Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission of HIV (PPTCT)
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Causes, Modes and Preventive measures in HIV Mother Only for Education Purpose References: IAP Textbook of Pediatrics 2015
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1. Hepatitis B in pregnancy can impact both mother and child. Vertical transmission from mother to child is a major risk, occurring in 30% of cases without intervention.
2. Diagnosis involves screening all pregnant women for HBsAg. For HBsAg positive mothers, further testing of HBV DNA viral load, HBeAg status, and liver enzymes can assess risk of transmission.
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Based on the current NACO guidelines for prevention of parent to child transmission of HIV in India. Also describes the medication, testing and followup of children born to HIV positive mothers.Prevention of Parent To Child Transmission PPTCT
The document discusses prevention of parent-to-child transmission (PPTCT) of HIV. It outlines NACO's four-pronged strategy for PPTCT, which includes primary prevention of HIV among women, preventing unintended pregnancies in HIV+ women, preventing transmission from mother to child, and treatment/care for women and children living with HIV. It then discusses factors influencing transmission risk and interventions to reduce risk during pregnancy, delivery, and infancy including antiretroviral prophylaxis and therapy.
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1. Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by signs and symptoms of infection that is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns.
2. The document outlines risk factors, screening protocols, common pathogens, and empirical antibiotic protocols for treating early-onset neonatal sepsis at KIMS hospital in India.
3. Based on local data, the first-line empirical antibiotic recommended for treating suspected early-onset neonatal sepsis at KIMS is amikacin, with pip-tazo as second-line and meropenem or vancomycin as third-line options.
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Lecture on HIV in Pregnancy given to PBL III students at the Cebu Institute of Medicine, sharing HARP statistics for April 2019
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Dr. Laura Guay, the Foundation’s Vice President of Research, also conducted a journalist training today sponsored by the National Press Foundation, teaching reporters about some of the most misunderstood issues concerning HIV and children
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contraception is a very important topic for pg entrance....so all important points and mcqs with images have been given here....do make use of it
hepatitis B.pdf
1. Hepatitis B in pregnancy can impact both mother and child. Vertical transmission from mother to child is a major risk, occurring in 30% of cases without intervention.
2. Diagnosis involves screening all pregnant women for HBsAg. For HBsAg positive mothers, further testing of HBV DNA viral load, HBeAg status, and liver enzymes can assess risk of transmission.
3. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission focuses on antiviral therapy starting at 28 weeks for mothers with high viral load, administration of HBIG and HBV vaccines within 12 hours of birth, and completion of the vaccine series for the infant.
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MBBS, MD, MRCOG
Consultant Gynaecological Oncologist, National Cancer Institute, Maharagama
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Based on the current NACO guidelines for prevention of parent to child transmission of HIV in India. Also describes the medication, testing and followup of children born to HIV positive mothers.Prevention of Parent To Child Transmission PPTCT
The document discusses prevention of parent-to-child transmission (PPTCT) of HIV. It outlines NACO's four-pronged strategy for PPTCT, which includes primary prevention of HIV among women, preventing unintended pregnancies in HIV+ women, preventing transmission from mother to child, and treatment/care for women and children living with HIV. It then discusses factors influencing transmission risk and interventions to reduce risk during pregnancy, delivery, and infancy including antiretroviral prophylaxis and therapy.
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1. Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by signs and symptoms of infection that is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns.
2. The document outlines risk factors, screening protocols, common pathogens, and empirical antibiotic protocols for treating early-onset neonatal sepsis at KIMS hospital in India.
3. Based on local data, the first-line empirical antibiotic recommended for treating suspected early-onset neonatal sepsis at KIMS is amikacin, with pip-tazo as second-line and meropenem or vancomycin as third-line options.
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The Mother and Child Protection Card (MCPC) is a counseling and record keeping card for pregnant women, postpartum women, and children under five years of age. It will gradually replace immunization cards currently used. The MCPC is used to record health services provided and empower families to make informed health decisions. Information on the card is filled out by AWWs with family input and used by families, village women's groups, ANMs, AWWs, and supervisors to monitor services and ensure optimal health. The MCPC targets pregnant women, families with young children, and seeks to improve health, nutrition, and development outcomes.
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The PPTCT program in India provides services through ICTCs to test pregnant women for HIV and prevent mother-to-child transmission. If tested positive, women receive counseling, ART treatment, monitoring, and are encouraged to have institutional deliveries. Infants receive post-exposure prophylaxis. The goal is to eliminate vertical transmission through antenatal, intrapartum, postnatal care and promoting safe infant feeding practices.
