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Oral histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of oral tissues. It describes the tissues of the teeth, periodontium, and oral mucosa. Histopathology studies diseased tissues obtained from biopsies or autopsies under light, scanning electron, or transmission electron microscopes. Tissues are sectioned and stained, often with hematoxylin and eosin, to distinguish cells and extracellular matrices microscopically. Specimens undergo fixation, dehydration, clearing, embedding in paraffin, sectioning, mounting, and staining for examination.
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Exfoliative cytology
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SEMEN & SEMINAL STAINS.pptx
Semen is a whitish fluid consisting of spermatozoa suspended in secretions from accessory glands. It normally contains 400-500 million spermatozoa per ejaculation. Conditions like aspermia and oligospermia can result in low or no sperm counts. Semen stains can be found on skin, hair, clothing and bedding. Their examination involves physical, chemical, microscopic and biological tests to identify characteristics like fluorescence, crystals, and the presence of spermatozoa to determine if a stain contains semen.
Semen serology
Semen contains spermatozoa and seminal plasma secreted from glands. Semen stains may be examined in criminal cases like rape. Samples are collected without heat and packaged carefully. Screening tests examine color, fluorescence under UV light, and chemical tests for choline or spermine. Confirmatory tests identify intact spermatozoa under microscopy or seminal markers like acid phosphatase. Motility can determine timing of deposition. Species origin is confirmed by precipitin tests, LDH patterns, or presence of human-specific Y bodies in sperm.
Introduction to histology
This document provides an introduction to the field of histology. It defines histology as the study of tissues and organs under the microscope. The document discusses the types of microscopes used in histology, including light and electron microscopes. It also covers basic histological techniques like staining and the structures that different stains highlight. The four basic tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues - are introduced along with examples of systemic histology looking at specific organ systems.
Practical histopathology and cytopathology dr.ameer
Practical Histopathology and cytopathology
Histopathological examination is used to provide diagnostic information that is important for timely diagnosis of disease to determine treatment plan. Fresh tissue is extremely fragile & subject to autolysis.
Introduction to pathophysiology
Pathophysiology involves studying the changes in body structure and function that result from disease processes. Pathologists examine tissues and cells to determine the cause of disease, informing treatment plans. Technicians and technologists prepare tissue slides for examination, with technicians requiring on-the-job training and technologists requiring a bachelor's degree plus experience. Samples are examined, processed, stained, and analyzed under microscopes to understand disease at a microscopic level.
Analytical study of Human tissues by Biopsy
1) The document discusses a project analyzing human tissues through biopsy samples in a clinical pathology department. It describes the different types of tissues in the body and the biopsy process.
2) Key equipment used includes microscopes and microtomes to examine thin tissue slices. The methodology discusses staining tissue samples and examining under a microscope.
3) On average, 5 out of 80 monthly specimens show cancer results. Biopsy helps determine cancer grade and aggressiveness to guide treatment planning. While biopsies don't confirm specific conditions, they provide diagnostic information to healthcare providers.
Histology
Histology is the study of tissues and organs under the microscope. It involves using light or electron microscopes to examine the microscopic anatomy of cells, tissues, and organs. The document provides an introduction to histology, describing the parts of light and electron microscopes. It also discusses the basic tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue - and explains how histology can be classified into general and systemic histology. Histological techniques like staining and the structures of cells and their organelles are also outlined.
Techniques in Cell Biology
1. The document discusses various cytological techniques used in the study and manipulation of cells including microtomy, microscopy, staining, and centrifugation.
2. Microtomy involves sectioning tissues into thin slices using a microtome for microscopic observation while staining allows cellular structures to be visualized through selective uptake of dyes.
3. Centrifugation separates particles according to properties like density, shape and size through application of centrifugal force, and is used to isolate cellular components through differential pelleting or density gradient centrifugation.
lecture3andlecture4techniquesincellbiology-210201105723.pdf
1. The document discusses various cytological techniques used in the study and manipulation of cells including microtomy, microscopy, staining, and centrifugation.
2. Microtomy involves sectioning tissues into thin slices using a microtome for microscopic examination after fixation, dehydration, embedding, and staining.
3. Centrifugation separates particles in a solution based on properties like density, shape, and size through application of centrifugal force. Types include differential pelleting and density gradient centrifugation.
