highway
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
7 likes•2,238 views
The document discusses the structure and purpose of road pavements. It describes the four layers that make up road structures: the sub-base, base, binder course, and surface course. The sub-base assists with load spreading and drainage, the base is the main load spreading layer, the binder supports the surface course and protects the road, and the surface course provides traction and withstands traffic loads. The document then lists and describes common pavement distresses such as cracking, rutting, corrugation, shoving, and stripping.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Pavements PPT
This document provides guidelines for the design of highway pavements in India. It discusses different types of pavements, including flexible and rigid pavements. For rigid pavement design, it outlines factors like traffic, climate, materials properties. It describes the components and types of joints in concrete roads. For flexible pavement design, it discusses the group index and CBR methods, which consider soil properties and traffic volumes to determine layer thicknesses. The document provides details on mix design methods for bituminous concrete like Marshall and Hveem.
Different types of pile
This document provides information on pile foundations, including when they are used, their functions, types, and construction methods. Pile foundations are used when the soil at shallow depths does not have adequate bearing capacity. The key points are:
- Pile foundations transmit loads from structures to deeper, stronger soil layers through end bearing, friction, or both.
- They are used when shallow soils cannot support heavy loads, have low bearing capacity, or experience issues like high water levels.
- Piles can be made of concrete, timber, steel, or composites, and are either pre-cast or poured in place. Common types include end bearing, friction, compaction, and anchor piles.
Pavement
topics which are discussed in this slide are,
1) pavement and requirement for pavement design.
2) Rigid and flexible pavement .
3) pavement design method.
Pavement design
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.
Highway drainage
Highway Drainage. Highway Drainage contains policy, guidance, models, and related information concerning the behavior of urban, roadside, and bridge deck drainage systems.
subsurface drainage system
subsurface drainage design
subsurface drainage materials
subsurface drainage definition
subsurface drainage products
subsurface drainage contractors
subsurface drainage system residential
how to install subsurface drainage
highway drainage systems
highway drainage pdf
highway drainage design
highway drainage manual
highway drainage guidelines
road water drainage
alaska highway drainage manual
surface water drainage
highway drainage pdf
road drainage systems
types of road drains
road drainage structures
roadside drainage solutions
residential yard drainage products
road water drainage
importance of drainage system
highway drainage pdf
highway drainage design
highway drainage systems
open ditch drainage design
highway drainage manual
types of road drains
road drainage systems
highway drain pipe
failure of pavement
This describes about causes, effects, types of pavement failure.
Failures in flexible pavements can be due to failure of its component layers which undergo distress due to various causes. Types of failures in flexible pavements and repair techniques are discussed.
Rigid pavement
Rigid pavements are concrete slabs that distribute vehicle loads through beam action. They have high flexural strength and small deflections compared to flexible pavements. The presentation discusses the types of rigid pavements including jointed plain concrete, jointed reinforced concrete, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. It also covers the design factors for rigid pavements such as traffic loading, subgrade strength, environmental conditions, and material properties. Rigid pavements are designed to last 30 years with minimal maintenance required over the design life.
Pile foundations
Pile foundation are essential in case where SBC is low or the load coming from superstructure is too heavy,
Topics covered includes Materials used for making piles, Type of piles, load transfer mechanism, factors affecting selection of piles, Installation methods, load carrying capacity of piles, different load tests performed and the behavior of piles as a group.
Recommended
Pavements PPT
This document provides guidelines for the design of highway pavements in India. It discusses different types of pavements, including flexible and rigid pavements. For rigid pavement design, it outlines factors like traffic, climate, materials properties. It describes the components and types of joints in concrete roads. For flexible pavement design, it discusses the group index and CBR methods, which consider soil properties and traffic volumes to determine layer thicknesses. The document provides details on mix design methods for bituminous concrete like Marshall and Hveem.
Different types of pile
This document provides information on pile foundations, including when they are used, their functions, types, and construction methods. Pile foundations are used when the soil at shallow depths does not have adequate bearing capacity. The key points are:
- Pile foundations transmit loads from structures to deeper, stronger soil layers through end bearing, friction, or both.
- They are used when shallow soils cannot support heavy loads, have low bearing capacity, or experience issues like high water levels.
- Piles can be made of concrete, timber, steel, or composites, and are either pre-cast or poured in place. Common types include end bearing, friction, compaction, and anchor piles.
Pavement
topics which are discussed in this slide are,
1) pavement and requirement for pavement design.
2) Rigid and flexible pavement .
3) pavement design method.
Pavement design
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.
Highway drainage
Highway Drainage. Highway Drainage contains policy, guidance, models, and related information concerning the behavior of urban, roadside, and bridge deck drainage systems.
subsurface drainage system
subsurface drainage design
subsurface drainage materials
subsurface drainage definition
subsurface drainage products
subsurface drainage contractors
subsurface drainage system residential
how to install subsurface drainage
highway drainage systems
highway drainage pdf
highway drainage design
highway drainage manual
highway drainage guidelines
road water drainage
alaska highway drainage manual
surface water drainage
highway drainage pdf
road drainage systems
types of road drains
road drainage structures
roadside drainage solutions
residential yard drainage products
road water drainage
importance of drainage system
highway drainage pdf
highway drainage design
highway drainage systems
open ditch drainage design
highway drainage manual
types of road drains
road drainage systems
highway drain pipe
failure of pavement
This describes about causes, effects, types of pavement failure.
Failures in flexible pavements can be due to failure of its component layers which undergo distress due to various causes. Types of failures in flexible pavements and repair techniques are discussed.
Rigid pavement
Rigid pavements are concrete slabs that distribute vehicle loads through beam action. They have high flexural strength and small deflections compared to flexible pavements. The presentation discusses the types of rigid pavements including jointed plain concrete, jointed reinforced concrete, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. It also covers the design factors for rigid pavements such as traffic loading, subgrade strength, environmental conditions, and material properties. Rigid pavements are designed to last 30 years with minimal maintenance required over the design life.
