The document discusses the history and development of computers from ancient calculating devices to modern machines. It describes: 1) Early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus used by ancient Egyptians and Chinese, and Napier's Bones invented in 1617 which used rods with printed numbers. 2) Pascal's calculator invented in 1642 which used gears to represent digits, and Leibniz's modified version which could perform multiplication and division. 3) Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine of 1833, considered the first computer for its ability to store data and use features of modern programming languages. 4) The five generations of computers, from the first using vacuum tubes to later ones using transistors,

1. FUNDAMENTAL OF
COMPUTER
HISTORY OF COMPUTER

2. DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
THE ABACUS
Abacus is known to be the first mechanical calculating device. Which was used to be performed
addition and subtraction easily and speedily? This device was a first develop Ed by the
Egyptians in the 10th centaury B.C, but it was given it final shape in the 12th centaury A.D. by
the Chinese educationists. Abacus is made up of wooden frame in which rod where fitted
across with rounds beads sliding on the rod. It id dividing into two parts called ‘Heaven’ and
‘Earth’. Heaven was the upper part and Earth was the lower one. Thus any no. can be
represented by placing the beads at proper place.
NAPIER’S BONES
As the necessity demanded, scientist started inventing better
calculating device. In thus process John Napier’s of Scotland invented a calculating
device, in the year 1617 called the Napier Bones. In the device, Napier’s used the
bone rods of the counting purpose where some no. is printed on these rods. These
rods that one can do addition, subtraction, multiplication and division easily.

3. PASCAL’S CALCULATOR
In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French scientist invented an adding machine called
Pascal’s calculator, which represents the position of digit with the help of gears in it
LEIBNZ CALCULATOR
In the year 1671, a German mathematics, Gottfried Leibniz modified the Pascal calculator and he
developed a machine which could perform various calculation based on multiplication and division as well.
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
In the year 1833, a scientist form England knows to be Charles Babbage invented such a
machine. Which could keep our data safely? This device was called Analytical engine and it deemed the first
mechanical computer. It included such feature which is used in today’s computer language. For this great
invention of the computer, Sir Charles Babbage is also known as the father of the computer.

4. GENERATION OF COMPUTER
• FIRST GENERATION (1945-1960) The first generation of computer
were those computers which use Vacuum Tubes or Valves technology.
Almost all the early computer like ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC etc.
• In this computer they are using 18,000
• vacuum tubes, 70,000 resisters, 10,000 capacitors and 60,000
switches. It took 150 kilo watt electric power and it produce large
amount of heat. They were bulky and required large space. They had
small primitive memories and no auxiliary storage.

5. SECOND GENERATION (1960-1965):
• With the development of transistors and their use in circuits, magnetic core
for memory storage, the vacuum tubes of first generation are replaced by
transistors to arrive at second generation of computers. The size of
transistors is much smaller when compared to vacuum tubes. They
consumed less power generated less heat and are faster and reliable.
William B Shickley, John Burdeen and Walter H Brattain are the scientists
develop the transistors. They are working bell telephone,U.S.A. They got
noble prize. The major advantage use of transistors was that the size of
computer has come down as well as the power consumption. Even the cost
of transistors is less in comparison with the cost of vacuum tubes, the cost
of computer reduced drastically, they were more reliable then first
generation computers. Fortran, Cobol, snowball, algal etc. like high level
languages are developed in this generation. In this generation they are
using magnetic tapes for storing.

6. THIRD GENERATION (1965-1975):
• With the development of silicon chips. The third generation of
computers came into existence. These computers used compact
integrated circuits (IC's) of silicon chips in place of transistors. Each of
these IC's consisted of large number of chips in very small packages.
With these IC's coming into picture the size of computers, cost, heat
generation and power consumption decreased to a great extent,
speed and reliability increased as compared to previous generations.
These machines used IC's with LSI (Large Scale Integration).

7. FOURTH GENERATION (1975-1990):
• The computers belonging to these generation used Integrated Circuits
with VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration). These computers have high
processing powers, low maintenance, high reliability and very low
power consumption. These computer reduces the cost as well as the
size of the computer.

8. FIFTH GENERATION(1990-NOW):
• These computers use optic fiber technology to handle Artificial
Intelligence, expert systems, robotics etc. These computers have very
high processing speeds and are more reliable.

9. GOOD BYE