The document traces the evolution of computers from early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus to modern electronic computers. It discusses the development of semi-automatic mechanical calculators in the 17th-19th centuries built by pioneers like Pascal, Leibniz, and Babbage. The first general purpose programmable computer was Babbage's Analytical Engine in the 1830s. Electronic computers emerged in the 1940s like ENIAC and EDVAC using vacuum tubes. Transistors were introduced in the 1950s ushering in smaller, faster computers. Integrated circuits from the 1960s led to yet smaller personal computers. The evolution continues with artificial intelligence as the next frontier.
The first computers were human "computers", predominantly women, who performed complex calculations by hand. Early mechanical aids for calculations included the abacus and Napier's Bones. The first automatic calculating machines were gear-driven, including Pascal's calculator and Leibniz's stepped reckoner. Charles Babbage designed but never completed the Difference Engine, considered the first computer. Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine used punched cards to automate census counting, leading to the founding of IBM. The Mark I, completed in 1944, was the first programmable digital computer.
The document provides a brief history of computers from the earliest mechanical calculating devices through each generation of computers to modern AI systems. It begins with Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine in the 19th century, followed by mechanical aids like the abacus, slide rule, and punched card machines. The first generation used vacuum tubes, while the second used transistors. The third generation saw integrated circuits and timesharing, and the fourth saw microprocessors. The fifth generation involves artificial intelligence.
History of Computer, History of Computing, Evolution of Computer, Generations of Computer, Past Present and Future of Computer, Abacus, Differential Engine, Analytical Engine
The document summarizes the history of computers in three ages: the dark ages from 3000 BC to 1890 AD, when early mechanical calculating devices were developed; the middle ages from 1890 to 1944, bringing advances like the Harvard Mark I and ENIAC electronic computers; and the modern ages from 1944 onward, marked by IBM's System/360 in 1964, the Apple I in 1976, the IBM PC in 1981, and the Macintosh in 1984.
Charles Babbage is considered the father of computers, as he invented the first mechanical computer called the Difference Engine in the early 1800s. The computer was a special purpose calculator used for navigation. Computers have since evolved through 5 generations from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits to microprocessors and now artificial intelligence. Early computers were mainly used for calculations, but later designs incorporated programs allowing computers to perform ordered tasks. IBM was a major computer manufacturer starting in the 1980s, producing notable computers through significant programming efforts for calculations and other purposes.
The document provides a history of computers from ancient times to the development of mainframes. It discusses early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus and slide rule. Important early pioneers mentioned include Pascal, Leibniz, Babbage, and Ada Lovelace. The first digital computers used vacuum tubes and were developed during World War II like the Colossus and ENIAC. The stored program concept was developed by von Neumann. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in smaller mainframe computers. Pioneers like Turing, Hopper, and Zuse made important contributions to the field.
The document traces the evolution of computers from early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus to modern electronic computers. It discusses the development of semi-automatic mechanical calculators in the 17th-19th centuries built by pioneers like Pascal, Leibniz, and Babbage. The first general purpose programmable computer was Babbage's Analytical Engine in the 1830s. Electronic computers emerged in the 1940s like ENIAC and EDVAC using vacuum tubes. Transistors were introduced in the 1950s ushering in smaller, faster computers. Integrated circuits from the 1960s led to yet smaller personal computers. The evolution continues with artificial intelligence as the next frontier.
The first computers were human "computers", predominantly women, who performed complex calculations by hand. Early mechanical aids for calculations included the abacus and Napier's Bones. The first automatic calculating machines were gear-driven, including Pascal's calculator and Leibniz's stepped reckoner. Charles Babbage designed but never completed the Difference Engine, considered the first computer. Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine used punched cards to automate census counting, leading to the founding of IBM. The Mark I, completed in 1944, was the first programmable digital computer.
The document provides a brief history of computers from the earliest mechanical calculating devices through each generation of computers to modern AI systems. It begins with Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine in the 19th century, followed by mechanical aids like the abacus, slide rule, and punched card machines. The first generation used vacuum tubes, while the second used transistors. The third generation saw integrated circuits and timesharing, and the fourth saw microprocessors. The fifth generation involves artificial intelligence.
History of Computer, History of Computing, Evolution of Computer, Generations of Computer, Past Present and Future of Computer, Abacus, Differential Engine, Analytical Engine
The document summarizes the history of computers in three ages: the dark ages from 3000 BC to 1890 AD, when early mechanical calculating devices were developed; the middle ages from 1890 to 1944, bringing advances like the Harvard Mark I and ENIAC electronic computers; and the modern ages from 1944 onward, marked by IBM's System/360 in 1964, the Apple I in 1976, the IBM PC in 1981, and the Macintosh in 1984.
Charles Babbage is considered the father of computers, as he invented the first mechanical computer called the Difference Engine in the early 1800s. The computer was a special purpose calculator used for navigation. Computers have since evolved through 5 generations from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits to microprocessors and now artificial intelligence. Early computers were mainly used for calculations, but later designs incorporated programs allowing computers to perform ordered tasks. IBM was a major computer manufacturer starting in the 1980s, producing notable computers through significant programming efforts for calculations and other purposes.
The document provides a history of computers from ancient times to the development of mainframes. It discusses early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus and slide rule. Important early pioneers mentioned include Pascal, Leibniz, Babbage, and Ada Lovelace. The first digital computers used vacuum tubes and were developed during World War II like the Colossus and ENIAC. The stored program concept was developed by von Neumann. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in smaller mainframe computers. Pioneers like Turing, Hopper, and Zuse made important contributions to the field.
The document summarizes the six generations of computers from mechanical devices like the abacus to modern electronic computers. It describes key inventions and advancements that defined each generation, such as Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, the first general-purpose computer ENIAC which used vacuum tubes, the development of integrated circuits and microprocessors, and advancements in artificial intelligence. The sixth generation saw the rise of microchips which allowed computers to perform complex tasks while becoming smaller, faster, and more integrated into networks.
The document summarizes key events and innovations in the history of computers from ancient times to the present. It describes the abacus from 3000 BC, the slide rule from 1622, early mechanical calculators and computers from the 1600s-1800s, the first general purpose computer designed by Charles Babbage in 1833, the first digital computer ENIAC from 1946, the first commercial computer UNIVAC from 1952, and the development of integrated circuits, microprocessors and personal computers that ushered in newer generations from the 1960s onward.
The first computers were human beings who performed complex calculations manually. The abacus was one of the earliest aids for mathematical computations. In the 1600s, inventors like Blaise Pascal and Charles Babbage began developing early mechanical calculators to reduce human error and speed up calculations. During World War 2, the U.S. military funded research into programmable electromechanical computers like the Harvard Mark I to compute ballistics firing tables faster than human computers could. The microelectronics revolution later allowed integrated circuits to replace wired components and enabled the mass production of computers.
The document provides a timeline of major events and developments in computing history from 1939 to 1962, including the founding of early companies, completion of important early computers, advances in hardware such as transistors and integrated circuits, development of programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL, and milestones in artificial intelligence and robotics. It summarizes the rapid progress and expansion of the computer industry during this time period.
