Pavement failures are a common problem that occurs on roads over time due to factors like heavy traffic loads, changing weather conditions, and lack of proper maintenance. A case study of roads in Amreli City, India found the most common problems to be alligator and transverse cracking due to heavy loading from vehicles. The cracks developed due to reasons like high traffic volumes, monsoon rainfall, possible construction or material quality issues, and lack of timely maintenance repairs. Proposed solutions included improving road design and construction quality, performing routine maintenance, and restricting vehicle loads to design levels.

1. PAVEMENT FAILURES

2. • Generally it is observed that after the opening of newly constructed road or well maintained or newly
widened road which is very good in the terms of level of service, But it is after some time with the use of
traffic volume and constantly changing weathers, especially after monsoon or in monsoon the road quality
is decorated at every use of traffic and after some time it gets completely decorated with uneven crack, pot
holes, ruts, crack etc…. This problem is very much common in every road. Hence the quality and level of
service is dropped down drastically as the road user increases but maintenance is overlooked.
• Pavements fail prematurely because of many factors. There are four primary reasons pavements fail
prematurely, like Failure in design, Failure in construction, Failure in materials, Failure in maintenance.
• Here for case study we will pick one cluster of Amreli City, The district head quarter of Gujarat state. In
the case study we will find the problems, causes and remedies.
• If the pavement remains failure one and doesn’t maintained as per need than V.O.C ( vehicle operating
cost), Travel time, Traffic congestion, Traffic volume, Traffic density and lots of Precious man hours / time
is wasted.
• So the pavement should be well maintained and good for smooth riding to road user which overcomes the
V.O.C, Traffic congestion, Traffic volume, Traffic density and precious man hours.
INTRODUCTION

3. • The surface of the roadway should be stable & non-yielding,
to allow the heavy wheel load of road traffic to move with
least possible rolling resistance. The road surface should also
be even along the longitudinal profile to enable the design
speed. The earth road may not be able to fulfil any of the
above requirement, especially during the varying conditions
of traffic loads & the weather. At high moisture contents, the
soil becomes weaker & soft & starts yielding under heavy
wheel loads, thus increasing the tractive resistance discomfort
& fatigue to the passengers of fast moving vehicle & cyclists
thus a pavement consisting of a few layers of pavement
materials is constructed over a prepared soil sub grade to
serve as a carriageway.
• Based on the vertical alignment & the environmental
conditions of the site, the pavement may be constructed over
an embankment, cut or almost at the ground level of the
ground water to keep the sub grade relatively dry even during
monsoons.
DESIGN OF PAVEMENT

4.  Flexible Pavements :-
Flexible pavements are those, which on the whole
have low or negligible flexural strength & are rather
flexible in their structural action under the loads.
 Rigid Pavements:-
Rigid pavements are those which possess
noteworthy flexural strength or flexural rigidity.
TYPES OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURE

5.  Pavements fail prematurely because of many factors. When boiled down to the basics, there are four
primary reasons pavements fail prematurely:
• Failure in design
• Failure in construction
• Failure in materials
• Failure in maintenance
PAVEMENT FAILURE

6. 1. Fatigue Cracking (Alligator Cracking):-
Fatigue cracking is commonly called alligator
cracking. This is a series of interconnected cracks
creating small, irregular shaped pieces of pavement. It is
caused by failure of the surface layer or base due to
repeated traffic loading (fatigue).
DIFFERENT TYPE OF PROBLEM

7. 2. Longitudinal Cracking:-
Longitudinal cracks are long cracks that run parallel to
the canter line of the roadway. These may be caused by
frost heaving or joint failures, or they may be load
induced. Understanding the cause is critical to selecting
the proper repair.

8. 3. Transverse Cracking:-
Transverse cracks form at approximately right
angles to the centreline of the roadway. They are
regularly spaced and have some of the same causes as
longitudinal cracks. Transverse cracks will initially be
widely spaced (over 20 feet apart). They usually begin
as hairline or very narrow cracks and widen with age.

9. 4. Block Cracking:-
Block cracking is an interconnected series of
cracks that divides the pavement into irregular pieces.
This is sometimes the result of transverse and
longitudinal cracks intersecting. They can also be due
to lack of compaction during construction. Low
severity block cracking may be repaired by a thin
wearing course.