Anatomical techniques
This document provides information on various topics related to specimen preservation techniques including embalming, museum specimen preservation, and karyotyping. It discusses the process of embalming a human body, including the steps to prepare, inject embalming chemicals, and reconstruct the body. It explains that embalming preserves the body temporarily but does not prevent decomposition forever. The document also outlines the basic steps museums use to preserve specimens, including reception, preparation, fixation, restoration, and presentation. Finally, it describes the process of karyotyping, including sample collection, cell culturing, chromosome staining and analysis to determine an individual's chromosome number and structure.
Practical pharmacognosy 1
The document describes the parts of a microscope and their functions. It includes the eyepiece lens, tube, arm, base, illuminator, stage, revolving nosepiece, objective lenses, rack stop, and condenser lens. It then discusses pharmacognosy, crude drugs, medical plants, active ingredients in plants, and differences between herbal medicine and traditional medicine. Methods for evaluating medicinal plants include organoleptic, physical, biological, and microscopic methods. The general procedures for microscopic mounting are also described.
1. Introduction to Histology.ppt
This document provides an introduction to histology, the study of tissues. It discusses that histology involves examining how cells are arranged in tissues and organs to carry out specialized functions. The four main tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Tissue samples undergo fixation, processing, sectioning and staining before being examined under light microscopes. Staining makes tissue components visible and distinguishes between them. Hematoxylin and eosin is a common staining method used in histology.
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Practical histopathology and cytopathology dr.ameer
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Oral Hygiene
Our mouths are connected to the rest of our bodies, with the same blood and nerves, so oral health is important for overall health. Good oral hygiene through processes like cleaning helps prevent dental issues like cavities, gum disease, bad breath, and other problems. A study examined dental students' oral hygiene using the Silness and Loe plaque index to assess prevention of such conditions.
Oral Hygiene
To have a healthy body, you need a healthy mouth as the same blood and nerves connect the mouth to the rest of the body. Oral hygiene includes keeping the mouth clean and is necessary to prevent dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, bad breath and other dental problems. Maintaining good oral hygiene can prevent dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis and halitosis.
Oral Hygiene
It is important to think of our mouths as connected to the rest of our bodies, as the same blood and nerves serve both. To have overall health, it is necessary to have a healthy mouth through good oral hygiene practices that keep the mouth clean and prevent dental issues like cavities, gum disease, and bad breath.
Periodontal ligament
The document provides information on the periodontal ligament. It discusses that the periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue located between the cementum and bone, attaching the tooth to the jaw. It has principal collagen fibers arranged in bundles that provide flexibility and strength. The periodontal ligament contains fibroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts, osteoclasts and cementoclasts. It transmits occlusal forces to the bone, attaches teeth, absorbs shock, and remodels through constant turnover of old cells and fibers. It also provides nutrition, sensation and a soft tissue casing to protect nerves and blood vessels.
Hist 12 lab
The gingiva is covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that shows projections called rete pegs into the underlying connective tissue. The epithelium has 4 layers - the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. In addition to epithelial cells, the gingiva contains melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The connective tissue underneath contains collagen fibers, predominantly type VII, elastin fibers made of elastin and fibrillin, and oxytalin fibers that resemble immature elastic fibers.
عرض اجنة
The document discusses the process of human development from fertilization through the first week. It explains that fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote with 46 chromosomes. The zygote then undergoes rapid cell division as it is transported down the fallopian tube by cilia motion. By the end of the first week, the embryo has divided into multiple identical cells or blastomeres.
Lec 11 polymer and polymerization part ii
The document discusses various materials used for denture bases, including cellulose and phenol-formaldehyde, but notes that acrylic resin (polymethyl methacrylate or PMMA) is now the preferred material. It outlines the ideal requirements for denture base materials and describes the different types of PMMA resins, including heat cure, cold cure, light cure, and microwave cured. The document provides details on the composition, mixing, and curing of heat cure PMMA resin and compares its properties to cold cure resin. It also briefly discusses light cure, microwave cured, and injection molded resins.