The document discusses the history and development of computers from ancient calculating devices to modern machines. It describes:
1) Early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus used by ancient Egyptians and Chinese, and Napier's Bones invented in 1617 which used rods with printed numbers.
2) Pascal's calculator invented in 1642 which used gears to represent digits, and Leibniz's modified version which could perform multiplication and division.
3) Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine of 1833, considered the first computer for its ability to store data and use features of modern programming languages.
4) The five generations of computers, from the first using vacuum tubes to later ones using transistors,
The document summarizes the history of computers from ancient counting devices to modern computers. It describes abacuses, Napier's bones, slide rules, Pascaline, the Analytical Engine, and other early mechanical calculating devices. It highlights the contributions of important figures like Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, and Herman Hollerith. The document traces the evolution of computing technology from early mechanical calculators to programmable machines and the use of punched cards to store data.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers over 7 stages:
1) The early years saw the development of counting devices like the abacus leading up to early mechanical calculators.
2) First generation computers from 1939-1954 used vacuum tubes and were huge, slow, expensive, and unreliable.
3) Second generation computers from 1954-1959 replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable.
4) Third generation computers from 1959-1971 saw the development of integrated circuits and silicon chips, making hardware smaller, cheaper, and able to run multiple programs simultaneously.
This document summarizes the evolution of computers from the 17th century to modern times in four generations:
1) Mechanical generation (1642-1945) featuring early mechanical calculators and computers like the Pascaline, Difference Engine, and Analytical Engine.
2) Vacuum tube generation (1945-1955) including pioneering computers like Colossus, ENIAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC I that used vacuum tubes and were programmed via switches or cables.
3) Transistor generation (1955-1965) when transistors replaced vacuum tubes, enabling smaller size and lower power. Computers included the TX-0 and IBM 7090.
4) Integrated circuit
Computer generations can be categorized into five periods:
1) First generation (1945-1955) used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive and unreliable.
2) Second generation (1955-) replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making computers smaller, cheaper to maintain and more powerful.
3) Third generation (1960s) used integrated circuits which further increased speed and efficiency by miniaturizing transistors onto silicon chips.
4) Fourth generation (1970s) used microprocessors on chips smaller than a postage stamp, providing tremendous computing capabilities.
5) Fifth generation (1980s-) began exploring artificial intelligence and included desktop, laptop, palmtop, server and super computer variants for different needs.
The document provides a brief history of computers over several generations from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern digital computers. It discusses early mechanical computers from the 17th century through early electronic computers of the 1940s-50s. The five generations of computers are then outlined from first generation vacuum tube computers of 1942-1955 to the emerging fifth generation with artificial intelligence capabilities. Different types of computers like analog, digital, and hybrid systems are also defined.
The document provides a history of computers from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to early modern computers. It describes inventions like Napier's Bones, the slide rule, Pascal's calculator, and the stepped reckoner that helped advance calculating capabilities. Punched cards were introduced that could store data and instructions. Figures like Babbage, Hollerith, and Von Neumann then developed early programmable computers like the Mark I, ENIAC, and EDVAC. The first computer for commercial use was the UNIVAC, which was given to the US Bureau of Census in 1951.
The document provides a history of computers from ancient abacuses used by Babylonians to modern electronic computers. It describes how early mechanical computers like Pascal's calculator and Babbage's Analytical Engine laid the foundations for modern programmable computers. The first fully electronic, programmable computers like ENIAC were developed during World War II to calculate artillery firing tables. This paved the way for the first general-purpose commercial computers by IBM and others in the 1950s.
This document provides a summary of the history of early computers from ancient counting tools like the Ishango bone dated to 20,000 BC to the development of Boolean logic in the 19th century. Some of the key events and inventions discussed include the abacus from 2500 BC, the Antikythera mechanism from 150-100 BC, the Pascaline mechanical calculator from 1642, Gottfried Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner mechanical calculator from 1672-1694, Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine design from 1837, the first general purpose programmable computer, Ada Lovelace's notes on the Analytical Engine which are considered the first computer program, George Boole's development of
Charles Babbage invented the earliest mechanical computer to reduce errors in calculations. Alan Turing helped develop early computers to break codes in World War II. The first electronic, programmable computer was Colossus, built by Tommy Flowers to decrypt German messages. Later innovations included the stored-program concept by John von Neumann and the graphical user interface by Douglas Engelbart. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates then helped drive the personal computer revolution through their companies Apple and Microsoft. Modern computers are based on integrated circuits and microprocessors, beginning with the Intel 4004 microchip.
The document provides an introduction to programming. It discusses what a program is, the process of writing instructions known as programming, different types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, C and C++. It provides examples of Hello World programs in C++ and the steps involved in writing, compiling, running and testing a program. These include coming up with an idea, designing the program structure, writing the code, alpha and beta testing to fix bugs before final release.
This document provides a brief history of computers from ancient times to the development of mainframes. It discusses early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus and slide rule. It then covers the development of mechanical computers in the 17th-18th centuries and early electromechanical computers. A key focus is the development of programmable computers in the 1940s, including ENIAC, EDSAC, and the work of pioneers like Turing. The document concludes with the transition to transistor-based computers in the 1950s.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It describes early mechanical calculating devices developed by Napier, Pascal, and Leibniz. Punched cards were introduced in the 18th century to control looms. Babbage designed analytical engines in the 1800s but they were never completed. The first digital computers like ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC and UNIVAC used vacuum tubes. The microprocessor was invented in 1969, leading to personal computers in the 1970s. Modern computers integrate all components into a single chip called a system on chip.
Tells you about the History of computers. The various time periods in which the different types of computers were made by decreasing the size of the components used in the computers and increasing the various features in it.
The document outlines the key developments in computer history from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern personal computers. Some of the earliest developments included the abacus (3000 BC), Pascaline mechanical adding machine (1642), and punched cards for data storage in the 1800s. Major milestones were Charles Babbage's analytical engine (1830s), the first general purpose computer Mark 1 (1944), the electronic ENIAC (1946), and the first commercial computer UNIVAC (1951). Personal computing began with the Apple II (1977) and IBM PC (1981) which led to portable computers in 1987 and multimedia desktop computers in the 1990s.
The document discusses the history of computers through different generations. It describes how early "computers" were human beings who performed calculations before mechanical devices were developed. Some of the earliest mechanical computers included the abacus, Napier's Bones, the Pascaline calculator, and Leibniz's stepped reckoner. Significant figures like Babbage, Lovelace, and Hopper contributed to early computer development through ideas for programmable engines and debugging. The document traces the evolution of computing technology from simple mechanical aids to modern electronic computers.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of computers from the early mechanical calculators operated by human "computers" through the development of modern electronic digital computers. Key developments included Charles Babbage's proposed analytical engine in the 1800s, Herman Hollerith's use of punched cards to mechanize census counting in the late 1800s, the first general-purpose electronic computers like ENIAC in the 1940s, the invention of the stored-program concept in the 1940s-50s, the development of transistors and integrated circuits which made computers smaller and faster from the 1950s-1970s, and the invention of the microprocessor which enabled personal computers.
