Hist 12 lab
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The gingiva is covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that shows projections called rete pegs into the underlying connective tissue. The epithelium has 4 layers - the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. In addition to epithelial cells, the gingiva contains melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The connective tissue underneath contains collagen fibers, predominantly type VII, elastin fibers made of elastin and fibrillin, and oxytalin fibers that resemble immature elastic fibers.
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also subscribe our youtube channel :- Medic talks and our cell junction:- https://youtu.be/CohiNxQcLO4
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Mitosis
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This document provides an overview of cell anatomy and structure. It begins with goals of discussing the typical cell membrane and internal organelles. Key terms are defined, such as cytology and histology. The main components of the typical cell are then described in detail, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton. Specific organelle functions are explained. The document also touches on cell shapes, transport mechanisms, intercellular attachments, mitosis, and examples of different cell types.
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cell_junctions
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also subscribe our youtube channel :- Medic talks and our cell junction:- https://youtu.be/CohiNxQcLO4
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1. Cells are organized into tissues through cell junctions that connect cells to each other and through the extracellular matrix that provides structural support.
2. The extracellular matrix is a network of proteins, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans secreted by cells that form specialized structures like connective tissue, the basal lamina, and cartilage.
3. Major components of the extracellular matrix include collagen, elastin, fibronectin, hyaluronan and aggrecan. These components differ in their physical properties and functions in providing structure, hydration and binding signaling molecules.
Cell junction
cell junction between two adjacent cells
tight junction
gap junction,desmosomes
occluding junction
adhesion junction
communicating junction
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The document summarizes the integumentary system of vertebrates. It describes the three main layers - epidermis, dermis, and basement membrane complex. The epidermis contains stratified layers that produce keratin, while the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, glands, and nerves. The system serves various functions like protection, thermoregulation, and sensory reception. Skin appendages like scales, feathers, and hairs vary across vertebrate classes.
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TISSUE.pptx
Tissue Definition
Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a specific function. The word tissue comes from a form of an old French verb meaning “to weave”. There are four different types of tissues in animals: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial. In plants, tissues are divided into three types: vascular, ground, and epidermal. Groups of tissues make up organs in the body such as the brain and heart.
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Muscle
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an example of a muscle tissue disorder. It is an inherited disorder that causes muscles to atrophy over time. The muscles shorten as they atrophy, which can cause scoliosis and immobile joints. Individuals with the disorder are usually male because the gene responsible for it is found on the X chromosome (of which males have only one).
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This document describes different types of cells found in the human body. It discusses epithelial tissue, which covers surfaces and lines body cavities. The main types of epithelial tissue are squamous, columnar, cuboidal, pseudostratified columnar, and transitional epithelium. It also describes connective tissue such as fibroblasts, adipose tissue, and muscle fibers. Finally, it lists different immune/inflammatory cells like polymorphonuclear cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages.
dermatology.Skin anatomy.(dr.darseem)
The skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium consisting of keratinocytes. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains collagen, elastic fibers, and ground substance to provide strength and flexibility. It also contains structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels that interface with the environment.
the-embryology-of-the-skin4618-160122105018.pptx
The skin is divided into two parts: the superficial part, the
epidermis; and the deep part, the dermis (Fig. 1.4). The
epidermis is a stratified epithelium whose cells become flat
tened as they mature and rise to the surface. On the palms of
the hands and the soles of the feet, the epidermis is extremely
thick, to withstand the wear and tear that occurs in these
regions. In other areas of the body, for example, on the ante
rior surface of the arm and forearm, it is thin. The dermis is
composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. It shows considerable
variation in thickness in different parts of the body, tending
to be thinner on the anterior than on the posterior surface.
It is thinner in women than in men. The dermis of the skin
is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones by the
superficial fascia, otherwise known as subcutaneous tissue.
The skin over joints always folds in the same place, the
SKIN CREASES (Fig. 1.5). At these sites, the skin is thinner
than elsewhere and is firmly tethered to underlying struc
tures by strong bands of fibrous tissue.
The appendages of the skin are the nails, hair follicles,
sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
The nails are keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of
the tips of the fingers and toes. The proximal edge of the
plate is the root of the nail (see Fig. 1.5). With the exception
of the distal edge of the plate, the nail is surrounded and
overlapped by folds of skin known as nail folds. The sur
face of skin covered by the nail is the nail bed (see Fig. 1.5).