Pile foundations
Pile foundation are essential in case where SBC is low or the load coming from superstructure is too heavy,
Topics covered includes Materials used for making piles, Type of piles, load transfer mechanism, factors affecting selection of piles, Installation methods, load carrying capacity of piles, different load tests performed and the behavior of piles as a group.
Rigid pavements
Rigid pavements are constructed using cement concrete and rely on the rigidity and high modulus of elasticity of the concrete slab for load carrying capacity. They are usually provided in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climatic conditions. A rigid pavement consists of a concrete slab placed over a subgrade and optionally a sub-base/base. It includes joints to allow for stresses from temperature and moisture changes. Proper construction processes and quality control measures are required to ensure the designed performance of rigid pavements.
Flexible and-rigid-pavements
This document discusses the design principles, components, and methods for designing both flexible and rigid pavements according to IRC standards, describing the roles of subgrade soil, pavement layers, traffic characteristics, and materials used for flexible pavements consisting of granular bases and bituminous surfaces, as well as jointed concrete slabs for rigid pavements. It also provides an example of designing a two-lane bypass pavement based on initial traffic volume, design life, growth rate, and subgrade CBR value.
Sub grade preperation
In transport engineering, subgrade is the native material underneath a constructed road, pavement or railway track. It is also called formation level.
The term can also refer to imported material that has been used to build an embankment.
Pavement ppt
This ppt exclusively explains abt types, classifications, design criteria and latest tech of pavement.
Interface treatment
This document discusses different types of interface treatments used in pavement construction. It begins by defining an interface treatment as applying a thin layer of bituminous binder to the surface of an existing pavement layer before constructing a new bituminous layer. It then discusses prime coats, tack coats, and seal coats. For prime coats, it describes the purpose and materials used. It discusses best practices for application and important properties like penetration, curing time, strength and impermeability. For tack coats, it provides guidelines for surface preparation and application rates. Finally, it describes seal coats and the typical materials and process used to lay them down.
ppt on pavement design
The document discusses different types of pavements. It describes flexible pavements as having multiple layers that distribute loads through aggregate interlock. Rigid pavements distribute loads through the beam strength of concrete slabs. Flexible pavements are composed of surface, base, and sub-base layers over a subgrade, while rigid pavements typically only require a concrete surface layer. Both pavement types are designed to reduce loads from vehicles to prevent damage to the subgrade. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of flexible and rigid pavements.
Dense Bituminous macadam
Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) is a binder course used for roads with more number of heavy commercial vehicles and a close-graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent.
Determination of Field Density Using Sand Cone Method | Jameel Academy
The document describes a soil mechanics lab report on determining field density using the sand cone method. The test procedure involves digging a hole, placing the excavated soil in an airtight bag, then using a sand cone apparatus to pour sand into the hole to determine the hole's volume. Calculations are shown to find the field dry unit weight, water content, and relative density compared to the maximum dry unit weight from a lab compaction test. The results found a field dry unit weight of 1.4149 g/cm3 and relative density of 72%, indicating the field compaction was not adequate for the project.
Pavement failures
Pavement failures are a common problem that occurs on roads over time due to factors like heavy traffic loads, changing weather conditions, and lack of proper maintenance. A case study of roads in Amreli City, India found the most common problems to be alligator and transverse cracking due to heavy loading from vehicles. The cracks developed due to reasons like high traffic volumes, monsoon rainfall, possible construction or material quality issues, and lack of timely maintenance repairs. Proposed solutions included improving road design and construction quality, performing routine maintenance, and restricting vehicle loads to design levels.
2.4 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT (TRE) 315061...
This document discusses the design and construction of pavements. It begins by defining the two main types of pavements - flexible (or bituminous) pavement and rigid (or cement concrete) pavement. It then provides details on the components, materials, construction methods, and factors affecting the selection of each pavement type. The document also covers topics like soil stabilization, construction of embankments, subgrades and various pavement layers. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of pavement design and construction processes.
Determining equivalent single wheel load.(ESWL)
This document discusses methods for determining equivalent single wheel loads (ESWL) and equivalent single axle loads (ESAL) for pavement design. ESWL is defined as the load from a single tire that causes the same stresses/strains as a multi-wheel load. Methods include equal stress, LCN, and FAA approaches. ESAL quantifies the effect of varying axle loads as a number of standard single axle loads. Factors like thickness and subgrade reaction are considered. Cars have minimal impact compared to trucks and buses.
Benkelman beam deflection studies
This document discusses Benkelman beam deflection studies, which are used to evaluate the structural capacity of existing pavements and estimate overlay designs for strengthening weak pavements. The Benkelman beam test procedure involves measuring the rebound deflection of a pavement under a standard wheel load. Deflection measurements are taken at intervals along the road using the Benkelman beam and loaded truck. The results are used to calculate the true rebound deflection and characterize pavement strength statistically based on mean, standard deviation, and characteristic deflection values. Overlay design is then determined based on the statistical analysis.
Embankment
This document discusses the design and construction of highway embankments. It describes how embankments are necessary to raise the subgrade level above the groundwater table and satisfy road alignment requirements. The key elements of embankment design include dimensions, slopes, settlement analysis, material selection, and drainage. Proper compaction of embankment materials in layers is crucial to reduce settlement. Weak soils may require special design considerations like removing poor materials and replacing with stronger soils.
Laboratory soil compaction test
The document discusses laboratory soil compaction tests. It defines compaction as increasing the bulk density of soil by removing air through external compactive effort. An optimum water content exists where soil achieves maximum density. The document outlines standard and modified Proctor compaction tests and describes how to conduct the tests by compacting soil in layers using specified hammers and measuring dry density at different water contents. Compaction increases soil strength, stability and resistance to erosion while decreasing permeability and compressibility.
Lect 6 pavement design
The document provides information on pavement design, including different types of pavement structures and methods for designing asphalt and rigid pavements. It discusses asphalt pavement design using the AASHTO 1993 method, which involves determining the structural number required based on factors like traffic loading, material properties, and desired service life. It also outlines the rigid pavement design method, touching on considerations like soil properties, material selection, thickness design, drainage, and reinforcement.
