The document discusses the process of preparing tissue samples for microscopic analysis. It explains that cells are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems within multicellular organisms. The preparation process involves fixing, dehydrating, clearing, embedding, sectioning, and staining tissue samples. This allows histologists to examine tissues at the microscopic level and study their structure and composition. Key steps include fixing tissues with chemicals to preserve their structure, embedding samples in paraffin wax for sectioning, and staining slices with dyes to differentiate between components for examination under a microscope.
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
Blood parasites have been subject of extensive research since the beginning of the 20th century. The presence of haemoparasites in animals is very common. In this presentation I presented the most common parasites.
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Animal physiology and anatomy muscular systemSijo A
Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.
They are primarly responsible for maintaining and changing posture,locomotion as well as movement of internal organs.
They are derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells in a process known as myogenesis.
Based on locomotion three types of muscles are identified.
Babesiosis is the diseased state caused by the protozoal (single celled) parasites of the genus Babesia. Infection in a dog may occur by tick transmission, direct transmission via blood transfer from dog bites, blood transfusions, or transplacental transmission.
Biomaterials were defined as “any substance, other than a drug, or a combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system, which treats, augments or replaces any tissue, organ or function of the body”
Blood parasites have been subject of extensive research since the beginning of the 20th century. The presence of haemoparasites in animals is very common. In this presentation I presented the most common parasites.
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Animal physiology and anatomy muscular systemSijo A
Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.
They are primarly responsible for maintaining and changing posture,locomotion as well as movement of internal organs.
They are derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells in a process known as myogenesis.
Based on locomotion three types of muscles are identified.
Babesiosis is the diseased state caused by the protozoal (single celled) parasites of the genus Babesia. Infection in a dog may occur by tick transmission, direct transmission via blood transfer from dog bites, blood transfusions, or transplacental transmission.
Biomaterials were defined as “any substance, other than a drug, or a combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system, which treats, augments or replaces any tissue, organ or function of the body”
Introduction
Definition
History
Principle
Cell sources
What cells can be used?
Scaffolds
Biomaterials
Bioreactor
How tissue engineering is done?
How does tissue engineering differ from cloning?
Tissue engineering of specific structures
Application of tissue engineering
Limitations
Conclusion
References
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Protoplasts are naked plant cells without the cell wall, but they possess plasma membrane and all other cellular components. They represent the functional plant cells but for the lack of the barrier, cell wall. Protoplasts of different species can be fused to generate a hybrid and this process is referred to as somatic hybridization (or protoplast fusion). Cybridization is the phenomenon of fusion of a normal protoplast with an enucleated (without nucleus) protoplast that results in the formation of a cybrid or cytoplast (cytoplasmic hybrids).
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The first simple forms of life appeared on earth more then 3 billion years ago. Microscopic forms of life are present in vast numbers in nearly every environment like soil, water, food, air , etc.
Practical Histopathology and cytopathology
Histopathological examination is used to provide diagnostic information that is important for timely diagnosis of disease to determine treatment plan. Fresh tissue is extremely fragile & subject to autolysis.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
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INTRODUCTION TO VETERINARY HISTOLOGY I
1.
2. Overview of body organization
Cells are considered the fundamental units of life.
All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
Unicellular organisms, like amoebas, consist of only a single
cell.
Multicellular organisms (Metazoa), like animals, are made
up of many cells.
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3. The cells in metazoan organisms are organized into tissues:
groups of similar cells that work together on a specific task.
Organs are structures made up of two or more tissues
organized to carry out a particular function, and
organ systems are a groups of organs with related functions.
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4. Histology is a branch of anatomy that deals with the study of
tissues and cells that can be seen only with the aid of a
microscope.
The term is derived from the Greek "histos" meaning web or
tissue, and refers to the "science of tissues".
It is also known as microscopic anatomy.
Histopathology, the study of tissues affected by disease, can
be very useful in making a diagnosis and in determining the
severity and progress of a condition.
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5. Obviously, if an organ were to be examined, it would be
impractical to place the entire organ under a routine light
microscope for study.
It is not only much too large, but also opaque, therefore an
examination of its micro-components would be impossible.
For this reason and several others, a small portion of a specific
tissue or organ must be excised from a given organ and
processed for microscopic analysis.
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6. Various techniques have been developed to prepare tissues for
study so that they closely resemble their natural, living state.
The ideal microscope tissue preparation should be preserved
so that
the tissue on the slide has the same structure and molecular composition
as it had in the body.
this is sometimes possible but – as a practical matter – seldom feasible,
and artifacts, distortions, and loss of components due to the preparation
process are almost always present.
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7. In order to study tissues with a microscope they must be
preserved (fixed) and cut into sections thin enough to be
translucent.
Techniques needed to preserve the structural integrity of a
specimen so that it can be viewed microscopically.
The process through which cell structure is preserved is called
fixation.