Lec 10 part i polymer and polymerization
Polymerization is the process of linking monomers together to form polymers. There are two main types of polymerization: condensation and addition. Addition polymerization is more common for dental resins and occurs in three stages - initiation, propagation, and termination. Factors like monomer type and structure, molecular weight, and cross-linking affect the properties of the resulting polymer. Thermoplastic polymers can be remelted and reshaped, while thermosetting polymers permanently harden during curing. Polymers have many applications in dentistry, including restorative materials, adhesives, impression materials, and prosthetics.
General anatomy fierst year 2016
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and key anatomical structures. It begins by defining anatomy and its subfields. It then introduces important anatomical terms for describing body structures, including anatomical planes (coronal, sagittal, axial), body cavities (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic), and directional/positional terms. The remaining sections describe the central nervous system including the brain parts (cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum) and spinal cord. It also briefly introduces the peripheral nervous system and its divisions. The document concludes by discussing joints, including their classification into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
Hist 9
Cementum is a calcified tissue that covers the root of a tooth and anchors it to the alveolar bone via Sharpey's fibers. It is lighter in color than dentin, softer, and composed of 45-50% inorganic hydroxylapatite and 50-55% organic materials and water. Cementum is avascular and receives nutrients from the periodontal ligament. It is deposited continuously throughout life to maintain the tooth's attachment as the surface layers age. Cementum forms the cementoenamel junction with enamel and has a smooth junction with dentin. Cementum formation begins after root dentin formation, with cells from the dental sac differentiating into cementoblasts that lay down
Hist 7
- Enamel is composed of enamel rods (prisms), rod sheaths, and interrod regions. Enamel rods are bundles of hydroxyapatite crystals that run obliquely from the dentin-enamel junction to the enamel surface. They have a hexagonal cross-section and keyhole shape longitudinally.
- Rod sheaths surround the organic matrix around 2/3 of enamel rods. Interrod regions are the spaces between rods. Enamel tufts and lamellae contain organic materials and arise from the dentin-enamel junction and enamel surface, respectively.
- With age, enamel wears down from mastication, decreases in permeability, and darkens in color.
Hist 6
Incremental lines in dentine include von Ebner lines which reflect daily variations in mineralization and appear as fine lines perpendicular to the dentin-tooth junction. Counter lines of Owens are hypocalcified lines that distinguish in cross sections as accentuated lines arising from disturbances in dentin matrix mineralization. Neonatal lines separate prenatal from postnatal dentin and result from incomplete calcification at birth due to metabolic changes, appearing in first molars and being useful in forensic dentistry to determine if a child died before or after birth.
Hist 5
Amelogensis is the process of enamel formation. It occurs in four main phases: morphogenic, secretory, maturation, and protective. In the morphogenic phase, inner enamel epithelial cells interact with dental papilla cells to determine tooth shape. In the secretory phase, ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins and minerals to form enamel rods. During maturation, the enamel mineralizes further as proteins are removed. In the protective phase, ameloblasts become cuboidal cells that protect the enamel surface from the dental sac until eruption.
Hist 4 pract
Dentin is the mineralized tissue found underneath enamel that surrounds the dental pulp. It is composed mainly of hydroxyapatite crystals (70%) along with collagen (20%) and water (10%). Dentin formation (dentinogenesis) occurs in two stages - first, odontoblast cells secrete an unmineralized dentin matrix called predentin, then mineralization of the matrix occurs from the inside out in either a globular or linear pattern. Odontoblasts undergo differentiation, formation, and quiescence stages as they secrete predentin, retreat into the pulp canal leaving behind dentinal tubules, and reduce activity over time.
Hist 3
The document discusses the morphological stages of early tooth development which include the dental lamina, bud stage, cap stage, and bell stage. It describes the key events and structures that develop during each stage, including the formation of the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac. The bud stage involves proliferation of cells leading to condensation. The cap stage involves invagination of the enamel organ. The bell stage involves continued growth and differentiation of cells into ameloblasts and odontoblasts that will form the enamel and dentin. Transitory structures like the enamel knot, enamel cord, and enamel niche are also discussed.
Hist 2
1. The primitive oral cavity is lined by a 2-3 cell thick layered epithelium covering embryonic connective tissue formed from neural crest cells.
2. Tooth development involves three overlapping phases: initiation, morphogenesis, and histogenesis, during which dental tissues differentiate.