The document provides a historical overview of the evolution of computing from ancient times to the present. It discusses four periods: 1) The Pre-Mechanical Age, from 3000 BC to 1450 AD, when early numbering systems, writing, and mechanical calculators like the abacus were developed. 2) The Mechanical Age from 1450-1840, bringing advances like printing, logarithms, and early mechanical calculators. 3) The Electromechanical Age from 1840-1940 saw electricity harnessed for telecommunications and electromechanical machines. 4) The Electronic Age from 1941 onward led to programmable, stored-program computers like Z3, Mark I, and ABC.
The document summarizes the six generations of computers from mechanical devices like the abacus to modern electronic computers. It describes key inventions and advancements that defined each generation, such as Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, the first general-purpose computer ENIAC which used vacuum tubes, the development of integrated circuits and microprocessors, and advancements in artificial intelligence. The sixth generation saw the rise of microchips which allowed computers to perform complex tasks while becoming smaller, faster, and more integrated into networks.
The document summarizes key events and innovations in the history of computers from ancient times to the present. It describes the abacus from 3000 BC, the slide rule from 1622, early mechanical calculators and computers from the 1600s-1800s, the first general purpose computer designed by Charles Babbage in 1833, the first digital computer ENIAC from 1946, the first commercial computer UNIVAC from 1952, and the development of integrated circuits, microprocessors and personal computers that ushered in newer generations from the 1960s onward.
The first computers were human beings who performed complex calculations manually. The abacus was one of the earliest aids for mathematical computations. In the 1600s, inventors like Blaise Pascal and Charles Babbage began developing early mechanical calculators to reduce human error and speed up calculations. During World War 2, the U.S. military funded research into programmable electromechanical computers like the Harvard Mark I to compute ballistics firing tables faster than human computers could. The microelectronics revolution later allowed integrated circuits to replace wired components and enabled the mass production of computers.
The document provides a timeline of major events and developments in computing history from 1939 to 1962, including the founding of early companies, completion of important early computers, advances in hardware such as transistors and integrated circuits, development of programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL, and milestones in artificial intelligence and robotics. It summarizes the rapid progress and expansion of the computer industry during this time period.
The document discusses the history and development of computers from ancient calculating devices to modern machines. It describes:
1) Early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus used by ancient Egyptians and Chinese, and Napier's Bones invented in 1617 which used rods with printed numbers.
2) Pascal's calculator invented in 1642 which used gears to represent digits, and Leibniz's modified version which could perform multiplication and division.
3) Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine of 1833, considered the first computer for its ability to store data and use features of modern programming languages.
4) The five generations of computers, from the first using vacuum tubes to later ones using transistors,
The document summarizes the history of computers from ancient counting devices to modern computers. It describes abacuses, Napier's bones, slide rules, Pascaline, the Analytical Engine, and other early mechanical calculating devices. It highlights the contributions of important figures like Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, and Herman Hollerith. The document traces the evolution of computing technology from early mechanical calculators to programmable machines and the use of punched cards to store data.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers over 7 stages:
1) The early years saw the development of counting devices like the abacus leading up to early mechanical calculators.
2) First generation computers from 1939-1954 used vacuum tubes and were huge, slow, expensive, and unreliable.
3) Second generation computers from 1954-1959 replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable.
4) Third generation computers from 1959-1971 saw the development of integrated circuits and silicon chips, making hardware smaller, cheaper, and able to run multiple programs simultaneously.
This document summarizes the evolution of computers from the 17th century to modern times in four generations:
1) Mechanical generation (1642-1945) featuring early mechanical calculators and computers like the Pascaline, Difference Engine, and Analytical Engine.
2) Vacuum tube generation (1945-1955) including pioneering computers like Colossus, ENIAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC I that used vacuum tubes and were programmed via switches or cables.
3) Transistor generation (1955-1965) when transistors replaced vacuum tubes, enabling smaller size and lower power. Computers included the TX-0 and IBM 7090.
4) Integrated circuit
Computer generations can be categorized into five periods:
1) First generation (1945-1955) used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive and unreliable.
2) Second generation (1955-) replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making computers smaller, cheaper to maintain and more powerful.
3) Third generation (1960s) used integrated circuits which further increased speed and efficiency by miniaturizing transistors onto silicon chips.
4) Fourth generation (1970s) used microprocessors on chips smaller than a postage stamp, providing tremendous computing capabilities.
5) Fifth generation (1980s-) began exploring artificial intelligence and included desktop, laptop, palmtop, server and super computer variants for different needs.
The document provides a brief history of computers over several generations from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern digital computers. It discusses early mechanical computers from the 17th century through early electronic computers of the 1940s-50s. The five generations of computers are then outlined from first generation vacuum tube computers of 1942-1955 to the emerging fifth generation with artificial intelligence capabilities. Different types of computers like analog, digital, and hybrid systems are also defined.
The document provides a history of computers from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to early modern computers. It describes inventions like Napier's Bones, the slide rule, Pascal's calculator, and the stepped reckoner that helped advance calculating capabilities. Punched cards were introduced that could store data and instructions. Figures like Babbage, Hollerith, and Von Neumann then developed early programmable computers like the Mark I, ENIAC, and EDVAC. The first computer for commercial use was the UNIVAC, which was given to the US Bureau of Census in 1951.
The document provides a history of computers from ancient abacuses used by Babylonians to modern electronic computers. It describes how early mechanical computers like Pascal's calculator and Babbage's Analytical Engine laid the foundations for modern programmable computers. The first fully electronic, programmable computers like ENIAC were developed during World War II to calculate artillery firing tables. This paved the way for the first general-purpose commercial computers by IBM and others in the 1950s.
This document provides a summary of the history of early computers from ancient counting tools like the Ishango bone dated to 20,000 BC to the development of Boolean logic in the 19th century. Some of the key events and inventions discussed include the abacus from 2500 BC, the Antikythera mechanism from 150-100 BC, the Pascaline mechanical calculator from 1642, Gottfried Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner mechanical calculator from 1672-1694, Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine design from 1837, the first general purpose programmable computer, Ada Lovelace's notes on the Analytical Engine which are considered the first computer program, George Boole's development of
Charles Babbage invented the earliest mechanical computer to reduce errors in calculations. Alan Turing helped develop early computers to break codes in World War II. The first electronic, programmable computer was Colossus, built by Tommy Flowers to decrypt German messages. Later innovations included the stored-program concept by John von Neumann and the graphical user interface by Douglas Engelbart. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates then helped drive the personal computer revolution through their companies Apple and Microsoft. Modern computers are based on integrated circuits and microprocessors, beginning with the Intel 4004 microchip.