Fundamentally it consists of a chemical or physical method of killing
the tissue and yet retaining characteristic peculiarities of shape and
structure.
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8. 2.1. Procedures in Histotechniques
aim to provide good quality sections that can be used for a
light microscopic evaluation animal tissue.
Tissue processing describes the steps required to take
animal tissue from fixation to the state where it is completely
infiltrated with a suitable histological wax and can be
embedded ready for section cutting on the microtome.
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9. Routinely,
tissues are fixed with neutral formalin 10%,
Processed,
embedded in paraffin, and
then manually sectioned with a microtome to obtain 4–5
micrometer thick paraffin sections.
Dewaxed sections are then stained with hematoxylin and eosin
(H&E) or can be used for other purposes (special stains,
immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, etc.).
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11. 1) Fixation
Fixation is the first step in any procedure in which tissue is to
be preserved for histological study.
It refers to treatment of tissue with chemical agents/ physical
that not only retard alterations of tissue subsequent to death (or
after removal from the body) but also maintain its normal
structure.
Fixatives:
kill the tissue, as well as any bacteria that are present that otherwise
would cause the tissue to rot.
Coagulate or cross-link proteins, making them insoluble, halt autolysis
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12. rapid and adequate fixation after sampling is essential as the
process of autolysis set of immediately after death .
the most common fixative agents is 10% neutral buffered
formalin (4% aqueous solution of formaldehyde).
___Others, mercurials, alcohols, oxidizing agents, and picric
acid derivatives.
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13. 2) Dehydration and clearing
the collected tissues, once fixed, are then dehydrated in graded
solutions of alcohol (ethanol is preferable to methanol, since it
is less harsh on the tissues ) or other dehydrating agents,
a graded series of alcohol baths, beginning with 50% alcohol
and progressing in graded steps to 100% alcohol, are used to
remove water (dehydration), w/c is immiscible with paraffin.
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50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
14. Once tissue is dehydrated, a clearing agent, such as xylene or
toluene, which is miscible with both 100% alcohol and
paraffin, makes a bridge between the alcohol and paraffin.
xylene is routinely used for clearing tissues.
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100%
alcohol
xylene
15. 3) Embedding
Commonly used embedding medium is paraffin.
paraffin embedding replaces tissue water with paraffin wax,
enabling the block to be cut readily.
the xylene-permeated block is passed through several changes
of warm paraffin wax, which is soluble in xylene.
after the tissue is impregnated with paraffin, it is placed into a
small receptacle/tissue casette, covered with melted paraffin,
and allows to harden, forming a paraffin block containing
tissue.
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16. 4) sectioning
after the formed paraffin blocks together with the contained
tissues are trimmed of excess embedding material, they are
mounted for sectioning on a cutting device called a
microtome.
Mounting sections- the cutting process compresses the
sections, and part of the mounting procedure is to expand the
sections before they adhere to the slide.
Is done floating the sections on warm water (5–10ºC below the melting
point of the paraffin).
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17. Mounting the ribbons- Ribbons of serial sections must be
placed in order, one under the other, until the width of the slide
is filled.
5) Staining
Because many tissue constituents have approximately the
same optical densities, they must be stained for light
microscopy:
aqueous solutions are usually used in staining. Prior to
this, the wax must be removed (dissolved) and replaced
with water.
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18. This is accomplished by passing the slides together with their
mounted sections through xylene or toluene
to remove paraffin and then through descending strengths of
alcohol solutions to water, as most of the dyes used are in
aqueous solutions.
although various types of stains have been developed
for visualization of many components of cells and
tissues, they may be grouped into three classes:
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19. 1) Stains that differentiate between acidic and basic
components of the cell,
2) specialized stains that differentiate fibrous components of the
extracellular matrix,
3) metallic salts that precipitate on tissues forming metal
deposits on them.
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20. the most commonly used stains in histology.
Hematoxylin is a base that preferentially colours the acidic
components of the cell a bluish tint,
because the most acidic components are deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA),
the nucleus and regions of the cytoplasm rich in ribosomes stain dark
blue, these components are referred to as basophilic.
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21. Eosin is an acid that dyes the basic components of the cell a
pinkish color,
because many cytoplasmic constituents have a basic pH,
regions of the cytoplasm stain pink; these elements are said to be
acidophilic.
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22. Observation of tissues under a light microscope is an old
concern for science and medicine.
The earliest evidence of magnifying glass forming a magnified
image dates back to 1021 when the physicist Ibn al-Haytham
(965–1039) published the “Book of Optics.”
The name “microscope” was crafted by the German botanist
Johann Faber (1574–1629).
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23. The light microscope used by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek’s
(1632–1723) was a small, single convex lens mounted on a
plate.
The light microscope is the tool used most widely for clinical
applications of histology.
the advent of the electron microscope greatly extended the detail
at which subcellular structure can be studied.
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