Hairs grow out of follicles, which are invaginations
of the epidermis into the dermis (see Fig. 1.4). The folli
cles lie obliquely to the skin surface, and their expanded
extremities, called hair bulbs, penetrate to the deeper part
of the dermis. Each hair bulb is concave at its end, and the
Epithelium ii
1. The document describes different types of epithelial tissues, including stratified squamous, columnar, transitional, neuroepithelial tissues as well as exocrine glands.
2. It provides detailed information on the structure and layers of stratified squamous keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelium, as well as transitional epithelium.
3. Additionally, it discusses exocrine glands, describing their classification, structure and secretory mechanisms. Specific examples of serous, mucinous and holocrine glands are given.
Animal_Tissues_medical.ppt
This document discusses the four main types of human tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. It focuses on epithelial tissues, describing their characteristics as having closely connected cells with little intracellular substance resting on a basement membrane. Epithelial tissues are classified as covering or glandular epithelia. Covering epithelia include simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and stratified epithelia. Glandular epithelia form exocrine and endocrine glands and can be unicellular or multicellular tubular, alveolar, simple, or compound structures specialized for secretion.
The Embryology Of The Skin
1. The skin develops from the embryonic ectoderm and mesoderm. The mesoderm is essential for differentiation of epidermal structures like hair follicles and maintenance of the adult epidermis.
2. During the third week of fetal life, the epidermis consists of a single layer of cells. Between 4-6 weeks, it develops into two layers. By 8-11 weeks, a middle layer forms and the epidermis takes on more differentiated features through the rest of gestation.
3. Hair follicles begin developing between 9-12 weeks, starting as a thickening of basal epidermal cells. Sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscles
Tissues
There are four main types of tissues in both plants and animals: meristematic tissue, permanent tissue, epithelial tissue, and connective tissue.
Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells and is found at growth points in plants such as the root tip and shoot tip. Permanent tissues, including complex tissues like xylem and phloem, are composed of differentiated cells that have lost the ability to divide. Epithelial tissues cover the internal and external surfaces of both plants and animals, while connective tissues provide structure and binding functions.
Tissues
There are four main types of tissues in plants and animals:
1. Meristematic tissue, found at growing tips of stems and roots, is composed of actively dividing cells responsible for growth.
2. Permanent tissues have differentiated cells that perform specific functions and do not divide. These include simple tissues like parenchyma and complex tissues like xylem and phloem.
3. The four main animal tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue lines surfaces, connective tissue connects and supports, muscular tissue enables movement, and nervous tissue conducts electrical signals.
TISSUE AND GLANDS BASIC
Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues are the four primary tissue types that make up the human body. Epithelial tissues form the epidermis and line body cavities and organs. They are classified based on the number of cell layers and shapes. Connective tissues are made of cells separated by non-living substances. They include blood, bone, fat, cartilage and fibrous tissues that support and bind other tissues. Muscular tissues contain cells that are able to contract and relax to create movement. Nervous tissues conduct electrical signals in the form of nerve impulses throughout the body.
Rekayasa jaringan kulit
Cell specialization allows multicellular organisms to grow larger while dividing labor across specialized cell types and tissues. Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a common function. There are four main types of plant tissues - meristematic tissue which facilitates growth, permanent tissues including parenchyma for storage and transport, collenchyma for support and flexibility, and sclerenchyma for protection and strength. Animal tissues also specialize, with connective tissue binding other tissues, muscular tissue enabling movement, nervous tissue coordinating signals, and epithelial tissue covering and protecting organs.
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Oral Hygiene
Our mouths are connected to the rest of our bodies, with the same blood and nerves, so oral health is important for overall health. Good oral hygiene through processes like cleaning helps prevent dental issues like cavities, gum disease, bad breath, and other problems. A study examined dental students' oral hygiene using the Silness and Loe plaque index to assess prevention of such conditions.
Oral Hygiene
To have a healthy body, you need a healthy mouth as the same blood and nerves connect the mouth to the rest of the body. Oral hygiene includes keeping the mouth clean and is necessary to prevent dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, bad breath and other dental problems. Maintaining good oral hygiene can prevent dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis and halitosis.
Oral Hygiene
It is important to think of our mouths as connected to the rest of our bodies, as the same blood and nerves serve both. To have overall health, it is necessary to have a healthy mouth through good oral hygiene practices that keep the mouth clean and prevent dental issues like cavities, gum disease, and bad breath.