Bearing capacity of Soil
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE ROAD
The document provides an overview of public works departments and concrete road construction in India. It discusses that the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh pioneered construction and established agencies like the State Bridge Corporation. It also describes the types of pavements used in India, including flexible pavements made of bitumen and rigid concrete pavements. The document outlines the basic process of constructing concrete roads, from site preparation to mixing, placing, and curing concrete before opening the road to traffic.
Dewatering by well point system
A well point system consists of multiple well points spaced around an excavation site that are connected to a header pipe and pump. The well points are driven or jetted into the ground and draw groundwater into the riser pipes. This water is then pumped out through the header pipe. Spacing of well points typically ranges from 0.75m to 3m, though clay seals and sand filters can improve performance in silts. Well point systems are effective in sandy soils and can lower groundwater levels up to 5-6 meters, making them a relatively cheap and flexible dewatering option. However, they are not effective beyond 4-6 meters of drawdown and may require multiple stages.
Lecture 7 stress distribution in soil
The document provides information about stress distribution in soil due to self-weight and surface loads. It discusses Boussinesq's formula for calculating vertical stress in soil due to a concentrated surface load. The formula shows that vertical stress is directly proportional to the load, inversely proportional to depth squared, and depends on the ratio of radius to depth. A table of coefficient values used in the formula for different ratios of radius to depth is also provided.
Ssd
This document discusses stopping sight distance (SSD) in highway engineering. It defines SSD as the minimum sight distance available to stop a vehicle safely at a certain design speed without collision. It lists factors that affect SSD like vehicle speed, braking efficiency, driver reaction time, road friction, and gradient. It presents the formulas used to calculate SSD for level roads, ascending gradients, and descending gradients. It provides examples of SSD calculations for different traffic and road conditions.
Roads & Pavements
This document provides information on different types of roads and pavements. It discusses various road construction methods such as water bound macadam, tar bitumen roads, asphalt roads and cement concrete roads. It also covers soil stabilization techniques. For pavements, it describes different materials used like murram, brick, stone and drainage elements like crowns, shoulders, slopes, sub drains, culverts, ditches and gutters. Overall, the document presents an overview of road and pavement construction methods as well as drainage systems.
Pavement Maintenance Practices in
The document discusses pavement maintenance practices on the Dhaka-Chittagong Highway in Bangladesh. It provides background on the highway, which is a vital transportation route connecting Dhaka and Chittagong, the largest port city. The study evaluates the surface condition of 20 segments of the highway using the Roads and Highways Department's visual assessment method. Common maintenance techniques used on the highway include double bituminous surface treatment and asphalt overlays. The findings indicate that segments experience deterioration due to heavy commercial vehicle traffic, requiring reconstruction or resurfacing every 3-5 years. The 4-laning expansion project aims to improve the highway to support increasing traffic volumes.
More Related Content
What's hot
Rigid pavements
Rigid pavements are constructed using cement concrete and rely on the rigidity and high modulus of elasticity of the concrete slab for load carrying capacity. They are usually provided in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climatic conditions. A rigid pavement consists of a concrete slab placed over a subgrade and optionally a sub-base/base. It includes joints to allow for stresses from temperature and moisture changes. Proper construction processes and quality control measures are required to ensure the designed performance of rigid pavements.
Flexible and-rigid-pavements
This document discusses the design principles, components, and methods for designing both flexible and rigid pavements according to IRC standards, describing the roles of subgrade soil, pavement layers, traffic characteristics, and materials used for flexible pavements consisting of granular bases and bituminous surfaces, as well as jointed concrete slabs for rigid pavements. It also provides an example of designing a two-lane bypass pavement based on initial traffic volume, design life, growth rate, and subgrade CBR value.
Sub grade preperation
In transport engineering, subgrade is the native material underneath a constructed road, pavement or railway track. It is also called formation level.
The term can also refer to imported material that has been used to build an embankment.
Pavement ppt
This ppt exclusively explains abt types, classifications, design criteria and latest tech of pavement.
Interface treatment
This document discusses different types of interface treatments used in pavement construction. It begins by defining an interface treatment as applying a thin layer of bituminous binder to the surface of an existing pavement layer before constructing a new bituminous layer. It then discusses prime coats, tack coats, and seal coats. For prime coats, it describes the purpose and materials used. It discusses best practices for application and important properties like penetration, curing time, strength and impermeability. For tack coats, it provides guidelines for surface preparation and application rates. Finally, it describes seal coats and the typical materials and process used to lay them down.
ppt on pavement design
The document discusses different types of pavements. It describes flexible pavements as having multiple layers that distribute loads through aggregate interlock. Rigid pavements distribute loads through the beam strength of concrete slabs. Flexible pavements are composed of surface, base, and sub-base layers over a subgrade, while rigid pavements typically only require a concrete surface layer. Both pavement types are designed to reduce loads from vehicles to prevent damage to the subgrade. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of flexible and rigid pavements.
Dense Bituminous macadam
Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) is a binder course used for roads with more number of heavy commercial vehicles and a close-graded premix material having a voids content of 5-10 per cent.
Determination of Field Density Using Sand Cone Method | Jameel Academy
The document describes a soil mechanics lab report on determining field density using the sand cone method. The test procedure involves digging a hole, placing the excavated soil in an airtight bag, then using a sand cone apparatus to pour sand into the hole to determine the hole's volume. Calculations are shown to find the field dry unit weight, water content, and relative density compared to the maximum dry unit weight from a lab compaction test. The results found a field dry unit weight of 1.4149 g/cm3 and relative density of 72%, indicating the field compaction was not adequate for the project.
Pavement failures
Pavement failures are a common problem that occurs on roads over time due to factors like heavy traffic loads, changing weather conditions, and lack of proper maintenance. A case study of roads in Amreli City, India found the most common problems to be alligator and transverse cracking due to heavy loading from vehicles. The cracks developed due to reasons like high traffic volumes, monsoon rainfall, possible construction or material quality issues, and lack of timely maintenance repairs. Proposed solutions included improving road design and construction quality, performing routine maintenance, and restricting vehicle loads to design levels.