The document provides an introduction to programming. It discusses what a program is, the process of writing instructions known as programming, different types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, C and C++. It provides examples of Hello World programs in C++ and the steps involved in writing, compiling, running and testing a program. These include coming up with an idea, designing the program structure, writing the code, alpha and beta testing to fix bugs before final release.
This document provides a brief history of computers from ancient times to the development of mainframes. It discusses early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus and slide rule. It then covers the development of mechanical computers in the 17th-18th centuries and early electromechanical computers. A key focus is the development of programmable computers in the 1940s, including ENIAC, EDSAC, and the work of pioneers like Turing. The document concludes with the transition to transistor-based computers in the 1950s.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It describes early mechanical calculating devices developed by Napier, Pascal, and Leibniz. Punched cards were introduced in the 18th century to control looms. Babbage designed analytical engines in the 1800s but they were never completed. The first digital computers like ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC and UNIVAC used vacuum tubes. The microprocessor was invented in 1969, leading to personal computers in the 1970s. Modern computers integrate all components into a single chip called a system on chip.
Tells you about the History of computers. The various time periods in which the different types of computers were made by decreasing the size of the components used in the computers and increasing the various features in it.
The document outlines the key developments in computer history from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern personal computers. Some of the earliest developments included the abacus (3000 BC), Pascaline mechanical adding machine (1642), and punched cards for data storage in the 1800s. Major milestones were Charles Babbage's analytical engine (1830s), the first general purpose computer Mark 1 (1944), the electronic ENIAC (1946), and the first commercial computer UNIVAC (1951). Personal computing began with the Apple II (1977) and IBM PC (1981) which led to portable computers in 1987 and multimedia desktop computers in the 1990s.
The document discusses the history of computers through different generations. It describes how early "computers" were human beings who performed calculations before mechanical devices were developed. Some of the earliest mechanical computers included the abacus, Napier's Bones, the Pascaline calculator, and Leibniz's stepped reckoner. Significant figures like Babbage, Lovelace, and Hopper contributed to early computer development through ideas for programmable engines and debugging. The document traces the evolution of computing technology from simple mechanical aids to modern electronic computers.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of computers from the early mechanical calculators operated by human "computers" through the development of modern electronic digital computers. Key developments included Charles Babbage's proposed analytical engine in the 1800s, Herman Hollerith's use of punched cards to mechanize census counting in the late 1800s, the first general-purpose electronic computers like ENIAC in the 1940s, the invention of the stored-program concept in the 1940s-50s, the development of transistors and integrated circuits which made computers smaller and faster from the 1950s-1970s, and the invention of the microprocessor which enabled personal computers.
The document provides a historical overview of the evolution of computing from ancient times to the present. It discusses four periods: 1) The Pre-Mechanical Age, from 3000 BC to 1450 AD, when early numbering systems, writing, and mechanical calculators like the abacus were developed. 2) The Mechanical Age from 1450-1840, bringing advances like printing, logarithms, and early mechanical calculators. 3) The Electromechanical Age from 1840-1940 saw electricity harnessed for telecommunications and electromechanical machines. 4) The Electronic Age from 1941 onward led to programmable, stored-program computers like Z3, Mark I, and ABC.
Introduction to Computing Lecture 01 history of computersMuhammad Bilal
Slides Include history of computers ,historical background of computer ,generations of computer ,introduction to computers ,computer history ,abacus, earliest computing devices, introduction to computing, introduction to computers, historical background of computers
Content Credits: Arthur Glenn(SlideShare.net)
This document summarizes the evolution of early computing devices from the abacus in 2500 BC to the Hollerith tabulating machine in 1890 AD. It describes the abacus, Napier's bones, the slide rule, early mechanical calculators like the Pascaline and Leibniz calculator, the Jacquard loom which used punched cards, Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, Ada Lovelace's work programming it, and Herman Hollerith's punched card tabulating machine, which laid the foundations for IBM. Key developments included the use of beads to represent digits, rods for multiplication, scales for calculation, and punched cards that could store and process data programmatically.
The document provides a history of early computing devices and the evolution of computers through generations. It describes the earliest manual mechanical devices like the abacus. It then outlines the development of mechanical aids like Napier's Bones in the 1600s, the Pascaline adding machine in 1642, and Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner in 1694. The Jacquard loom of 1801 was an early programmable machine. Charles Babbage designed analytical engines in the 1800s but they were not completed. Herman Hollerith invented the tabulating machine using punched cards for automated data processing. Early electronic computers of the 1940s-50s included ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC and UNIV
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern digital computers. It begins with early mechanical calculators invented by Pascal and Leibniz in the 1600s. Important developments include Babbage's analytical engine design in the 1830s, Hollerith's tabulating machine used for the 1890 US Census, and the first programmable digital computer, the Harvard Mark I, built in 1944. The document then covers the five generations of computers from vacuum tube-based machines to today's portable devices and discusses different types of computers like mainframes, supercomputers, and analog versus digital systems.
- The document provides a brief history of computers from ancient counting tools like the abacus to early mechanical computers in the 1800s and 1900s and the development of electronic computers. It discusses pioneers like Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, Herman Hollerith, and Alan Turing and inventions like the Analytical Engine, the Census Counting Machine, and the Turing Machine that laid the foundations for modern computing. Key early electronic computers included the Harvard Mark I, the ENIAC, and the UNIVAC mainframes. The document traces the evolution of computing technology and highlights important milestones from the earliest counting tools to the establishment of mainframe computing.
The first computers were human "computers", predominantly women, who performed calculations by hand. Early mechanical aids included the abacus and Napier's Bones. The first programmable digital computer was the Harvard Mark I, built in 1944. The ENIAC, completed in 1946, was the first fully electronic general-purpose computer. The integrated circuit, invented in 1958, led to smaller, more powerful computers and the development of the microprocessor in the 1970s enabled personal computers. Bill Gates left Harvard to start Microsoft and write software for the Intel-based IBM PC, launched in 1981, which popularized personal computing.
- The document traces the history of computing from early counting methods like the abacus to modern computers. It outlines three ages of computing: the Dark Age from 3000 BC to 1890 which included early counting devices, the Middle Age from 1890 to 1944 which saw the development of mechanical calculators and punch card systems, and the Modern Age since 1944 which brought electronic stored-program computers like ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer. Key individuals and their inventions throughout computing history are also mentioned such as Charles Babbage, Herman Hollerith, John von Neumann, and the first commercial computer, UNIVAC.
The document discusses the history of computers from the earliest human "computers" who performed calculations, to the earliest mechanical calculating devices like the abacus. It outlines four major periods in the development of computing: 1) Premechanical period from 3000 BC to 1450 AD which included early numbering systems and writing; 2) Mechanical period from 1450 to 1840 which saw inventions like Pascal's calculator; 3) Electromechanical period from 1840 to 1940 featuring technologies like Morse code and punch cards; 4) Electronic period from 1940 onward marked by the invention of fully electronic computers like ENIAC. The document provides many examples of important inventions and innovations within each period.