Periodontal ligament
The document provides information on the periodontal ligament. It discusses that the periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue located between the cementum and bone, attaching the tooth to the jaw. It has principal collagen fibers arranged in bundles that provide flexibility and strength. The periodontal ligament contains fibroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts, osteoclasts and cementoclasts. It transmits occlusal forces to the bone, attaches teeth, absorbs shock, and remodels through constant turnover of old cells and fibers. It also provides nutrition, sensation and a soft tissue casing to protect nerves and blood vessels.
عرض اجنة
The document discusses the process of human development from fertilization through the first week. It explains that fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote with 46 chromosomes. The zygote then undergoes rapid cell division as it is transported down the fallopian tube by cilia motion. By the end of the first week, the embryo has divided into multiple identical cells or blastomeres.
Lec 11 polymer and polymerization part ii
The document discusses various materials used for denture bases, including cellulose and phenol-formaldehyde, but notes that acrylic resin (polymethyl methacrylate or PMMA) is now the preferred material. It outlines the ideal requirements for denture base materials and describes the different types of PMMA resins, including heat cure, cold cure, light cure, and microwave cured. The document provides details on the composition, mixing, and curing of heat cure PMMA resin and compares its properties to cold cure resin. It also briefly discusses light cure, microwave cured, and injection molded resins.
Lec 10 part i polymer and polymerization
Polymerization is the process of linking monomers together to form polymers. There are two main types of polymerization: condensation and addition. Addition polymerization is more common for dental resins and occurs in three stages - initiation, propagation, and termination. Factors like monomer type and structure, molecular weight, and cross-linking affect the properties of the resulting polymer. Thermoplastic polymers can be remelted and reshaped, while thermosetting polymers permanently harden during curing. Polymers have many applications in dentistry, including restorative materials, adhesives, impression materials, and prosthetics.
General anatomy fierst year 2016
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and key anatomical structures. It begins by defining anatomy and its subfields. It then introduces important anatomical terms for describing body structures, including anatomical planes (coronal, sagittal, axial), body cavities (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic), and directional/positional terms. The remaining sections describe the central nervous system including the brain parts (cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum) and spinal cord. It also briefly introduces the peripheral nervous system and its divisions. The document concludes by discussing joints, including their classification into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
Hist 9
Cementum is a calcified tissue that covers the root of a tooth and anchors it to the alveolar bone via Sharpey's fibers. It is lighter in color than dentin, softer, and composed of 45-50% inorganic hydroxylapatite and 50-55% organic materials and water. Cementum is avascular and receives nutrients from the periodontal ligament. It is deposited continuously throughout life to maintain the tooth's attachment as the surface layers age. Cementum forms the cementoenamel junction with enamel and has a smooth junction with dentin. Cementum formation begins after root dentin formation, with cells from the dental sac differentiating into cementoblasts that lay down
Hist 7
- Enamel is composed of enamel rods (prisms), rod sheaths, and interrod regions. Enamel rods are bundles of hydroxyapatite crystals that run obliquely from the dentin-enamel junction to the enamel surface. They have a hexagonal cross-section and keyhole shape longitudinally.
- Rod sheaths surround the organic matrix around 2/3 of enamel rods. Interrod regions are the spaces between rods. Enamel tufts and lamellae contain organic materials and arise from the dentin-enamel junction and enamel surface, respectively.
- With age, enamel wears down from mastication, decreases in permeability, and darkens in color.
Hist 6
Incremental lines in dentine include von Ebner lines which reflect daily variations in mineralization and appear as fine lines perpendicular to the dentin-tooth junction. Counter lines of Owens are hypocalcified lines that distinguish in cross sections as accentuated lines arising from disturbances in dentin matrix mineralization. Neonatal lines separate prenatal from postnatal dentin and result from incomplete calcification at birth due to metabolic changes, appearing in first molars and being useful in forensic dentistry to determine if a child died before or after birth.
Hist 5
Amelogensis is the process of enamel formation. It occurs in four main phases: morphogenic, secretory, maturation, and protective. In the morphogenic phase, inner enamel epithelial cells interact with dental papilla cells to determine tooth shape. In the secretory phase, ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins and minerals to form enamel rods. During maturation, the enamel mineralizes further as proteins are removed. In the protective phase, ameloblasts become cuboidal cells that protect the enamel surface from the dental sac until eruption.