2.4 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT (TRE) 315061...
This document discusses the design and construction of pavements. It begins by defining the two main types of pavements - flexible (or bituminous) pavement and rigid (or cement concrete) pavement. It then provides details on the components, materials, construction methods, and factors affecting the selection of each pavement type. The document also covers topics like soil stabilization, construction of embankments, subgrades and various pavement layers. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of pavement design and construction processes.
Determining equivalent single wheel load.(ESWL)
This document discusses methods for determining equivalent single wheel loads (ESWL) and equivalent single axle loads (ESAL) for pavement design. ESWL is defined as the load from a single tire that causes the same stresses/strains as a multi-wheel load. Methods include equal stress, LCN, and FAA approaches. ESAL quantifies the effect of varying axle loads as a number of standard single axle loads. Factors like thickness and subgrade reaction are considered. Cars have minimal impact compared to trucks and buses.
Benkelman beam deflection studies
This document discusses Benkelman beam deflection studies, which are used to evaluate the structural capacity of existing pavements and estimate overlay designs for strengthening weak pavements. The Benkelman beam test procedure involves measuring the rebound deflection of a pavement under a standard wheel load. Deflection measurements are taken at intervals along the road using the Benkelman beam and loaded truck. The results are used to calculate the true rebound deflection and characterize pavement strength statistically based on mean, standard deviation, and characteristic deflection values. Overlay design is then determined based on the statistical analysis.
Embankment
This document discusses the design and construction of highway embankments. It describes how embankments are necessary to raise the subgrade level above the groundwater table and satisfy road alignment requirements. The key elements of embankment design include dimensions, slopes, settlement analysis, material selection, and drainage. Proper compaction of embankment materials in layers is crucial to reduce settlement. Weak soils may require special design considerations like removing poor materials and replacing with stronger soils.
Laboratory soil compaction test
The document discusses laboratory soil compaction tests. It defines compaction as increasing the bulk density of soil by removing air through external compactive effort. An optimum water content exists where soil achieves maximum density. The document outlines standard and modified Proctor compaction tests and describes how to conduct the tests by compacting soil in layers using specified hammers and measuring dry density at different water contents. Compaction increases soil strength, stability and resistance to erosion while decreasing permeability and compressibility.
Lect 6 pavement design
The document provides information on pavement design, including different types of pavement structures and methods for designing asphalt and rigid pavements. It discusses asphalt pavement design using the AASHTO 1993 method, which involves determining the structural number required based on factors like traffic loading, material properties, and desired service life. It also outlines the rigid pavement design method, touching on considerations like soil properties, material selection, thickness design, drainage, and reinforcement.
Bearing capacity of Soil
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE ROAD
The document provides an overview of public works departments and concrete road construction in India. It discusses that the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh pioneered construction and established agencies like the State Bridge Corporation. It also describes the types of pavements used in India, including flexible pavements made of bitumen and rigid concrete pavements. The document outlines the basic process of constructing concrete roads, from site preparation to mixing, placing, and curing concrete before opening the road to traffic.
Dewatering by well point system
A well point system consists of multiple well points spaced around an excavation site that are connected to a header pipe and pump. The well points are driven or jetted into the ground and draw groundwater into the riser pipes. This water is then pumped out through the header pipe. Spacing of well points typically ranges from 0.75m to 3m, though clay seals and sand filters can improve performance in silts. Well point systems are effective in sandy soils and can lower groundwater levels up to 5-6 meters, making them a relatively cheap and flexible dewatering option. However, they are not effective beyond 4-6 meters of drawdown and may require multiple stages.
Lecture 7 stress distribution in soil
The document provides information about stress distribution in soil due to self-weight and surface loads. It discusses Boussinesq's formula for calculating vertical stress in soil due to a concentrated surface load. The formula shows that vertical stress is directly proportional to the load, inversely proportional to depth squared, and depends on the ratio of radius to depth. A table of coefficient values used in the formula for different ratios of radius to depth is also provided.
Ssd
This document discusses stopping sight distance (SSD) in highway engineering. It defines SSD as the minimum sight distance available to stop a vehicle safely at a certain design speed without collision. It lists factors that affect SSD like vehicle speed, braking efficiency, driver reaction time, road friction, and gradient. It presents the formulas used to calculate SSD for level roads, ascending gradients, and descending gradients. It provides examples of SSD calculations for different traffic and road conditions.
What's hot (20)
Determination of Field Density Using Sand Cone Method | Jameel Academy
Determination of Field Density Using Sand Cone Method | Jameel Academy
2.4 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT (TRE) 315061...
2.4 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT (TRE) 315061...
Viewers also liked
Roads & Pavements
This document provides information on different types of roads and pavements. It discusses various road construction methods such as water bound macadam, tar bitumen roads, asphalt roads and cement concrete roads. It also covers soil stabilization techniques. For pavements, it describes different materials used like murram, brick, stone and drainage elements like crowns, shoulders, slopes, sub drains, culverts, ditches and gutters. Overall, the document presents an overview of road and pavement construction methods as well as drainage systems.
Pavement Maintenance Practices in
The document discusses pavement maintenance practices on the Dhaka-Chittagong Highway in Bangladesh. It provides background on the highway, which is a vital transportation route connecting Dhaka and Chittagong, the largest port city. The study evaluates the surface condition of 20 segments of the highway using the Roads and Highways Department's visual assessment method. Common maintenance techniques used on the highway include double bituminous surface treatment and asphalt overlays. The findings indicate that segments experience deterioration due to heavy commercial vehicle traffic, requiring reconstruction or resurfacing every 3-5 years. The 4-laning expansion project aims to improve the highway to support increasing traffic volumes.