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The document discusses eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV by 2015. It provides facts on the magnitude of MTCT, defines elimination as reducing the transmission rate to below 5%, and outlines the tools and costs required. These include ARV regimens, family planning services, and focused efforts in the 25 highest burden countries. Peace Corps volunteers could help implement prevention activities and promote services to measure progress towards elimination goals.
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Strategies to prevent vertical transmission of hiv
Vertical transmission is major contributor- HIV among children
No intervention – as high as 45%
With interventions – as low as less than 5%
Minimal manipulation
NVD vs. C-section
Anti retroviral prophylaxis vs. anti retroviral therapy
Exclusive breastfeeding vs. exclusive replacement feeding
Follow-up and care.
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Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D., Usman, A., Warren, R., Kenny, M., Rice, M., Bayer, A., Ciliska, D., Sherifali, D., Raina, P. Screening for colorectal cancer. Ottawa: Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care; 2015. Available: http://canadiantaskforce.ca/files/crc-screeningfinal2.pdf
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PPTCT.pptx
1. The document discusses prevention of parent-to-child transmission (PPTCT) of HIV, including that transmission can occur during pregnancy, labor, delivery and breastfeeding. It also discusses the importance of PPTCT for preventing pediatric HIV infections.
2. PPTCT services in India aim to detect positive pregnant women and provide them comprehensive services including antiretroviral treatment (ART). The objectives are to detect over 80% of positive women, provide services to over 90%, and ensure over 95% ART compliance for positive women.
3. Care for HIV exposed infants includes care at birth, infant feeding support, antiretroviral prophylaxis, vaccines, cotrimoxazole
Prevention of parent to child transmission programme
Mother to child transmission of HIV can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. The risk is higher if the mother's HIV infection is in an advanced stage, if she is malnourished, has other STDs, or her membranes rupture early. Antiretroviral therapy and cesarean delivery before labor can reduce transmission risk. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months poses a lower risk than mixed feeding. India's PMTCT program provides counseling, testing, antiretroviral prophylaxis to pregnant women and newborns to prevent transmission and aims to reduce transmission by 50% by 2010.
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2018 Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Infection
The document discusses prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in the Philippines. It outlines the objectives of discussing PMTCT program prongs, HIV epidemiology in the Philippines, transmission and management principles, and screening/testing during pregnancy. It provides statistics on increasing HIV prevalence in the Philippines, especially among men who have sex with men, IV drug users, and teenagers/single mothers. Modes of HIV transmission include unprotected sex and needle sharing. The document emphasizes screening, counseling, and ARV treatment during pregnancy and delivery to reduce mother-to-child transmission risk, as well as strategies to prevent unintended pregnancy and support women living with HIV.
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The PPTCT program in India provides services through ICTCs to test pregnant women for HIV and prevent mother-to-child transmission. If tested positive, women receive counseling, ART treatment, monitoring, and are encouraged to have institutional deliveries. Infants receive post-exposure prophylaxis. The goal is to eliminate vertical transmission through antenatal, intrapartum, postnatal care and promoting safe infant feeding practices.
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HPV (human papillomavirus) is extremely common, with 80% of sexually active people contracting a strain at some point. It causes various cancers and genital warts. While most HPV infections clear on their own, persistent infections increase cancer risk. Vaccines target high-risk HPV strains responsible for 70% of cervical cancers. They provide sustained, high-level immunity for at least 4.5 years with minimal side effects. Screening and vaccination can significantly reduce HPV-related cancers globally.
Elimination of mother to child transmission of hiv
The document discusses eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV by 2015. It provides facts on the magnitude of MTCT, defines elimination as reducing the transmission rate to below 5%, and outlines the tools and costs required. These include ARV regimens, family planning services, and focused efforts in the 25 highest burden countries. Peace Corps volunteers could help implement prevention activities and promote services to measure progress towards elimination goals.
Radiotherapy in gynaecology
Radiotherapy plays a major role in treating gynecological cancers. New technologies like 3D planning and IMRT allow radiation oncologists to restrict dose to the tumor while sparing normal tissues. The addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy has improved outcomes for locally advanced cervical cancer. Radiation causes cell death primarily through DNA damage from free radicals. Fractionation allows normal tissue repair between doses. Factors like oxygenation and cell cycle phase influence radiosensitivity. Combining radiotherapy with surgery or chemotherapy can further improve local control and survival. Careful treatment planning is needed to balance tumor control with risks to surrounding organs.
Cancer cervix screening
This document discusses cervical cancer screening. It begins with the epidemiology of cervical cancer, noting it is the 3rd most common gynecologic cancer in the US but 2nd most common in countries without screening. Risk factors include early sexual activity, multiple partners, HPV infection, and low socioeconomic status. Screening with Pap tests has reduced cervical cancer rates by 70% in the US. The document then discusses screening guidelines, techniques for Pap tests, interpreting results, HPV vaccination, and screening special populations like immunocompromised women.