3. The first sign of tooth development is the formation of a continuous epithelial band around the primitive oral cavity, which divides into vestibular and dental lamina. The dental lamina then invaginates and forms 20 buds for the primary teeth.
First trimester-in-oral-histology-projections-slides-dr.-nada
This document discusses the stages of tooth development from the dental lamina stage through the bell stage. It describes the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues involved in early tooth development including the dental lamina, dental bud, inner and outer enamel epithelium, dental papilla, and stellate reticulum. The document also examines the structure of mature tooth tissues such as enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp, and highlights features such as the dentinoenamel junction, von Ebner's lines in dentin, and cellular components of the pulp like arterioles, venules, and nerves. Pointers indicate various anatomical structures on microscope slides.
Oral histology lab 3,4
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
Ex 6a connective_tissues
The document describes and compares the different types of connective tissues in the body, including loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage types like hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, bone, and blood. Examples are given of where each tissue is located in the body.
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
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Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
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Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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Hist 1
- 1. ORAL HISTOLOGY Dr.Nafha Shihab (periodontist) Feb-16 1oral histology lab. by dr.Nafha Shihab
- 2. Histology is the science that deals with the study of minute structure, composition, and functions of normal tissues. Oral histology describes in detail the tissues of the teeth, periodontium, and the surrounding oral mucosa. HISTOPATHOLOGY is the branch of science which deals with the gross & microscopic study of tissue affected by a disease. Tissue for study can be obtained from: Biopsy Autopsy Feb-16 2oral histology lab. by dr.Nafha Shihab
- 3. The common types of microscopes for studying tissues are: Light microscope. Scanning electron microscope. Transmission electron microscope. Types Of Sections For Studying Tissues Decalcified section: the mineral substance removed by acid; this type is used for the tissue containing bone or teeth. Ground sections: this is done by slicing the undecalcified specimen into a section of about 50 µm on a revolving stone or disc. Frozen sections: to examine the pathological tissue specimens immediately, or if the reagent used for embedding would destroy the tissue characteristics that are to be studied Feb-16 3oral histology lab. by dr.Nafha Shihab
- 4. Fixation:- The purposes of fixation are to coagulate the protein, thus reducing alteration by subsequent treatment, and to make the tissue more permeable using fixative agents for light microscopical examination are 10% neutral buffered formalin and Bouin’s fluid. Dehydration and clearing:- the specimen is gradually dehydrated by being passed through a series of increasing percentages of alcohol (40%, 60%, 80% , 95% and absolute alcohol), then since paraffin and alcohol are not miscible, the specimen is passed from alcohol through changes of xylene, which is miscible with both alcohol and paraffin. This process is called clearing, since the tissue becomes transparent in xylene. Embedding:- this process is done in order to distinguish the overlapping cells in a tissue and the extracellular matrix from one another. The tissue is placed in a suitable container of melted paraffin until it is completely impregnated with paraffin, it is placed into a small container and then allowed to harden, forming a paraffin containing the tissue. The specimen is now ready to be sectioned on a microtome. Feb-16 4oral histology lab. by dr.Nafha Shihab
- 5. Sectioning:- the paraffin blocks are sectioned with a microtome, which is a device supplied with a stainless steel blade and an arm that can provide us with equal increments of the tissue thickness (usually from 4 to 10 µm). The sections arc placed on precooled glass slides, permitted to come to room temperature, and stained with specific dyes(or treated for histochemistry). Mounting:- the sections are placed (mounted) on glass slides coated with suitable adhesive. The slide is then allowed to dry before staining with watersoluble stains for light microscopical study. Staining:- paraffin is first removed from the section, then tissue is rehydrated and stained. The most commonly used stains in histology are hematoxylin and eosin, commonly referred to as H and E stain. a base, it colors the acidic components of the cells by bluish color (basophilic) like the DNA & RNA molecules an acid, it colors the basic components of the cells by pinkish color (acidophilic) like most of the cytoplasmic organelles Feb-16 5oral histology lab. by dr.Nafha Shihab
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- 15. Feb-16 15oral histology lab. by dr.Nafha Shihab
- 16. Feb-16 16oral histology lab. by dr.Nafha Shihab
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- 20. Feb-16 20oral histology lab. by dr.Nafha Shihab