Importance of highway maintenance
Highway maintenance is the routine work needed to keep highways in safe and usable condition, and includes physical activities like sealing cracks and patching potholes as well as traffic services like removing snow and painting lines. Highway maintenance programs are designed to counteract the effects of weather, vandalism, plant growth, traffic wear, aging, material failures, and design flaws in order to protect investments in roads and maintain safety and economic benefits. Regular maintenance is required for all pavements as stresses from temperature, moisture, traffic, and earth movements constantly impact the road surface over time.
การวิเคราะห์เว็บไซต์
This document provides a basic structure for building a website with 4 main sections - a logo, navigation menu, content area, and footer. The navigation menu should be placed above the main content to allow users to easily navigate between pages. Standard elements like copyright information and social media links can be included in the footer.
1 (1)
This document discusses soil stabilization techniques for road construction. It describes how ancient civilizations like the Romans and Mesopotamians first stabilized soils by mixing limestone or calcium to improve load bearing ability. Modern techniques stabilize soil using cement or bitumen. Cement treatment involves mixing cement, soil and water to form a cement-treated base (CTB). This increases strength and reduces stresses on the subgrade. Bitumen stabilization works by waterproofing and binding soils. The document provides details on composition, construction requirements and testing for cement treatment, and the basic principles and mechanics of bitumen stabilization.
Pavement managementanalysis2012.1 43
The document provides a pavement management analysis for the City of Novi. It summarizes that the city has 171 miles of roadway that are assessed using the PASER rating system from 1-10. Currently, 54% of roads are in good condition, 57% are in fair condition, and 11% are in poor condition. The document recommends investing between $4.5-5 million annually to improve conditions and prevent further roads from declining to poor condition, as the current $3.2 million investment level has led to decreasing average ratings. A variety of maintenance and repair alternatives are described to address roads in different condition states.
Chip Seal and Scrub Seal Best Practices May 28, 2014
Presentation delivered at the CalAPA San Diego Technical Committee meeting May 28, 2014 by Kevin Donnelly, Director of Pavement Preservation, Western Emulsions. Topic: Chip Seal and Scrub Seal Best Practices.
Hyperhomocysteinemia and its implications in atherosclerosis ppt copy (2) ...
This document discusses hyperhomocysteinemia and its implications for atherosclerosis in India. It begins by defining homocysteine and its metabolism. It then discusses the various causes of hyperhomocysteinemia, including genetic and nutritional factors. It notes the high prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in India compared to worldwide, due to common vegetarian diets, vitamin deficiencies, genetic factors like MTHFR deficiency, and environmental factors. It discusses the mechanisms by which hyperhomocysteinemia promotes atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. It concludes by summarizing various Indian studies finding associations between hyperhomocysteinemia and more severe, premature, and fatal coronary artery disease.
Repair presentation of pqc
Dear All,
Please find herewith Presentation of Repairs of PQC.
This new technology will help you all to repairs PQC.
Thanks with regards,
Mangesh
RMI DOT Presentation
The document discusses the pavement rehabilitation process of rubblizing, which involves fracturing existing concrete pavement into angular pieces for an asphalt overlay. The resonant rubblizing equipment uses a high frequency, low amplitude beam to break up the concrete at 44 Hz and 3/4 inch amplitude. Structural design studies from multiple states show rubblizing provides a long-lasting smooth surface and eliminates reflective cracking compared to traditional rehabilitation methods. The construction process involves rubblizing the existing concrete, rolling the fractured pieces, and placing a minimum 5 inch asphalt overlay.
Google+
The document summarizes a presentation about Google+ given to the GTUG Düsseldorf user group. It outlines the key features of Google+ including Circles, Hangouts, Photos and Profile. It also discusses Google+'s comparisons to other social networks, potential users, and questions around whether it will succeed like other Google products. Meeting dates and contact information for the user group are provided at the end.
Contador Web
El documento explica los pasos para publicar un contador web en una comunidad educativa de Cantabria. Estos pasos incluyen seleccionar un modelo de contador en un sitio web, copiar el código HTML, pegarlo en un contenido libre de HTML en la comunidad y compartir el contenido para publicarlo.
La importencia de la información en la empresa
Se trata de una pequeña introducción de la totalidad de la sesión: La importancia de la información en la empresa. Información basada en el método científico y usada para minimizar errores en la toma de decisiones.
Winter 2005 Desert Report, CNCC Desert Committee
The Sierra Club California/Nevada Desert Committee newsletter reports on several environmental issues affecting the desert region. A chromium 6 plume in Needles, California is located just 55 feet from the Colorado River, threatening Southern California's drinking water supply. The source is a Pacific Gas & Electric natural gas facility. The newsletter also discusses efforts to control air pollution from dust storms at Mono Lake and the Desert Committee's work collaborating with Native American tribes to protect desert lands and cultural resources.
Cv
El documento explica qué es un currículum, su propósito y contenido. Un currículum es un documento que contiene información personal y profesional para obtener una entrevista de trabajo. Debe destacar la experiencia y calificaciones positivas del candidato. Se recomiendan reglas como ser conciso, usar oraciones cortas y reflejar cómo se ajusta a los requisitos del puesto.
Jewish Community Resource Guide 2012
This document provides contact information for various Jewish organizations in Los Angeles that provide different services to the community. It lists over 40 organizations, along with their phone numbers and websites, organized by the types of services they offer such as food/nutrition, employment, counseling/mental health, seniors programs, special needs services, and more. The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles prepared this guide to support the community and help connect people with important resources.
Spain invest opportunities
The document provides information on investment opportunities in the ICT sector in Spain. It summarizes that Spain has a large ICT market worth €88 billion annually, with nearly 30,000 ICT companies employing around 400,000 workers. The ICT sector contributes 4.7% to Spain's GDP. Major subsectors include telecommunications, IT, digital content production, and commerce. The document outlines Spain's strong mobile, broadband, and digital technology adoption rates and identifies opportunities in areas like smart cities, cybersecurity, and digital health.
Ici final groupwork
This document provides an introduction and site analysis for a final construction industry project located in Persiaran Bukit Raja, Klang, Malaysia. The site is an empty area next to an abandoned business park. The site analysis examines the site accessibility, microclimate, entrances/exits, zoning of surrounding areas including residential, commercial, medical, education, sports, and government uses. Photographs are included to depict the different areas. The objective of the project is to develop an understanding of the construction industry and professional responsibilities.