The first computers were people who performed complex calculations manually. Early mechanical aids for calculations included the abacus and inventions by Napier, Pascal, and Leibniz that used gears to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Herman Hollerith developed the first electromechanical tabulating machine using punched cards to automate census data processing, laying the foundation for IBM. During WWII, the military funded development of programmable digital computers like the Harvard Mark I to compute artillery firing tables, establishing computers for scientific and government use.
The document traces the history of computers from early mechanical aids like the abacus and slide rule, through early electromechanical computers like the Analytical Engine, ENIAC, and UNIVAC, to the development of integrated circuits, microprocessors, and personal computers which led to the age of modern computing we experience today. Key developments included the stored program concept, the invention of the transistor and microprocessor, advances in data storage from punch cards to magnetic tape and disks, and the rise of time-sharing and personal computing. These advances drove computers to become smaller, faster, and more accessible to larger groups of users over time.
6. Generations & types of Computer - ( CSI-321) ghayour abbas
The document provides a history of computers from ancient times to the first generation of computers in the 1940s-1950s. It describes early counting devices like the abacus and advances in mathematics. Key figures who contributed to early calculating machines are mentioned, such as Pascal, Leibniz, and Babbage who envisioned a programmable computer. Major milestones include the first general purpose electronic computer (ENIAC), the stored program concept with EDVAC/EDSAC, and the first commercial computer (UNIVAC I). The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes, were enormous in size, and could only solve one problem at a time.
The document provides a history of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It describes key early mechanical computers like Pascal's calculator and Jacquard's loom. Important figures who contributed to early computer development are highlighted, including Babbage, Lovelace, Hollerith, and Atanasoff. The development of vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors are discussed as driving the evolution from room-sized computers to personal computers. The document traces the progression from first to fourth generation computers and the technologies that enabled smaller, faster machines.
The document traces the history of computing from early counting devices through mechanical calculators and tabulating machines to modern electronic digital computers. It highlights key developments such as the abacus, place value systems, Boolean logic, punched cards, vacuum tubes, transistors, and programming languages that advanced computing technology over thousands of years and enabled the computers we use today.
The document provides a brief history of the development of computers from early counting devices through modern times. It discusses how early humans developed notches, knots, and marks to count and track patterns in nature. It then outlines the development of counting boards, the abacus, the concept of zero and place value in different cultures, and early mechanical calculating devices developed by Pascal, Leibniz, and Babbage. It describes the development of programmable computers in the 20th century and innovations like the tabulating machine, ENIAC, stored-program concept, and the first personal computers.
The document discusses the history of computing devices from early counting tools to modern computers. It describes inventions like the abacus from 3000 BC, Napier's Bones in 1612 used for multiplication, the slide rule invented in 1622, and Pascal's mechanical calculator from 1642. The document then outlines pioneers of electronic computing like the ABC from 1937, ENIAC from 1945, the first transistor computer in 1953, and the first personal computer called the Altair 8800 in 1975. The inventors and their innovations helped advance computing technology over time from basic counting aids to programmable electronic machines.
History of computer with pictures and descriptionsMuzammil Ali
The document traces the history of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It outlines the major developments in each generation of computers including the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. Key inventions discussed include the Pascaline adding machine, Babbage's Analytical Engine, the UNIVAC and ENIAC first generation computers, and the introduction of microprocessors that drove the transition to personal computers.
sejarah komputer dari awal sampai saat iniNisSan25
The document provides a detailed history of the development of computing from ancient times through the modern era. It discusses early counting devices like the abacus, followed by mechanical calculators in the 1500s-1800s. Punched cards and programmable computers using vacuum tubes were developed in the 1930s-40s. The stored program concept was pioneered in the 1940s, leading to general purpose computers. The invention of the microprocessor in the 1970s enabled the personal computer revolution. The document also summarizes the development of the Internet from early concepts in the 1960s to the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s.
Basic avenues of MBA - General Specializations .pptxlubnasadiyah
Generally practiced BA specializations in India are as follows
Human resource management, Event management (Knowledge management), Production management and Marketing management are a few in the list.
The basic concepts of all these areas are highlighted and elucidated for a better understanding that can enable to help student community realizing the various scope available in MBA Discipline.
Fix or Fit to Personality Development.pptxlubnasadiyah
General Information about personality development for beginners and relevant concepts of management related to personality growth in real life situations.
Abraham Maslow Theory
POSDCORB principle, SWOT Analysis ,
SMART Techniques and JOHARI Window that enables
an individual in overall systematic progression of personality.
This in turn leads to motivational drive factor to determine the steadiness and consistency to achieve both personal and as well as organizational goals so called as Twin Benefits.
Rural Insurance plays a vita role in the economic progression. India being an agricultural backbone requires efforts to boost agrarian activities. The push and pull factors enable to go for insurance coverage that may comprise of Cattle Insurance, Crop Insurance, Vehicle Insurance, Theft, Burglary or Fire Insurance etc.
Insurance is the largest sector for meeting not only the unforeseen events but also provides proximity and morale to encounter the dangers, risks and perils associated with the business activity.
Dr. Lubna Suraiya is a former assistant professor, full-time research scholar, author, motivational speaker, and freelance trainer. She holds several degrees including an MBA, M.Com, M.Phil, and PhD. She has received numerous awards for her academic and professional achievements. These include gold medals for best outgoing student and individual performance, as well as best paper awards. She has also been recognized in publications and television for her community service and public speaking. Her career has involved teaching at several colleges and universities, as well as serving as a resource person to provide training and guidance.
1) Financial management involves planning, organizing, and controlling a company's monetary resources and their efficient use.
2) Common long-term sources of financing include equity shares, preference shares, debentures, and bonds which provide capital for fixed assets and long-term working capital needs.
3) Short-term financing needs are met through short-term loans and trade credit that support daily operations and expenses.
Personality Development has been the talk of the town and is the most important aspect in one's life. The students tend to develop the attitude when they approach for an interview but it is not so. This is a self-motivated task and the reflection of an individual towards his or her behaviour, character building, intelligence and perception. SWOT Analysis and Johari Window plays a crucial role in determining the potential of the individual in bringing out the backdrop and reflecting the strengths for the career advancement.
The document appears to be a program for an event held at St. John's College in Palayamkottai. It includes a welcome address by the Head of the Department of Commerce, a presidential address by the Principal of St. John's College, a keynote address by a speaker from Holy Cross College, and a vote of thanks by an Assistant Professor and Department Head from St. John's College. The event concluded with the singing of the national anthem.
This Presentation outlines the origin of trade from paleolithic age to stock exchange and how it has impacted global scenario, keeping the currency rates, economic cycles, demand and supply, competition, factors of production etc. This had an adverse effect on the entrepreneurial culture to set up a business venture.
Role of higher education in Women Empowerment : An insight on the rural mot...lubnasadiyah
Women have fiercely competing men and have excelled in various fields and education proves to be the backbone of women empowerment. Besides facing many personal, family, societal and work place issues yet their achievements gets unrecognized particularly of rural women. This presentation helps in determining the rural mother's awareness and the perceptional factors to significantly understand the importance of education.