Hist 4 pract
Dentin is the mineralized tissue found underneath enamel that surrounds the dental pulp. It is composed mainly of hydroxyapatite crystals (70%) along with collagen (20%) and water (10%). Dentin formation (dentinogenesis) occurs in two stages - first, odontoblast cells secrete an unmineralized dentin matrix called predentin, then mineralization of the matrix occurs from the inside out in either a globular or linear pattern. Odontoblasts undergo differentiation, formation, and quiescence stages as they secrete predentin, retreat into the pulp canal leaving behind dentinal tubules, and reduce activity over time.
Hist 3
The document discusses the morphological stages of early tooth development which include the dental lamina, bud stage, cap stage, and bell stage. It describes the key events and structures that develop during each stage, including the formation of the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac. The bud stage involves proliferation of cells leading to condensation. The cap stage involves invagination of the enamel organ. The bell stage involves continued growth and differentiation of cells into ameloblasts and odontoblasts that will form the enamel and dentin. Transitory structures like the enamel knot, enamel cord, and enamel niche are also discussed.
Hist 2
1. The primitive oral cavity is lined by a 2-3 cell thick layered epithelium covering embryonic connective tissue formed from neural crest cells.
2. Tooth development involves three overlapping phases: initiation, morphogenesis, and histogenesis, during which dental tissues differentiate.
3. The first sign of tooth development is the formation of a continuous epithelial band around the primitive oral cavity, which divides into vestibular and dental lamina. The dental lamina then invaginates and forms 20 buds for the primary teeth.
Hist 1
Oral histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of oral tissues. It describes the tissues of the teeth, periodontium, and oral mucosa. Histopathology studies diseased tissues obtained from biopsies or autopsies under light, scanning electron, or transmission electron microscopes. Tissues are sectioned and stained, often with hematoxylin and eosin, to distinguish cells and extracellular matrices microscopically. Specimens undergo fixation, dehydration, clearing, embedding in paraffin, sectioning, mounting, and staining for examination.
First trimester-in-oral-histology-projections-slides-dr.-nada
This document discusses the stages of tooth development from the dental lamina stage through the bell stage. It describes the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues involved in early tooth development including the dental lamina, dental bud, inner and outer enamel epithelium, dental papilla, and stellate reticulum. The document also examines the structure of mature tooth tissues such as enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp, and highlights features such as the dentinoenamel junction, von Ebner's lines in dentin, and cellular components of the pulp like arterioles, venules, and nerves. Pointers indicate various anatomical structures on microscope slides.
Oral histology lab 3,4
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
Ex 6a connective_tissues
The document describes and compares the different types of connective tissues in the body, including loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage types like hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, bone, and blood. Examples are given of where each tissue is located in the body.
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Hist 12 lab
- 13. Histology of gingiva The gingiva is covered with Keratinized Stratified squamous. This epithelial layer shows projections into the underlying Connective tissue which are known as Rete Pegs projections. The epithelium has 4 layers: 1- SC: Stratum Corneum-The cells are flattened, outermost layer. 2- SG: Stratum Granulosum-The cells contain granules and are relatively bigger in size. 3- SS: Stratum Spinosum-The cells are large polyhedral in appearance. It is also named prickle cell layer. 4- SB: Stratum Basale-The cells are rounded and these are the proliferative cells which give rise to new cells.
- 14. Cells: In addition to the defense cells, different types of cells which are present in the gingiva apart from the normal epithelial cells are: 1- Melanocytes: They are the cells which give the darkish color of gingiva in some individuals (dark skinned individuals). 2- Langerhan Cell: These are the modified macrophages which help in producing antigens. 3- Merkel cell: these are present in the deep layers and act as tactile proprioceptive cells.
- 15. Fibers: The fibers are present in the connective tissue underneath the epithelium. Fibers are mainly: 1- Collagen Fibers: Type VII collagen fibers are predominant which are present in intimate contact with basal lamina. Type IV collagen fibers present in basal linings of epithelial walls and blood vessels. 2- Elastin Fibers: Rare in lamina propria and common in lining mucosa, the elastic fibers are made up of Elastin: provide elastic nature Fibrillin: 3- Oxytalin Fibers: These resemble immature elastic fibers.