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This document discusses severe maternal morbidity, also known as near-misses, which are life-threatening complications during pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum that women survive only through medical intervention. It notes that over 50 million women experience maternal health issues annually. The document then provides definitions of near-miss cases and discusses risk factors. It presents statistics on near-miss cases from a private hospital in India compared to a rural hospital, finding higher rates in the rural hospital. The leading causes of near-misses are identified as pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and hemorrhage. The conclusion emphasizes the need for improved management of near-miss cases to reduce maternal mortality.
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The document discusses strategies to address anemia in India under the Anemia Mukt Bharat initiative. It notes the high prevalence of anemia across different groups in India despite past efforts. The new strategy aims to reduce anemia prevalence by 3 percentage points per year among key groups through six interventions and institutional mechanisms. These include prophylactic iron folic acid supplementation, deworming, behavior change communication, testing and treatment, and addressing non-nutritional causes in endemic areas. The strategy covers an estimated 450 million beneficiaries across different age groups through these measures.
Rmnch+a
The document summarizes the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) programme in India. It defines RMNCH+A as linking maternal and child survival to other health components like family planning and adolescent health. The goals of the program are to reduce infant mortality, maternal mortality, and total fertility rates by 2017. It outlines strategic interventions across different life stages from adolescence to childhood. These interventions are delivered through the health system and cross-cutting programs. The document provides examples of high-impact interventions for reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health. Finally, it notes new aspects of the RMNCH+A program including interlinkages between interventions
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This is a lecture on HIV in pregnancy presented to medicine students from Cebu Institute of Medicine on July 6, 2017.
Strategies to prevent vertical transmission of hiv
Vertical transmission is major contributor- HIV among children
No intervention – as high as 45%
With interventions – as low as less than 5%
Minimal manipulation
NVD vs. C-section
Anti retroviral prophylaxis vs. anti retroviral therapy
Exclusive breastfeeding vs. exclusive replacement feeding
Follow-up and care.
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Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D., Usman, A., Warren, R., Kenny, M., Rice, M., Bayer, A., Ciliska, D., Sherifali, D., Raina, P. Screening for colorectal cancer. Ottawa: Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care; 2015. Available: http://canadiantaskforce.ca/files/crc-screeningfinal2.pdf
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Among men and women, colorectal cancer is the second and third most common cause of cancer related death, respectively. Colorectal cancer screening guidelines, developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, are based on a systematic review synthesizing evidence on the benefits and harms of screening, and the characteristics of effective screening tests. The guidelines, developed from the review, outline screening recommendations for adults aged 50 and older who are asymptomatic and not at high risk for colorectal cancer. This webinar provided a high level overview of the systematic review that informed these recommendations, followed by an overview of the recent Canadian screening guidelines.
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1. The document discusses prevention of parent-to-child transmission (PPTCT) of HIV, including that transmission can occur during pregnancy, labor, delivery and breastfeeding. It also discusses the importance of PPTCT for preventing pediatric HIV infections.
2. PPTCT services in India aim to detect positive pregnant women and provide them comprehensive services including antiretroviral treatment (ART). The objectives are to detect over 80% of positive women, provide services to over 90%, and ensure over 95% ART compliance for positive women.
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This document discusses vaccination in preterm and low birth weight infants. It notes that preterm infants have an underdeveloped immune system which makes them more susceptible to vaccine-preventable diseases. The document provides an overview of various vaccines including BCG, OPV, IPV, Hep B, DPT, Hib, PCV, RVV, and influenza. It discusses the immunogenicity, safety, feasibility of administering in the NICU, and recommendations for each vaccine in preterm infants. It also talks about strategies like maternal immunization, passive immunization with HBIG and RSV palivizumab, and "cocooning" to provide indirect protection to preterm infants. Factors causing delays in vaccination
Premature labour ppt
Premature or preterm labor is defined as labor beginning before 37 weeks of pregnancy. It is a significant cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The causes of preterm labor are often unknown, but can include infections, medical complications in the mother or fetus, multiple pregnancies, or a history of preterm labor. Management involves delaying delivery through bed rest and tocolytic drugs to allow for corticosteroid administration to improve fetal lung maturity. The goal is to prolong pregnancy as long as possible while monitoring for signs of fetal distress. After delivery, immediate newborn care focuses on preventing respiratory issues and infection.
Vaccination pregnancy NEW PPT(1).ppt
Maternal immunization is an important strategy to protect both mothers and newborns from infectious diseases. The document discusses various vaccines recommended during pregnancy including influenza, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and COVID-19 vaccines. It provides evidence that maternal immunization reduces morbidity and mortality in mothers and newborns by providing passive immunity through antibody transfer across the placenta. The timing and efficacy of different vaccines in reducing infections, hospitalizations, and complications in mothers and newborns is reviewed. Caution is advised for some vaccines that are contraindicated during pregnancy.