Régimen Hidráulico de la Comarca Miajadas-Trujillo
Régimen Hidráulico de la Comarca Miajadas-TrujilloAsociación para el Desarrollo de la Comarca Miajadas-Trujillo
La Comarca Miajadas-Trujillo se encuentra entre las cuencas hidrográficas del Tajo y del Guadiana. Al norte, el río principal es el Almonte, afluente del Tajo, mientras que al sur el río Búrdalo pertenece a la cuenca del Guadiana. Dentro de la comarca, los ríos Almonte, Tozo y Magasca son los principales, con regímenes de caudal determinados por las lluvias estacionales que causan fuertes avenidas en invierno y estiajeViewers also liked (20)
Chip Seal and Scrub Seal Best Practices May 28, 2014
Chip Seal and Scrub Seal Best Practices May 28, 2014
Hyperhomocysteinemia and its implications in atherosclerosis ppt copy (2) ...
Hyperhomocysteinemia and its implications in atherosclerosis ppt copy (2) ...
Régimen Hidráulico de la Comarca Miajadas-Trujillo
Régimen Hidráulico de la Comarca Miajadas-Trujillo
Similar to highway
Highway Failure & their Maintenance Final Project.pptx
This document discusses highway pavements and maintenance. It describes the main types of highway pavements as flexible like bituminous, and rigid like cement concrete. The major causes of highway failure are rutting, heavy loads, instability and cracking. Highway maintenance aims to preserve the road, provide safety and efficient travel, and includes activities like patching, sealing, resurfacing, drainage maintenance, snow removal, bridge upkeep and traffic services. Key materials used are concrete, bitumen, asphalt and gravel. Periodic maintenance is needed to prolong a highway's lifespan.
pavement engineering 17-10-20 (2) (2).pptx
The document provides an overview of the history and design of road construction. It discusses how the earliest roads date back to ancient civilizations like the Romans and Egyptians. Modern highway construction began in the mid-20th century. There are two main types of pavements - flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete). Flexible pavements are designed to distribute loads through layers to the subgrade, while rigid pavements transmit loads through slab action. The document then goes into details on the layers, materials, and failure modes of both pavement types.
Flexible pavement failure
This document provides information about failures in flexible pavements. It discusses the major types of failures such as fatigue cracking, rutting, and thermal cracking. It then describes different types of failures that can occur in the subgrade, subbase, and base course layers. Finally, it defines and describes common flexible pavement distresses including various types of cracking, deformation, deterioration, and problems associated with seal coats. The distresses and failures are defined in detail.
highway maintenance and evaluation
This document discusses various types of pavement distress and maintenance. It begins by outlining different types of distress that can occur in flexible and rigid pavements such as alligator cracking, rutting, longitudinal cracking, and joint spalling. It then describes various maintenance activities like patching and overlaying to address these distresses. Evaluation methods like the Benkelman beam test are also covered. Strengthening techniques for pavements include different types of overlays to support increased loads. Proper design and construction of pavement layers is emphasized to prevent failures.
Pavement failures and maintenance
The document discusses various types of pavement failures including flexible and rigid pavement failures. For flexible pavements, failures include surface deformation (rutting, corrugation, shoving), cracking (fatigue, transverse, longitudinal), disintegration (potholes, patches), and surface defects (raveling, bleeding). Common causes are poor soil, inferior materials, improper geometry, overloading, and environmental factors. Maintenance techniques to address failures include bituminous surface treatments, asphalt overlays, slurry seals, and crack sealing. For rigid pavements, failures discussed are spalling at joints, scaling of cement concrete, and shrinkage cracks.
flexi blepavement-design-ppt.pptx
This document summarizes the key aspects of flexible pavement design. It discusses the requirements of a pavement, types of flexible pavement including conventional layered pavement and full-depth asphalt pavement. It also outlines the variables considered in design like material characteristics, traffic volume, and environmental factors. It describes the functions of individual layers from the surface course to the subgrade. Traffic analysis considerations are also presented like truck factor, growth factor, and vehicle damage factors.
Distress in Pavement Full.pptx
This document provides descriptions, causes, and repair strategies for various types of pavement distresses that can occur in both flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete) pavements. It discusses distresses such as fatigue cracking, block cracking, longitudinal cracking, rutting, patching, potholes, shoving, joint seal damage, corner spalling, mid-panel cracks, corner breaks, shattered slabs, and faulting/settlement. For each distress, it explains how to identify it and what factors may have led to its development, such as excessive traffic loads, poor drainage, or inadequate compaction during construction. It also recommends approaches for repairing different levels of distress severity.
Failures in flexible pavement
This document discusses failures in flexible pavement. It begins by defining the different types of highway pavement, including flexible, rigid, and other pavements like semi-rigid or composite. It then lists 10 common types of failures in flexible pavement such as alligator cracking, rutting, shear failure cracking, and pumping. The document concludes by explaining the causes of these failures, with causes including repeated heavy loads, moisture variations in layers, lack of bonding between layers, and movement across cracks.
presentation1-170523103244 (1).pdf
This document discusses failures in flexible pavement. It begins by defining the different types of highway pavement, including flexible, rigid, and other pavements like semi-rigid or composite. It then lists 10 common types of failures in flexible pavement such as alligator cracking, rutting, shear failure cracking, and pumping. The document concludes by explaining the causes of these failures, with causes including repeated heavy loads, moisture variations in layers, lack of bonding between layers, and movement across cracks.
DISTRESS AND DEFECTS ON ROAD PAVEMENT.pptx
The document discusses various types of failures and defects that can occur in road pavements, including rutting, cracking, potholes, bleeding, raveling, stripping, corrugation and shoving. It provides detailed descriptions of each failure mode, possible causes, problems they cause, and repair methods. Some common failure modes discussed are fatigue cracking, alligator cracking, transverse cracking, block cracking, rutting caused by insufficient compaction or mix design issues, and potholes formed from water and traffic damage over time.