The document presents a thought experiment about a group of children playing on train tracks, where the reader must decide whether to divert an oncoming train to a disused track in order to save most of the children, but sacrifice one child, or to let the train proceed on its track. It analyzes this decision and argues that diverting the train would be making the wrong decision, as the lone child playing safely did nothing wrong, and diverting the train could endanger passengers. The document encourages taking time to consider decisions carefully rather than acting hastily.
Monte Carl Simulation is a powerful and effective tool when used properly helps to navigate the expected Net Present Value NPV. This presentation helps to improve the pattern to ackowlege onthe Odessa Investment by Decision Dres.
The upcoming generation may have the chances of using more robotics and this advancement is taking a rapid fire glow among the heavy work culture and monotonous jobs.
Human Resource Management is very important in the daily prospects of the organizations. Out of 5 M's the prior most cadre is for Man / Men ./ Manpower leading to training improving performance appraisal and endowing the full growth of the individual as well as of the organizations helping to achieve twin benefits.
FMCG is highly focused and is currently the soul of the consumer in the market. S Target ting is the key and dynamic measurement with innovation model leading towards growth
This is the statistical tool used in quality control and a graphical technique that represents whether the process is in the state of statistical control, or not or any variations are expected.
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. It begins with defining the etymology of the term "entrepreneur" dating back to the 13th century French verb "entreprendre." It then discusses key economists like Jean Baptiste Say, Richard Cantillon, John Stuart Mill, and Joseph Schumpeter who further developed the concept. The document defines a simple meaning of an entrepreneur as someone who initiates a venture while taking on financial risks and innovating. It lists several reasons for the importance of entrepreneurship such as job creation, innovation, community development, and economic growth. Overall, the summary provides a high-level view of the history and definitions of entrepreneurship as well as its significance.
Problems faced by Transgender Entrepreneurs lubnasadiyah
This document discusses issues faced by transgender entrepreneurs in India. It provides an overview of problems transgender people face socially and economically in Indian society. It then discusses 7 notable transgender entrepreneurs in India. The document outlines various problems transgender entrepreneurs face, including social, economic, marketing, bureaucratic, financial, knowledge, and entrepreneurial challenges. It also discusses institutions and funding agencies available to support transgender entrepreneurs.
This document summarizes a study on the marketing strategies adopted by transgender entrepreneurs in Coimbatore, India. The study objectives were to examine the various marketing strategies used, motivational factors, effectiveness of strategies, and provide suggestions. A sample of 70 transgender entrepreneurs were surveyed. Key findings include direct marketing being the most common strategy, quality being the top product priority, and location being a major challenge. The study found a positive correlation between strategies and business factors. Suggestions include addressing legal and social issues, expanding skill training and business types, and improving access to resources.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
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Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
2. Computer history.
Introduction
The Eras of Computers
First era [simple tools ]
Second era [Mechanical
& Electro-mechanical Era (1623-1945)]
Third era [Electronic Era (present)]
Generations
3. Famous Quotes about Computers
“I think there is a world market for
maybe five computers.” – Thomas
Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943
“Computers in the future may weigh
no more than 1.5 tons.” – Popular
Mechanics, 1949
“There is no reason anyone in the
right state of mind will want a
computer in their home.” – Ken
Olson, President of Digital Equipment
Corp, 1977.
4. Famous Quotes about Computers
"So we went to Atari and said, 'Hey, we've
got this amazing thing, even built with
some of your parts, and what do you think
about funding us? Or we'll give it to you.
We just want to do it. Pay our salary, we'll
come work for you' And they said, 'No.' So
then we went to Hewlett-Packard, and they
said, 'Hey we don't need you. You haven't
got through college yet.'" - Apple Computer
Inc. founder Steve Jobs on attempts to get
Atari and HP interested in his and Steve
Wozniak's personal computer.
5. Who invented the computer ?
• It is not a question with a simple
answer. The real answer is that many
inventors contributed to the history of
computers and that a computer is a
complex piece of machinery made up of
many parts, each of which can be
considered a separate invention.
6. Introduction
The first computers were people
• Computers were given this name because
they performed the work that had
previously been assigned to people.
"Computer" was originally a job title.
• It was used to describe those human
beings (predominantly women) whose job
it was to perform the repetitive
calculations required to compute.
7. Introduction
• So imagine you had a job where hour
after hour, day after day, you were to do
nothing but compute multiplications.
Boredom would quickly set in, leading to
carelessness, leading to mistakes. And
even on your best days you wouldn't be
producing answers very fast. Therefore,
inventors have been searching for
hundreds of years for a way to
mechanize this task.
8. Introduction
• The earliest counting devices known
to man were his own hands and
fingers. If that wasn't enough ,
things in nature were used like
shells, stones.
9. First era [simple tools ]
• Man's invention of the computer
resulted from man's need to
quantify ,to do mathematic
calculations ,man was inventing
easier and faster ways of
calculating.
10. First era [simple tools ]
• The most important One of this earlier
invention was The abacus .
• The abacus is a simple counting aid,
may have been invented in Babylonia
(now Iraq) in the fourth century B.C.
• Its only value is that it aids the memory
of the human performing the calculation.
• "calculus" comes from the Latin word for
pebble
12. First era [simple tools ]
• The abacus is considered the first
personal calculator
• So we can say that Computers have
their beginnings back in pre-history,
starting with the abacus.
• A century later, the Arabs invented the
decimal numbering system — the basic
language of mathematics .
13. First era [simple tools ]
• Arabic numerals are introduced to Europe
in the 8 and 9 centuries A.D. Roman
numerals remain in use in some parts of
Europe until the 17 century. The Arabic
system introduced the concepts of the 0 and
fixed places for tens, hundreds, thousand,
etc., and greatly simplified mathematical
calculations.
• The model of the abacus integrated the
knowledge of the decimal number system
and evolved into a mechanical calculator.
14. • In the 17 century John Napier, invents
logs in 1614. Logs allow multiplication
and division to be reduced to addition
and subtraction.
• where the logarithm
values were carved on
ivory sticks which are
now called Napier's
Bones
An original set
of Napier's Bones
First era [simple tools ]
16. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
• Wilhelm Schickard builds the first
mechanical calculator in 1623. to
actually be built was probably the
calculating clock It can work with
six digits, and carries digits across
columns.
18. Slide rule
England in 1632
NASA engineers of the Mercury,
Gemini, and Apollo programs
18
19. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
• In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented
the Pascaline as an aid for his father who
was a tax collector It used addition to
subtract, multiple and divide .
• Blaise Pascal builds a mechanical calculator.
It has the capacity for eight digits, but has
trouble carrying and its gears tend to jam.
• the odometer portion of a car's
speedometer
• Although this machine could perform addition
and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too
expensive and only Pascal himself could repair
it
22. Stepped reckoner
German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (co-
inventor with Newton of calculus)
addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division
fluted drums having ten flutes
arranged around their circumference in
a stair-step fashion
first to advocate use of the binary
number system
22
23. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
• Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents
an automatic loom controlled by
punch cards.
24. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
How the automated loom machine work
• automated loom machine operated by
dropping needles through holes punched
in cards. When the needle passed
through the hole it lifted a weaving
thread, if the needle did not drop
through the hole the weaving thread
lowered. When the weaving shuttle
passed through the threads it developed
a pattern.
26. automated loom machine
• Since the needles were up or down
like on or off switches used in
computers today the automated loom
is considered the “true digital
computer”.
• the punched card system later
applied to the U.S. census and then
to computers...
27. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
• By 1822 the English mathematician Charles
Babbage was proposing a steam driven
calculating machine the size of a room, which he
called the Difference Engine
• This machine would be able to compute tables of
numbers, such as logarithm tables
• Funded by British Government due to the
importance of numeric tables in ocean navigation
• Ten years later the device was still nowhere near
complete, acrimony abounded between all
involved, and funding dried up. The device was
never finished.
28. A small
section of the
type of
mechanism
employed in
Babbage's
Difference
Engine
29. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
• Babbage was not deterred, and by then was
on to his next brainstorm, which he called the
Analytic Engine. This device, large as a
house and powered by 6 steam engines
• Babbage who made an important
intellectual leap regarding the punched,
the presence or absence of each hole in the
card physically allows a colored thread to pass
or stops that thread cards In the Jacquard
loom,
30. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
• Babbage saw that the pattern of holes
could be used to represent an abstract
idea such as a problem statement or the
raw data required for that problem's
solution.
• The Analytic Engine also had a key
function that distinguishes computers
from calculators (conditional statement)
• Furthermore, Babbage realized that
punched paper could be employed as a
storage mechanism, holding computed
numbers for future reference
31. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
Ada Byron Though she was only 19, she was
fascinated by Babbage's ideas and through
letters and meetings with Babbage she learned
enough about the design of the Analytic Engine
to begin fashioning programs for the still
unbuilt machine
Ada wrote a series of "Notes" wherein she
detailed sequences of instructions she had
prepared for the Analytic Engine
32. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
But Ada earned her spot in history
as the first computer programmer.
Ada invented the subroutine and
was the first to recognize the
importance of looping .
34. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
• Hollerith's invention, known as the
Hollerith desk (1890) consisted of
a card reader which sensed the
holes in the cards .
read census information which had
been punched onto card
reading errors were consequently
greatly reduced
work flow was increased
36. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
• The patterns on Jacquard's cards were
determined when a tapestry was designed and
then were not changed. Today, we would call
this a read-only form of information storage.
Hollerith had the insight to convert punched
cards to what is today called a read/write
technology.
• Hollerith's technique was successful and the
1890 census was completed in only 3 years at a
savings of 5 million dollars.
37. The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
• Hollerith built a company, the
Tabulating Machine Company which,
after a few buyouts, eventually
became International Business
Machines, known today as IBM.
• IBM grew rapidly and punched cards
became ubiquitous .
38. The end of the Mechanical Era
• As physics paved the way for electrical
innovation, scientists discovered in electrical
charge a way to represent data. The beads of
the abacus were replaced by bits in the modern
computer – essentially a bit or ‘binary digit’ is a
small electrical charge that represents a 1 or 0.
The creation of the bit marked a transition from
the decimal system for humans (10 primary
numbers from zero to nine) to a binary system
for computers (only two numbers, 0 and 1).
39. Electro-Mechanical Era (1920 - 1945)
• For the first time electricity was used in
the operation of computers, but
computers still had many mechanical
components.
• Programming a computer did not
involve software. Rather, the
programmer actually rewired the paths
of electricity through the machine in
order to change its mode of operation
40. Z3
In 1941, Konrad Zuse
the first operational, general-purpose,
programmable (that is, software
controlled) digital computer designed
to solve complex engineering
equations
the first machine to work on the binary
system
a hole (1) or no hole (0)
2 to the power of the number of bits in
the binary number
40
42. Third era [Electronic Era (present)]
• This era development is often referred
to in reference to the different
generations of computing devices. Each
generation of computer is characterized
by a major technological development
that fundamentally changed the way
computers operate, resulting in
increasingly smaller, cheaper, more
powerful and more efficient and reliable
devices.
43. Mark I
In 1944, Howard Aiken, in
collaboration with engineers at IBM
the first programmable digital
computer
constructed out of switches, relays,
rotating shafts, and clutches
handled 23-decimal-place numbers
special built-in programs, or
subroutines, to handle logarithms
and trigonometric functions 43
44. Mark I
weighed 5 tons, incorporated 500
miles of wire, was 8 feet tall and 51
feet long, and had a 50 ft rotating
shaft running its length, turned by a
5 horsepower electric motor
A paper tape instead of punched
cards
Mark I ran non-stop for 15 years
44
46. Computer Bug
Grace Hopper
a dead moth that had gotten into
the Mark I
wings were blocking the reading of
the holes
the first high-level language, "Flow-
matic“ in 1953 became COBOL
a compiler
46
47. Turing machine
British mathematician Alan Turing in
1936
perform logical operations and could
read, write, or erase symbols
written on squares of an infinite
paper tape
a finite state machine
a state diagram - visual path of the
possible states that the machine
can enter, dependent upon the 47
49. Integrated Circuits
The microelectronics revolution
a small sliver of silicon
millions of transistors can be
created and interconnected
IBM Stretch computer of 1959 -
150,000 transistors
individual elements requiring
individual assembly
49
50. ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator
University of Pennsylvania between
1943 and 1945
John Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert
"I was astounded that it took all this
equipment to multiply 5 by 1000“
weighed 30 tons, more than 18,000
vacuum tubes 50
51. ENIAC
silent but generated waste heat
solved the tube reliability problem
through extremely careful circuit
design
hold 20 numbers at a time
ran much faster than the Mark I
first ENIAC program - declared the
hydrogen bomb feasible
51
53. EDVAC
John von Neumann - pioneered
the stored program in 1945
a simple, fixed structure
to execute any kind of computation
without the need for hardware
modification
worked out the complicated method
needed to detonate an atomic bomb
53
59. The size of a home computer built with
vacuum tubes
60. Punch Cards
At the time, the primary way to enter
information and programs into a
computer
61. The UNIVAC
Built in 1951 by Remington Rand
The first computer mass produced
for general use
Used magnetic tape instead of
punch cards for input and output
62. Electronic Computer Generation
They relied on vacuum tubes to store and
process information.
They consumed a great deal of power,
were short lived and generated a great
deal of heat.
They used magnetic drum memories.
63. Maximum memory size was aproxim.
2000bytes
With a speed of 10 kilo instructions per sec.
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer) was the 1st
computer
(Based on Von Nuemann architecture) to
use instructions stored in memory.
1st
Generation Computers included the
UniVersal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)
and IBM 650.
64. Second Generation of Computers:
1957 - 1963
Transistors
Admiral Grace Hopper
65. Transistors
The transistor (on/off switch) was invented in
1948 and began to replace vacuum tubes in
computers by 1956.
