girls globally had access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). However, high ART coverage levels do not reflect the continued transmission that occurs after women are initially counted as receiving treatment. Achieving retention in care and prevention of incident HIV infections in uninfected populations remain high priorities to reach global elimination targets. Since the global shift to, and accelerated rollout of, highly effective, simplified interventions based on lifelong ART for pregnant women living with HIV, virtual elimination of MTCT – also known as vertical transmission – has been shown to be feasible.
HIV DURING PREGNANCY, this is very common and very dangerous disease during pregnancy. this is for medical and nursing student. i tried to make understand of students.
*I hope its help you all for preparation part 1 exam for MRCOG & MOG and your daily job.Good Luck May ALLAH bless our work and study,Good luck to all.dont forget to pray to ALLAH.if i wrong please correct me..process of learning..
Dr. Laura Guay, the Foundation’s Vice President of Research, also conducted a journalist training today sponsored by the National Press Foundation, teaching reporters about some of the most misunderstood issues concerning HIV and children
*Sexual and reproductive health problems and their prevention and control.
*Adolescent health problems, intervention.
*Major PH problem(HIV/AIDS) in world and others diseases.
*Concept of public health nutrition(Food security and nutrition).
*Health rights and medical ethics.
HIV positive mother and her bABY, RISK OF TRANSMISSION, ANTENATAL CARE, INTRA...LalrinchhaniSailo
Globally, an estimated 1.3 million women and girls living with HIV become pregnant each year. In the absence of intervention, the rate of transmission of HIV from a mother living with HIV to her child during pregnancy, labour, delivery or breastfeeding ranges from 15% to 45%. As such, identification of HIV infection should be immediately followed by an offer of linkage to lifelong treatment and care, including support to remain in care and virally suppressed and an offer of partner services.
In 2019, 85% of women and girls globally had access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). However, high ART coverage levels do not reflect the continued transmission that occurs after women are initially counted as receiving treatment. Achieving retention in care and prevention of incident HIV infections in uninfected populations remain high priorities to reach global elimination targets. Since the global shift to, and accelerated rollout of, highly effective, simplified interventions based on lifelong ART for pregnant women living with HIV, virtual elimination of MTCT – also known as vertical transmission – has been shown to be feasible.
Lizzy Schmidt, Director of the Woman's Program at Philadelphia FIGHT's Jonathan Lax Center, presented on HIV Treatment and PrEP at the June 2015 Ryan White Part A Planning Council meeting.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy: Incidence of adverse drug reactionspharmaindexing
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981, in theUnitedStates of America in young homosexual men who had Kaposi sarcoma and serious infections. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, transfusion ofcontaminated blood, sharing of contaminated needles and between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. In India, an estimated 0.1 percent of adults aged 15-49 are living with HIV, which seems low when compared to HIV prevalence in some parts of sub- Saharan Africa.The HIV prevalence at antenatal clinics was 1% in 2007. This number is smaller than the reported 1.26% in 2006, but remains the highest out of all states. HIV prevalence at STD clinics was very high at 17% in 2007.Although adverse reactions are common and often predictable, their management must be individualized.In addition, the patient's report of severity can be inconsistent with the clinical interpretation and this must be considered when determining the management of adverse reactions.Antiretroviral therapy is effective for HIV treatment but also increasingly complex. The many adverse effects of therapy may cause symptoms affecting a variety of organ systems. Patient nonadherence is the reason for the treatment failure to antiretroviral therapy. To optimize adherence treating physicians must focus on early detection and prevention of ADRs, when possible and distinguishing those that are self-limited from those that are potentially serious. Pharmacist should be able to detect ADRs and the culture of reporting ADRs should be instructed. All ART centers should have pharmacovigilance cell. All ADRs reported should be analyzed as per WHO guidelines of causal assessment.Our study concluded that there is a need of active Pharmacovigilance centre with intensive monitoring for ADRs by the Pharmacist in Indian HIV positive patients
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. HIV IN PREGNANCY
INTRODUCTION
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus, which, like
many other viruses, stores its genetic information as RNA rather than
as DNA (most other living things use DNA).
When HIV enters a human cell, it releases its RNA, and an enzyme
called reverse transcriptase makes a DNA copy of the HIV RNA. The
resulting HIV DNA is integrated into the infected cell’s DNA. This
process is the reverse of that used by human cells, which make an RNA
copy of DNA. Thus, HIV is called a retrovirus, referring to the reversed
(backward) process.