10. 5. Edge cracking:-
Edge cracks typically start as crescent shapes at the
edge of the pavement. They will expand from the edge
until they begin to resemble alligator cracking. This type
of cracking results from lack of support of the shoulder
due to weak material or excess moisture.

11. 6. Rutting:-
Rutting is the displacement of pavement material
that creates channels in the wheel path. Very severe
rutting will actually hold water in the rut. Rutting is
usually a failure in one or more layers in the
pavement. The width of the rut is a sign of which
layer has failed. A very narrow rut is usually a surface
failure, while a wide one is indicative of a sub grade
failure.

12. 7. Potholes:-
Potholes are bowl-shaped holes similar to depressions.
They are a progressive failure. First, small fragments of the
top layer are dislodged. Over time, the distress will
progress downward into the lower layers of the pavement.
Potholes are often located in areas of poor drainage, as
seen in Figure Potholes are formed when the pavement
disintegrates under traffic loading, due to inadequate
strength in one or more layers of the pavement, usually
accompanied by the presence of water.

13. 8. De-lamination:-
De-lamination is a failure of an overlay due to a loss
of bond between the overlay and the older pavement.
Common causes of de-lamination include: wet or dirty
surface during paving of the overlay, failure to use a
tack coat, or poor compaction of the overlay. Proper
paving techniques, including cleaning the surface and
use of tack coat, will reduce the chances of de-
lamination.

14.  Introduction:-
• Amreli is a small city in Gujarat& it’s a district head quarter. The peninsula extends southwest into the
Arabian Sea and is bounded on the northwest by the Gulf of Kachchh and on the southeast by the Gulf of
Khambhat. Area, about 60,000 km² (about 23,000 sq. mi).Amreli has variety of lands like Medium black,
loamy, sandy, and rocky. Main crop of this province is Cotton & Other local crop like Bajra, Wheat, sugar
cane & Vegetables & in Fruits Main Is Mango.
• Amreli is located in Saurashtra region of Gujarat state with 20°45" to 22°15" North Latitude and 70°13" to
71° 45" East Longitude. It falls under the North Saurashtra Agro Climate Zone of Gujarat.
• The regional transport system of Amreli is essentially a road based system. The city of Amreli is connected
to other parts of the country through a developed regional road (state highway and District Roads) system
CASE STUDY

15.  Map:-

16.  Problem:-
Our case study on Amreli to Lathi road (Amreli city).we will see in our study most common problem is
Alligator Cracking and Transverse cracking. Main reason of road creaking is heavy loading vehicles
passing on road. 24X7 hours transport heavy loading vehicles on road.

17.  Reasons of Problem:-
• Traffic:-
Traffic is the most important factor influencing pavement performance. The performance of pavements is
mostly influenced by the loading magnitude, configuration and the number of load repetitions by heavy
vehicles
• Rainfall:-
The result of moisture ingress is the lubrication of particles, loss of particle interlock and subsequent
particle displacement resulting in pavement failure.Average rainfall of Amreli city is 552mm.
• Construction Quality:-
Failure to obtain proper compaction, improper moisture conditions during construction, quality of
materials, and accurate layer thickness (after compaction) all directly affect the performance of a pavement.
• Maintenance:-
Pavement performance depends on what, when, and how maintenance is performed. No matter how well
the pavement is built, it will deteriorate over time based upon the mentioned factors.

18. Crack repairs are the proper and timely maintenance of cracks using sealing or filling techniques to extend
pavement life. Crack repairs are very cost effective if done properly. A crack repair program begins by
determining if crack repairs are suitable for the type of distress
1. Sealing versus Filling:-
2. Asphalt Resurfacing:-
3.Rejuvenation:-
4. Infrared Repair:-
5.Fog Seal (PASS):-
6. Chip seal:-
7. Self-Adhering Waterproofing Membranes:-
8. Shallow Surface Repair (Pothole):-
SOLUTION

19. • The pavement should be designed with precise future forecasting.
• The pavement should be constructed as per design only.
• The pavement should be maintained periodically...i.e. on the maintenance concept of routine, Periodic &
complete maintenance.
• The road user should be as per consideration only...if the nature of traffic changes due to unexpected growth
of the area than it should be well maintained.
• There should not be any delay in maintenance.
• The nature of traffic plays vital role for the life span of pavement so at the time of designing assumption of
the future traffic is very much important.
CONCLUSION

20. By:-Malay Talaviya
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