Developed by a team at Bell Labs, won the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956.
Transistors allowed computers to become
smaller, faster and more reliable.
Today, transistors are about .25 microns in
size, that is smaller than the width of a human
hair.
67. Grace Hopper revolutionizes
computer programming
Rear Admiral Grace Hopper
Born December 9, 1906 in New York City
One of the first US computer
programmers
A leader in the field of compilers
Believed that programming languages should
be more like English
Was a leading force in the development of
the COBOL business programming
language
Coined the term “Debugging”
68. 2ND
Generation :1957 - 1963
They relied on transistor technology and
magnetic core memories .
Computer were then built from individual
transistors wired-up together .
Transistors were much more stable and
reliable than vacuum tube, they
generated less heat and consumed less
power.
Memory size expanded to 32KB of RAM
Speeds reached 200000 to 300000
instructions per sec.eg
IBM7094,NCR501.
69. Third Generation of Computers:
1964 - 1979
The rise of operating systems,
minicomputers, and word
processing
Integrated Circuits
IBM 360
PDP-8
Development of the first computer
networks
70. Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuits (computer chips)
began replacing transistors
An integrated circuit contains many
transistors and electronic circuits on
a single wafer of silicon or chip.
71. The IBM 360
Developed in 1964, the first
computer to use integrated circuits.
Became the basic model for other
mainframes produced by IBM and
other companies.
Price: Up to a million dollars
Number sold: 14,000 by 1968
75. 3rd
Generation :1964 – 1979
Used Integrated Circuits (IC) which were made
by combining several transistors together.
Magnetic disk was developed during this period
for storage purposes.
Computer memories expanded to 2MB RAM and
speeds up to 5million instructions per sec.
This period saw the production of First
microcomputer(1974).
3rd
Generation consisted of fast mainframe
computers e.g IBM 360,370 and 8-bit
microcomputers.
76. Fourth Generation of Computers: 1979
- Present
The Microprocessor
The First Microcomputers
77. The Microprocessor
A computer chip that
contains on it the
entire CPU
Mass produced at a
very low price
Computers become
smaller and cheaper
Intel 4004 – the first
computer on a chip,
more powerful than
the original ENIAC.
78. The Microcomputer
1975 - The first microcomputer, the
Altair 8800 was introduced. The
BASIC translator used by the Altair
was developed by Bill Gates
1975 – The first super computer,
the Cray –1, was announced
1976 – DEC introduces its
minicomputer, the VAX
79. The Microcomputer
1977 – Steve Jobs and Steve
Wozniak begin producing Apple
computers in a garage
1978 – The first spreadsheet for
Apple is introduced
1981 – IBM introduces the IBM
Personal Computer. Uses the MS-
DOS operating system (birth of
Microsoft)
By 1982, 835,000 IBM PCs had been sold
80. The Microcomputer
1982 – Sun Microsystems
introduces its first workstation
1984 – Apple produces the first
Macintosh
1985 – Microsoft introduces
Windows
82. 4th
Generation:1979 - 1989
They used Large scale integration(LSI – which
combined hundreds of transistors) and Very
Large Scale Integration (VLSI-which combines
200000 to 400000 transistors) circuits.
Memories used include magnetic disks, bubble
memories and optical disks.
Memory sizes expanded to several hundred
megabytes and speeds to 50 million instructions
per sec.
They included mainframes such as IBM 308 as
well as the 16-bit and 32-bit microcomputers.
83. 5th
Generation :1990-Present
The Major thrust of Fifth generation of computers
are distributed computing systems and the
merging of telecommunications and computing
technology.
Technologies currently used and under research
during this generation, include parallel
architectures, three dimensional circuit design
and super conducting materials.
The above technologies have led to development
of supercomputers with speeds of 1G to 1T
instructions per sec.
84. The Future of Computing
Bleeding Edge Technology
Molecular Computing
DNA Computing
Biological Computing
Quantum Computing
85. Molecular Computing
The amount of circuitry that can be
placed on a silicon chip is limited.
As more transistors are crammed onto a
silicon chip the process becomes complex
and expensive.
Today about 28 million transistors can be
placed on a computer chip.
Molecules are much smaller than
transistors.
Molecular chips that contain billions or
trillions of switches and components.
86. Advantages of Molecular
Computing
Main Advantages
Potential to pack vastly more circuitry
onto a microchip than will ever be
possible with silicon chips
Astonishing fast
Potentially cheap and easy to produce
87. Potential Uses of Molecular
Computing
Potential Uses
Molecular memories with a million
times the storage of today’s chips
Supercomputers the size of a wrist
watch
Current Work
Creating switches using molecules
Molecules do not usually carry a current
Small molecular devices that could be
integrated with today’s silicon chips
88. DNA Computing
DNA is a unique data structure
Has enormous data density – up to 1
million Gbits of data per inch
Today’s best hard drive store about
7Gbits psi
Double stranded nature has potential
for error correction
Massively Parallel Operations
Using enzymes, which operate on one
DNA at the same time
89. DNA Computing
Main Advantages
Massively parallel operations
Huge memory capacity
Possible Uses
Solving computational problems that
can never be solved using silicon-based
computers.
90. Biological Computing
Creating devices out of cells that
can compute and be programmed
Probably not a replacement for
traditional computers
Biological computing is at the stage
that traditional computing was in
the 1920s.
91. Biological Computing
Possible Uses
Process control for biochemical systems
Insulin delivery systems that could
sense the amount of glucose in the
blood and deliver the right amount
Devices that detect food contamination
or toxins in the air
92. Quantum Computing
Computers based on quantum
mechanics
Building block of data is the quantum
bit (or qubit)
A qubit can exist in two states at the
same time, so it can hold a value of both
one and zero simultaneously
Potential for parallel computation
Disadvantages
Fragile and difficult to control
The whole system can lose coherence
and collapse.
93. Computer is a group of electronic devices used to
process the data.
The characteristics of a computer are:
4. Accuracy
5. Automation
6. Functionality
7. Tirelessness
1. Speed
2. Reliability
3. Memory capacity
94. 1.Speed: computer process the data at an
unimaginable speed. The speed of the computer
ranges up to Nano seconds.
2. Reliability: The next important characteristic of a
computer is its reliability. we can always rely on the
information given by a computer.
3. Memory capacity: The memory capacity of a
computer is measured in in bits and bytes. Large
amount of the data can be stored in computer and
retrieved. Memory capacity of the computer ranges
in Giga bytes.
95. 4. Accuracy: Accuracy of the computer is very
high it performs calculation with greater accuracy
in less time.
5. Automation: a computer allows automation
for any process designed in the from of a
program. A program can be executed any number
of times to repeat the process.
96. 6. Functionality: computer can performs many kinds
of jobs. They not process the data but also can be
Used for plying music, movies, and printing jobs.
It finds its applications in all most all the fields.
7. Tirelessness: A computer never gate tired.