Pavement problems
The document describes several common types of pavement problems including alligator cracking, slippage cracking, shrinkage cracking, reflective cracking, potholes, depression, rutting, and raveling. It provides details on the causes and fixes for each type of problem. Alligator cracking is caused by insufficient pavement structure or oxidation and requires a full-depth patch. Slippage cracks are caused by a poor bond between asphalt layers and need areas removed and patched. Shrinkage cracks are caused by aging and require crack sealing or an overlay. Reflective cracks can be sealed or require removing and replacing cracked layers. Potholes require full replacement patching and depressions may need asphalt removed and replaced or thin patching
Pdce
HOW FAILURES OCCURS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS , ITS EVALUATION AND STRENGTHENING TOTALLY DESCRIBE IN THIS PRESENTATION.
Highway pdf
1. The document provides information about types of failures in flexible pavements, including subgrade failure, base course failure, and surface failure. It describes the causes and results of each type of failure.
2. Components of road pavement structures are defined, including the subgrade, sub-base, base course, and surface course.
3. Advantages and disadvantages of cement concrete roads are listed. Superelevation, or banking of roads, is described along with its objectives and advantages in allowing vehicles to safely navigate curved sections of road.
pavement-design-ppt.pptx
The document discusses factors affecting pavement design, including types of pavements, requirements of pavements, and components of pavement structures. It describes flexible pavements which distribute loads through layers to the subgrade, and rigid pavements which transmit loads over a wider area. Key factors in design include traffic volume, axle loads, materials used, and environmental conditions. The document provides details on layers, materials, and design considerations for efficient pavement design.
Cracks in Pavement, Types of Cracks.docx
Flexible pavement consists of several layers, including a surface course, base course, sub-base, and sub-grade. If any one layer becomes unstable or weak, it can cause the entire pavement to fail. Common types of failures in flexible pavement include alligator or map cracking caused by fatigue; rutting from repeated loads; shear cracking; and longitudinal cracking due to differential settling. Maintaining stable layers and using proper design and construction techniques are important to prevent these types of failures in flexible pavements.
pavement-design-ppt.pptx
This document provides an overview of pavement design. It discusses the types of pavements including flexible, rigid, and composite pavements. For flexible pavements, it describes the layers including the surface course, binder course, base course, sub-base course, and sub-grade. For rigid pavements, it discusses jointed plain concrete pavement and jointed reinforced concrete pavement. It also covers factors that affect pavement design such as material characteristics, traffic volume, axle loads, and environmental conditions.
Pavements and paths
The document discusses flexible and rigid pavements. Flexible pavements are composed of layers with bituminous material and aggregates that transmit wheel loads through grain-to-grain contact. Rigid pavements have sufficient strength to distribute loads over a wide area through their rigidity. Key types of each include jointed plain concrete pavement for rigid and conventional layered flexible pavement for flexible. Both pavement types can fail through cracking and rutting due to traffic and environmental loads.
Kissner Paving - Brief Introduction About Pavement Design
Here you learn about component that are responsible for traffic volume, classification, and truck weight data required for pavement design
Pavementdesign 141218071414-conversion-gate02[1]
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on pavement design. It discusses the requirements of a pavement, types of pavements including flexible, rigid and composite, and the functions of individual pavement layers. It also describes variables considered in pavement design such as material characteristics, traffic volume, axle loads, and environmental factors. Finally, it discusses types of rigid vehicle chassis and classifications of commercial vehicle axles.
Seminar Presentation "Pavements failures and their maintenance"
This document summarizes common pavement failures and their causes and maintenance methods. It describes 7 types of failures: cracking, potholes, rutting, shoving, raveling, bleeding. Cracking can be alligator, block, longitudinal/transverse, or reflection. Potholes form from untreated cracking. Rutting and shoving are caused by traffic loads. Raveling occurs from aggregate loss. Bleeding makes the surface shiny and tacky. The document provides details on each failure and recommends remedial measures such as patching, sealing, overlaying, or resurfacing. The goal is to repair the pavement and prevent further deterioration.
Similar to highway (20)
Highway Failure & their Maintenance Final Project.pptx
Highway Failure & their Maintenance Final Project.pptx
Kissner Paving - Brief Introduction About Pavement Design
Kissner Paving - Brief Introduction About Pavement Design
Seminar Presentation "Pavements failures and their maintenance"
Seminar Presentation "Pavements failures and their maintenance"
More from Carlo Mendoza
Maxwell diagram lec
The document describes Maxwell's diagram, a graphical method for analyzing trusses. It involves drawing force polygons to scale for each joint to determine member forces. The process includes solving for support reactions, drawing a force polygon around the entire truss clockwise, then drawing individual force polygons for each joint with two unknown forces to measure member forces from the diagram. As an example, it provides a sample problem to determine stresses in a Fink truss using this graphical method.
Types of truss, substitute member
The document classifies and describes different types of trusses. Simple trusses are made of basic triangular elements connected by additional members. Compound trusses connect two or more simple trusses together using common joints or connecting members. Complex trusses cannot be classified as simple or compound; their equilibrium equations cannot be uncoupled. The document provides an example of analyzing a complex truss using the method of substitute members.
Unit of measurements
The document discusses three basic units of measurement for lumber: board measure, surface measure, and lineal measure. Board measure refers to the board foot, which is defined as a piece one inch thick by one foot wide by one foot long. Surface measure is calculated as the square footage of a piece's surface without considering thickness. Lineal measure is the total length in feet of a board regardless of thickness or width.
Method and manner
The document describes three common methods of sawing logs: plain sawn, quarter sawn, and rift sawn. Plain sawn produces the widest boards with the least waste but is less stable. Quarter sawn and rift sawn produce more stable boards that resist warping but are more wasteful to produce. Rift sawn is the most stable but also the most expensive due to the high amount of waste.