Prolonged Rupture Of Membranes
The document discusses neonatal infection risks associated with prolonged rupture of membranes and strategies for prevention and management. Key points:
- Rupture of membranes for longer than 18 hours increases the risk of chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection due to ascending bacterial infection from the birth canal.
- Preterm infants have higher infection risks due to immune dysfunction and invasive procedures.
- Guidelines recommend screening all pregnant women for Group B Streptococcus (GBS) at 35-37 weeks and administering intrapartum antibiotics (IAP) for those who test positive or have other risk factors.
- Management of infants involves observation and/or limited evaluation and empiric antibiotics depending on gestational age,
Pathophysiology of preterm labor
This document discusses the pathophysiology of preterm birth, which accounts for 6-10% of births and is a major cause of neonatal death and impairment. Risk factors include race, age, socioeconomic status, BMI, smoking, and stress. Preterm birth is caused by inflammation/infection, hormonal changes, cervical insufficiency, and genetic factors. It can be predicted using tests for fetal fibronectin and cervical length. Prevention methods include cervical cerclage, progesterone supplementation, and antibiotics in some cases. The goal of treatment is to inhibit preterm labor when possible and ensure delivery occurs in a facility equipped for neonatal care.
Hiv and pregnancy
This document summarizes recommendations for prenatal care and delivery of a 28-year-old HIV-positive pregnant woman. The plan includes monitoring the woman's CD4 count and viral load during pregnancy, referring her to an HIV specialist, providing antiretroviral therapy to reduce transmission risk, counseling on transmission risks and prevention, and treating the newborn after delivery to further reduce transmission risk. Mode of delivery will depend on the woman's viral load at delivery, with C-section recommended if her viral load is over 1,000 copies/mL to lower transmission risk.
Congenital Tuberculosis (Updated in 2020)
Hi Guys,
This presentation talks about Tuberculosis diagnosed in mother in the antenatal period, its treatment, implications on mother and fetus, the various protocols available currently regarding the neonatal management . Special focus being in major issues like breastmilk feeding, BCG, AKT prophylaxis, mother-child isolation.
Hope you find it useful.
P.S. - Please checkout my youtube channel - 'NEONATOHUB' & Facebook page 'Neonatohub' for lectures on neonatology.
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Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission of HIV (PPTCT)
- 2. Total number of Children Living with HIV/AIDS In INDIA 10,00,000
- 3. 9,50,000 (95%) Occur Due To Vertical Transmission From Infected Parents All These Cases CAN BE PREVENTED By Taking Adequate Measures
- 4. VERTICAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV-1 It is an important and unique aspect of pediatric AIDS. In developing countries 95% of cases in children occur due to vertical transmission from their infected parents. Potential routes of infection include : 1. Admixture of maternal fetal blood 2. Infection across the placenta antenatally 3. Extensive mucocutaneous exposure to maternal blood and vaginal secretions intranatally.
- 5. High viral load in the maternal circulation Maternal seroconversion just before delivery Vitamin A deficiency in mother > 4-hr duration of rupture of membrane Vaginal delivery STD in mother Factors which may increase rate of vertical transmission of HIV-1 are:
- 6. Delivery before 34 weeks Birth weight < 2.5 kg Detectable p24 antigen in maternal serum Absence of neutralizing antibodies in maternal serum Maternal CD4+ count less than 700/cumm or CD4+/CD8+ ratio less than 0.6.
- 7. BREAST MILK ACQUIRED HIV-I INFECTION However WHO advocates breastfeeding in view of high mortality related to - Diarrhea - Malnutrition and - Respiratory Disease 1. Virus load in the breast milk and 2. Length of time the child is fed. Transmission through breastfeeding seems to be related to the Needs to be decided on individual merit depending on hygiene and socio-economic factors.
- 8. When a pregnant women presents during pregnancy, she should be given ART as follows (to prevent MTCT): 1. Antepartum: Oral AZT 300 mg BD from 28 weeks gestation or as soon as feasible. 2. Intrapartum: AZT continued as 300 mg at onset of labor and 300 mg every 3 hrly till labor. Also 3TC 150 mg every 12 hrly till labor Also single dose NVP 200 mg at onset of labor 3. Postpartum: Oral AZT 300 mg BD and 3TC 150 mg BD for 7 days. For the baby: NVP single dose 2 mg/kg within 72 hours of birth and oral AZT 2 mg/kg 4 times a day for 7 days. Azidothymidine (AZT) Lamivudine (3TC) Nevirapine (NVP)
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