1. The primitive oral cavity is lined by a 2-3 cell thick layered epithelium covering embryonic connective tissue formed from neural crest cells. 2. Tooth development involves three overlapping phases: initiation, morphogenesis, and histogenesis, during which dental tissues differentiate. 3. The first sign of tooth development is the formation of a continuous epithelial band around the primitive oral cavity, which divides into vestibular and dental lamina. The dental lamina then invaginates and forms 20 buds for the primary teeth.

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3. Under a light microscope the newly formed stomatodeum (primitive oral
cavity) can be seen to be lined by a primitive 2-3 cells of thick layered
epithelium which covering the ectomesenchyme which is an embryonic
connective tissue that is formed from the neural crest cells. The
ectomesenchyme consists of spindle-shaped cell separated by ground
substance.
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4. Tooth development can be divided into three overlapping phases,
which are:-
• Initiation: during this phase, the sites of the future teeth are established with the
appearance of tooth germs along an invagination of the oral epithelium called
dental lamina.
• Morphogenesis: during this phase, the shape of the teeth are determined by a
combination of cell proliferation and cell movement.
• Histogenesis: during this phase, differentiation of cell (begun during
morphogenesis) proceed to give rise to the fully formed dental tissues, both
mineralized (such as enamel, dentin and cementum) and unminaralized (such as
pulp and periodontal ligament).
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5. The first sign of tooth development begins when the embryo is about 5-6 weeks
old when a continuous band of thickened epithelium forms around the primitive
oral cavity in the presumptive upper and lower jaws. These bands are roughly
horseshoe shaped and correspond in position to the future dental arches of the
upper and lower jaws. Each primary epithelial band quickly give rise to two
subdivisions, a buccally located vestibular lamina and a lingual one which is dental
lamina.
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6. Vestibular lamina: the vestibule or sulcus ( between the check and
tooth bearing areas) forms as a result of the proliferation of the vestibular
lamina into the ectomesenchyme. Its cells rapidly enlarge and then
degenerate to form a cleft that becomes the vestibule.
Dental lamina: in the jaws, the neural crest cells induce the oral
epithelia to proliferate and form the dental lamina, which is the first sign
of tooth development. This lamina then invaginates as a sheet of
epithelial cells into the underlying mesenchyme around the perimeter of
both maxillary and mandibular jaws.
Along the leading edges of the lamina 20 areas of enlargement next
appear, which are the forming buds of the 20 primary teeth, successional
tooth buds form the permanent dentition are lingual to the buds of the
primary predecessors. Permanent molars develop posterior to the primary
molars, which developed in about 4 years after-birth.
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7. Morphological stages of tooth development
Bud stage: the enamel organ resembles a small bud. Round or ovoid swellings at ten
different points arise from dental lamina in each jaw, corresponding to the future
position of deciduous teeth. They are the primordial of enamel organs (the tooth buds),
thus the development of the tooth germ is initiated, proliferation of cells is still faster
than adjacent ectomesenchymal cells. These epithelial condensation is poorly
morphodifferentiated and histodifferentiated. Enamel organ in this stage consist of
peripherally located low columnar cells and centrally located polygonal cells. There is a
condensation of ectomesenchymal cells adjacent to the amel organ. The enamel organ is
separated from the adjacent ectomesenchyme by basement membrane.
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8. Cap stage: as the epithelial bud continues to proliferate into the ectomesenchyme,
morphogenesis has progressed, the deeper surface of the enamel organ invaginate to form a cap-
shaped structure. Although, enamel organ appearing relatively poorly histodifferentiated, a
greater distinction develops between the more rounded cells in the central portion of the enamel
organ and the peripheral cells which are becoming arranged to form the outer and inner enamel
epithelia. In the late cap stage of tooth development, the central cells of the enlarging enamel
organ have become separated (through maintaining contact by desmosomes), the intercellular
spaces containing significant quantities of glycosaminoglycans. The resulting tissue is termed the
stellate reticulum, although it is not fully developed until the late bell stage. The cells of the outer
enamel epith. remain cuboidal, where as those of inner enamel epith become more columnar. The
adjacent ectomesenchymal cells are continue to prolipherat and surround the enamel organ. The
part of the ectomesenchyme lying beneath the inner enamel epithelia is called dental papilla. The
ectomesenchymal tissue surrounding both enamel organ and dental papilla is called dental sac or
dental follicle.
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9. Transitory structures:
1-Enamel knot: it is a localized mass of cells in the center of the inner enamel
epithelia. The enamel knot is a signaling center of the tooth that provides
positional information for tooth morphogenesis and regulates the growth
of tooth cusps. The enamel knot produces a range of molecular signals from all
the major signaling families, such as Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGF), Bone
morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and other signals.
2-Enamel cord: it’s a strand arises in enamel organ as a vertical extension of
the enamel knot at the early bell stage of development. Its termed enamel
septum when enamel cord extend from enamel knot to the outer enamel
epithelia.
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10. 3-Enamel niche: it's an apparent structure in the histological section, created because
the dental lamina is a sheet rather than a single strand and often contains a concavity
filled with connective tissue. A section through this arrangement creates the
impression that the tooth germ has a double attachment to the oral epithelium by two
separate strands.
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