Mechanical properties of wood
This document defines and describes the various mechanical properties of wood, including stiffness, tensile strength, compressive strength, shearing strength, bending strength, toughness, hardness, cleavability, and resilience. It provides details on how each property is measured and how it impacts the performance and uses of wood. The properties consider how wood resists both internal and external forces acting parallel or perpendicular to the wood grain.
Grains of wood
This document defines and describes different types of wood grain that result from how wood is cut relative to the grain direction and growth rings. It explains plain grain is cut parallel to the grain, quarter grain is cut parallel to the grain but through the growth rings, and end grain is cut perpendicular across the grain. Additionally, it describes closed-grain wood with tight growth rings and open-grain wood with large visible pores. Figured grain is also discussed, which describes unusual patterns in grain like curly, quilted, and ribbon patterns caused by fungal growths or cell structures in certain wood species.
Defect and decay in woods
This document discusses various types of defects that can occur in wood, including natural defects caused by factors like fire scars, insect damage, or fungal growth. It also describes defects that can arise during the processing of wood, such as machine burns or miscuts. Several types of decay caused by fungi are outlined, including brown decay, white decay, and soft decay. The document provides examples of different fungi that can cause decay and notes environmental factors that influence decay.
Commercial grade of woods
This document describes different grades of lumber. First grade lumber must be defect-free and average 3 to 3.5 feet in length. Second grade allows more color variation and minor defects, with lengths as low as 2.5 feet. Character grade, or third grade, permits minor defects and discoloration and averages 2.5 feet, offering a unique look from the combination of heartwood and sapwood.
Grains of wood
This document defines and describes different types of wood grain that result from how wood is cut relative to the grain direction and growth rings. It explains plain grain is cut parallel to the grain, quarter grain is cut parallel to the grain but through the growth rings, and end grain is cut perpendicular across the grain. Additionally, it describes closed-grain wood with tight growth rings and open-grain wood with large visible pores. Figured grain is also defined, which refers to unusual patterns in grain like curly, quilted, and ribbon figures caused by fungal growths or cell structures.
MORTAR AND CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
The document discusses mortar and concrete hollow blocks. Mortar is made from a mixture of fine aggregate, water, and cement that is used to bind bricks or stones. Concrete hollow blocks are large rectangular bricks made primarily from cement, sand, and gravel. They have hollow cores which make them lighter and more insulating than solid blocks. The document outlines the production process and advantages of using concrete hollow blocks for construction.
More from Carlo Mendoza (10)
Recently uploaded
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
Bigdata of technology
官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Recently uploaded (20)
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
ML Based Model for NIDS MSc Updated Presentation.v2.pptx
ML Based Model for NIDS MSc Updated Presentation.v2.pptx
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
basic-wireline-operations-course-mahmoud-f-radwan.pdf
basic-wireline-operations-course-mahmoud-f-radwan.pdf
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
highway
- 2. The Purpose of the Road The main purpose of the road structure is to provide a means of reducing the stress or pressure due to a wheel load to a value which the ground under that structure can support.
- 3. The Structure of the Pavement This usually consists of four layers of road construction material, these being built up on the formation
- 4. The four layers of the road structure have been re-named since 1 January 2004 and are: 1 The sub-base, (a) assists in load-spreading, (b) assists in subsoil drainage and (c) acts as a temporary road for construction traffic. 2 The base/road base (formerly road base), is the main load-spreading layer of the structure. 3 The binder course (formerly base course), which supports the wearing course and also assists in protecting the road. 4 The surface course (formerly wearing course), which (a) provides a skid-resistant surface, (b) waterproofs the pavement and (c) withstands the direct loading of the traffic. The term ‘sub-grade’ is used to define the natural foundation or fill which directly receives the loads from the pavement.
- 5. COMMON DISTRESSES ON PAVEMENTS
- 6. Factors affecting pavement performance Subgrade soil Pavement materials characteristics Asphalt cement Aggregate Modifiers for asphalt cement (e.g., rubber and polymers) Additives or stabilizing agents for aggregates (e.g., lime and cement) Traffic loading Environment Moisture; and Temperature
- 8. LONGITUDINAL CRACKING Cracks that are approximately parallel to pavement centerline and are not in the wheel path. Longitudinal cracks are non-load associated cracks..
- 9. FATIGUE CRACKING Cracks in asphalt layers that are caused by repeated traffic loadings. The cracks indicate fatigue failure of the asphalt layer.
- 10. TRANSVERSE CRACKING Cracks that are predominately perpendicular to pavement centerline .Thermal cracking is typically in this category.
- 11. RUTTING Longitudinal surface depression that develops in the wheel paths of flexible pavement under traffic. It may have associated transverse displacement
- 12. CORRUGATION Transverse waves appear at regular intervals due to the unstable surface course caused by stop-and-go traffic
- 13. SHOVING It is generally caused by braking or accelerating vehicles, and is usually located on hills or curves, or at intersections.
- 14. OVERLAY BUMPS Cracks in old pavements were recently filled. This problem is most prevalent on thin overlays.
- 15. DELAMINATION Loss of a large area of pavement surface. Usually there is a clear separation of the pavement surface from the layer below. Slippage cracking may often occur as a result of poor bonding or adhesion between layers.
- 16. STRIPPING The loss of the adhesive bond between asphalt cement and aggregate, most often caused by the presence of water in asphalt concrete, which may result in raveling, loss of stability, and load carrying capacity of the pavement or treated base
- 17. PUMPING Leaking or ejection of water and fines from beneath the pavement through cracks.
- 18. SEGREGATION Separation of coarse aggregate from fine aggregate as a result of mishandling of the mix at several points during mix production.
- 19. BLEEDING/FLUSHING Excess bituminous binder occurring on the pavement surface. May create a shiny, glass-like, reflective surface that may be tacky to the touch. Usually found in the wheel paths.
- 20. ROCK LOSS Wearing away of the pavement surface in seal coats.
- 21. BLEEDING / FAT SPOTS Excess binder occurring on the surface treated pavements. May create a shiny, glass-like, reflective appearance. Fat spots are contained bleeding.