The first documented AIDS case was in 1981.Since then, about 35 million
people have died from illnesses related to the disease. Millions of children
have been orphaned because of it.
Now, combination drug treatments have turned AIDS into a long-term
disease that you can manage.
The reduction in mother-to-child transmission of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is regarded as one of the most effective
public health initiatives in the United States. In the absence of treatment,
the risk of vertical transmission of HIV is as high as 25-30%. With the
implementation of HIV testing, counseling, antiretroviral medication,
delivery by cesarean section prior to onset of labor, and discouraging
breastfeeding, the mother-to-infant transmission has decreased to less
than 2% in the United States.
2. The guidelines on management of HIV in pregnancy and postpartum
were released on March 14, 2019, by the British HIV Association
(BHIVA).[1]
Screening
Pregnant women living with HIV should be offered peer support if it is
available.
Evaluation of antenatal and postnatal depression should be made at
booking, 4-6 weeks postpartum and 3-4 months postpartum.
Pregnant women diagnosed with HIV should be screened for sexual
health.
Complete HIV drug resistance testing before treatment is initiated except
in women presenting after 28 weeks.
Perform a CD4 cell count at the initiation of combination antiretroviral
therapy (cART) and an additional CD4 count at delivery.
For women who begin cART during pregnancy, perform an HIV viral
load 2-4 weeks after starting, at least once every trimester, at 36 weeks,
and at the time of delivery.
Perform liver function tests in women who begin cART during
pregnancy and again with each routine blood test.
If a patient has started cART during pregnancy and has not suppressed
plasma viral load to <50 HIV RNA copies/mL, recommend an
adherence review, resistance testing, therapeutic drug monitoring,
regimen optimization, and treatment intensification.
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) During Pregnancy
Continue cART treatment for patients who are conceiving and on an
effective cART regimen.
Start ART during pregnancy and advise to continue lifelong treatment
for all pregnant women including elite controllers.
3. MINI SEMINAR ON HIV IN PREGNANCY
6 MAY 2019
PROGRAMME SCHEDULE
TIME TOPIC SPEAKER MODERATOR
10:00 -
10:30AM
INAUGURAL CEREMONY
10:30-11:00
AM
Anatomy &
mechanism of
HIV virus
Transmission
and Replication
MS. KRITIKA
INDORA
Mr.
ASHUTOSHA
SINGH
11:00 -11:20
AM
Management
during laborand
postnatal period
& immediate
new born care
Mr.
RAJENDRAPAL
MS.REKHA
RAWAT
11:20-
11:40AM
ART Centre
setup & role of
staff
MS.KHUSHBOO
RAWAT
MS. SAVITA
11:40-
12:05PM
ART therapy MS. MAYURI
KACHHOT
MS. AYUSHI
12:05-
12:30PM
BREAK
12:30-
01:00PM
Prevention to
HIV infection
Mr.
PRADHUMAN
SINGH
Mr.ASHUTOSHA
![The guidelines on management of HIV in pregnancy and postpartum
were released on March 14, 2019, by the British HIV Association
(BHIVA).[1]
Screening
Pregnant women living with HIV should be offered peer support if it is
available.
Evaluation of antenatal and postnatal depression should be made at
booking, 4-6 weeks postpartum and 3-4 months postpartum.
Pregnant women diagnosed with HIV should be screened for sexual
health.
Complete HIV drug resistance testing before treatment is initiated except
in women presenting after 28 weeks.
Perform a CD4 cell count at the initiation of combination antiretroviral
therapy (cART) and an additional CD4 count at delivery.
For women who begin cART during pregnancy, perform an HIV viral
load 2-4 weeks after starting, at least once every trimester, at 36 weeks,
and at the time of delivery.
Perform liver function tests in women who begin cART during
pregnancy and again with each routine blood test.
If a patient has started cART during pregnancy and has not suppressed
plasma viral load to <50 HIV RNA copies/mL, recommend an
adherence review, resistance testing, therapeutic drug monitoring,
regimen optimization, and treatment intensification.
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) During Pregnancy
Continue cART treatment for patients who are conceiving and on an
effective cART regimen.
Start ART during pregnancy and advise to continue lifelong treatment
for all pregnant women including elite controllers.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)